BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Natl World War II Memorial -- Event: Remember Pearl Harbor -- Informational Exhibit

DC -- Natl World War II Memorial -- Event: Remember Pearl Harbor -- Informational Exhibit:

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[1] WW2PH3_161207_001.JPG	[2] WW2PH3_161207_007.JPG	[3] WW2PH3_161207_013.JPG
[4] WW2PH3_161207_015.JPG	[5] WW2PH3_161207_021.JPG	[6] WW2PH3_161207_025.JPG
[7] WW2PH3_161207_026.JPG	[8] WW2PH3_161207_030.JPG	[9] WW2PH3_161207_033.JPG
[10] WW2PH3_161207_035.JPG	[11] WW2PH3_161207_037.JPG	[12] WW2PH3_161207_039.JPG
[13] WW2PH3_161207_042.JPG	[14] WW2PH3_161207_043.JPG	[15] WW2PH3_161207_046.JPG
[16] WW2PH3_161207_049.JPG	[17] WW2PH3_161207_051.JPG	[18] WW2PH3_161207_052.JPG
[19] WW2PH3_161207_054.JPG	[20] WW2PH3_161207_056.JPG	[21] WW2PH3_161207_059.JPG
[22] WW2PH3_161207_061.JPG	[23] WW2PH3_161207_063.JPG	[24] WW2PH3_161207_065.JPG
[25] WW2PH3_161207_067.JPG	[26] WW2PH3_161207_069.JPG	[27] WW2PH3_161207_071.JPG
[28] WW2PH3_161207_072.JPG	[29] WW2PH3_161207_074.JPG	[30] WW2PH3_161207_076.JPG
[31] WW2PH3_161207_078.JPG	[32] WW2PH3_161207_080.JPG	[33] WW2PH3_161207_082.JPG
[34] WW2PH3_161207_084.JPG	[35] WW2PH3_161207_087.JPG	[36] WW2PH3_161207_090.JPG
[37] WW2PH3_161207_091.JPG	[38] WW2PH3_161207_093.JPG	[39] WW2PH3_161207_096.JPG
[40] WW2PH3_161207_098.JPG	[41] WW2PH3_161207_100.JPG	[42] WW2PH3_161207_103.JPG
[43] WW2PH3_161207_108.JPG	[44] WW2PH3_161207_110.JPG	[45] WW2PH3_161207_112.JPG
[46] WW2PH3_161207_115.JPG	[47] WW2PH3_161207_116.JPG	[48] WW2PH3_161207_120.JPG
[49] WW2PH3_161207_122.JPG	[50] WW2PH3_161207_124.JPG	[51] WW2PH3_161207_129.JPG
[52] WW2PH3_161207_132.JPG	[53] WW2PH3_161207_134.JPG	[54] WW2PH3_161207_139.JPG
[55] WW2PH3_161207_142.JPG	[56] WW2PH3_161207_145.JPG	[57] WW2PH3_161207_148.JPG
[58] WW2PH3_161207_150.JPG	[59] WW2PH3_161207_152.JPG	[60] WW2PH3_161207_158.JPG
[61] WW2PH3_161207_161.JPG	[62] WW2PH3_161207_163.JPG	[63] WW2PH3_161207_165.JPG
[64] WW2PH3_161207_167.JPG	[65] WW2PH3_161207_169.JPG	[66] WW2PH3_161207_171.JPG
[67] WW2PH3_161207_173.JPG	[68] WW2PH3_161207_176.JPG	[69] WW2PH3_161207_178.JPG
[70] WW2PH3_161207_181.JPG	[71] WW2PH3_161207_184.JPG	[72] WW2PH3_161207_187.JPG
[73] WW2PH3_161207_192.JPG	[74] WW2PH3_161207_196.JPG	[75] WW2PH3_161207_197.JPG
[76] WW2PH3_161207_199.JPG	[77] WW2PH3_161207_202.JPG	[78] WW2PH3_161207_204.JPG
[79] WW2PH3_161207_206.JPG	[80] WW2PH3_161207_208.JPG	[81] WW2PH3_161207_210.JPG
[82] WW2PH3_161207_212.JPG	[83] WW2PH3_161207_215.JPG	[84] WW2PH3_161207_217.JPG
[85] WW2PH3_161207_225.JPG	[86] WW2PH3_161207_226.JPG	[87] WW2PH3_161207_229.JPG
[88] WW2PH3_161207_232.JPG

Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. WW2PH3_161207_001.JPG: World War II 75th Anniversary Commemoration
2. WW2PH3_161207_007.JPG: Each year, a series of these information displays are put up to commemorate the event.
3. WW2PH3_161207_013.JPG: Force Flagship Akagi
4. WW2PH3_161207_015.JPG: Honolulu Star-Bulletin EXTRTA Deaths over 400 on Oahu, Latest Report Tokyo announces "State of War" with US From Wikipedia: Two thousand and eight sailors were killed, and 710 others wounded; 218 soldiers and airmen (who were part of the Army until the independent U.S. Air Force was formed in 1947) were killed and 364 wounded; 109 marines were killed and 69 wounded; and 68 civilians were killed and 35 wounded. In total, 2,403 Americans died and 1,178 were wounded.
5. WW2PH3_161207_021.JPG: Map used to brief Emperor Hirohito on December 27, 1941
6. WW2PH3_161207_026.JPG: Japanese interment orders
7. WW2PH3_161207_033.JPG: Spanish-American War 1898. Commodore George Dewey, USN destroyed the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Manila Bay. Guam and the Philippine Islands (1,000 miles from Japan and 7,000 miles from the US), were ceded to the US and the US emerged as a major naval power. The American-Philippine War was fought from 1899-1902. The Philippines became a commonwealth in 1935 and an independent country in 1946.
8. WW2PH3_161207_035.JPG: Commodore Matthew C. Perry, USN arrived in Edo (Tokyo) Bay on 08 July 1853. Subsequently, agreements in 1854 opened two ports to US ships and in 1858 the ports of Kanagawa, Kobe, Nagasaki, Nigata, and Yokohama were open to foreign trade. On 29 August 1945, USS Missouri (BB-63) anchored close to the same spot; Perry's flag was displayed on the "surrender deck."
9. WW2PH3_161207_037.JPG: In 1893, American settlers with the aid of the US military deposed Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani. The Republic of Hawaii was established in 1894 by Stanford Dole. After a refusal by US President Grover Cleveland, President William McKinley approved annexation in 1898. Hawaii became a territory in 1900 and a state in 1959. A Congressional/Presidential apology was passed in 1993. Sanford B. Dole From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Sanford Ballard Dole (April 23, 1844 – June 9, 1926) was a lawyer and jurist in the Hawaiian Islands as a kingdom, protectorate, republic and territory. A descendant of the American missionary community to Hawaii, Dole advocated the westernization of Hawaiian government and culture. After the overthrow of the monarchy, he served as the President of the Republic of Hawaii until his government secured Hawaii's annexation by the United States. Early years Dole was born April 23, 1844 in Honolulu to Protestant Christian missionaries from Maine in the United States. His father was Daniel Dole (1808–1878), principal at Punahou School and his mother was Emily Hoyt Ballard (1808–1844). His mother died from complications within a few days of his birth. Dole was named after his uncle, Sandford K. Ballard, who was a classmate of his father's at Bowdoin College (and brother of his mother) who died in 1841. He was nursed by a native Hawaiian, and his father remarried to Charlotte Close Knapp in 1846. In 1855 the family moved to Kōloa on the island of Kauaʻi, where they operated another school. Dole attended Punahou school for one year, and then Williams College in 1866–1867. He worked in a law office in Boston for another year, and although he never attended law school, he received an honorary LL.D. degree from Williams in 1897. In December 1880 he was commissioned as a Notary Public in Honolulu. Dole won the 1884 and 1886 elections to the legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom as a representative from Kauaʻi. Bayonet Constitution In June 1887 local businessmen, sugar planters and politicians backed by the Honolulu Rifles forced the dismissal of the cabinet of controversial Walter M. Gibson and forced the adoption of the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii. The new documents limited voting rights exclusively to only the literate males of the following populations: Hawaiian, European, and American descent...while imposing income and wealth requirements to be eligible to vote for the House of Nobles, thus, effectively consolidating power among only the elite residents of the island. In addition, the new Constitution minimized the power of the Monarch in favor of more influential governance by the cabinet. Dole and other lawyers of American descent drafted this document, which became known as the "Bayonet Constitution". King Kalākaua appointed Dole a justice of the Supreme Court of the Kingdom of Hawaii on December 28, 1887, and to a commission to revise judiciary laws on January 24, 1888. After Kalākaua's death, his sister Queen Liliʻuokalani appointed him to her Privy Council on August 31, 1891. End of the monarchy The monarchy ended on January 17, 1893 after the Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii organized by many of the same actors involved in the 1887 revolt. Although Dole declined to officially be part of the Committee of Safety on January 14, he helped draft their declaration.:589 Dole was named president of the Provisional Government of Hawaii that was formed after the coup, and was recognized within 48 hours by all nations with diplomatic ties to the Kingdom of Hawaii, including the United Kingdom. His cabinet (called the "executive council") included James A. King as minister of the interior, William Owen Smith as attorney general, and banker Peter Cushman Jones as minister of finance. Dole acted as minister of foreign affairs himself until February 15, 1894. Later Samuel Mills Damon would serve as minister of finance. With Grover Cleveland's election as President of the United States, the Provisional Government's hopes of annexation were derailed for a time. Indeed, Cleveland tried to directly help reinstate the monarchy, after an investigation led by James Henderson Blount. The Blount Report of July 17, 1893, commissioned by President Cleveland, concluded that the Committee of Safety conspired with U.S. ambassador John L. Stevens to land the United States Marine Corps, to forcibly remove Queen Liliʻuokalani from power, and declare a Provisional Government of Hawaii consisting of members from the Committee of Safety. On November 16, 1893, Albert Willis presented the Queen with Cleveland's request that she grant amnesty to the Revolutionists in return for reinstatement. The Queen refused, and, according to Willis, demanded capital punishment for those involved. On December 23, unaware that Cleveland had referred the matter to Congress, Willis presented the Provisional Government with Cleveland's demand to restore the queen to the throne – the Provisional Government refused. Queen Liliuokalani wrote in her book Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen, that she did not demand capital punishment. The Morgan Report of February 26, 1894, concluded that the overthrow was locally based, motivated by a history of corruption of the monarchy, and that American troops only served to protect American property and citizens and had no role in the end of the Hawaiian Monarchy. The Provisional Government held a constitutional convention and on July 4, 1894, established the Republic of Hawaii. President of the republic Lorrin A. Thurston declined the presidency of the republic, and Dole was chosen to lead the government instead. Dole would serve as the first and only president from 1894 to 1898. Dole in turn appointed Thurston to lead a lobbying effort in Washington, DC and secure Hawaiʻi's annexation. Dole was successful as a diplomat – every nation that recognized the Kingdom of Hawaii also recognized the republic. Dole's government weathered several attempts to restore the monarchy, including an attempted armed rebellion, the January 24, 1895 counter-revolution. Leader Robert William Wilcox and the other conspirators were captured and sentenced to death, but had their sentences reduced or commuted by Dole. The Queen abdicated and, under duress, swore allegiance to the Republic of Hawaii in February. While under arrest, she wrote, "I hereby do fully and unequivocally admit and declare that the Government of the Republic of Hawaii is the only lawful Government of the Hawaiian Islands, and that the late Hawaiian monarchy is finally and forever ended, and no longer of any legal or actual validity, force or effect whatsoever." Queen Liliʻuokalani provided a more detailed story of the events from her perspective in the later chapters of her book. Governor and federal judge In March 1899 Henry Ernest Cooper, who had been chairman of the Committee of Safety in 1893, became attorney general. President William McKinley appointed Dole to become the first territorial governor after U.S. annexation of Hawaii, and the Hawaiian Organic Act organized its government. Dole assumed the office on June 14, 1900 but resigned November 23, 1903 to accept an appointment by Theodore Roosevelt as judge for the US District Court after the death of Morris M. Estee. He served in that post until December 16, 1915, and was replaced by Horace Worth Vaughan. He also served on commissions for Honolulu parks, and the public archives. He died after a series of strokes on June 9, 1926. His ashes were interred in the cemetery of Kawaiahaʻo Church. Family and legacy His cousin Edmund Pearson Dole (1850–1928) came to Hawaii to practice as a lawyer in 1895, and became Attorney General of Hawaii from 1900 to 1903. Sanford Dole was the cousin once removed of James Dole who came to Hawaii in 1899 and founded the Hawaiian Pineapple Company on Oahu, which later became the Dole Food Company. James' father Charles Fletcher Dole also came to Hawaii in 1909. Dole Middle School, located in Kalihi Valley on the island of Oʻahu, was named after him in April 1956, about a century after his father founded the school in Kōloa. In the film Princess Kaiulani, his role was played by Will Patton. In Hawaiian, the pale and hair-like Spanish moss is called ʻumiʻumi-o-Dole, meaning "Dole's beard".
10. WW2PH3_161207_039.JPG: The Japanese envisioned a decisive all-out battle with the US Navy, similar to the Japanese navy victory during the Russo-Japanese War at the Battle of Tsushima on 27-28 May 1905, which resulted in the loss of 26 Russian ships (17 sunk, 05 captured, and 04 interned). Some 13,000 Russian sailors were killed, captured, or interned.
11. WW2PH3_161207_043.JPG: Japanese special naval landing force personnel in Shanghai, China. Japan occupied Manchuria in 1931, occupied Shanghai briefly in 1932, and invaded China proper in 1937. These acts caused major friction with the US.
12. WW2PH3_161207_046.JPG: On 12 December 1937, the river gunboat USS Panay (PR-5) operating on the Yangtze River was sunk by Japanese navy aircraft while Panay was evacuating US and foreign nationals from Nanking, China. Japan apologized and paid a large indemnity.
13. WW2PH3_161207_049.JPG: Wounded Panay crewman chief petty officer John H. Land, USN. Two American sailors and a civilian were killed. Forty-three USN crewmembers and five civilians were wounded. The executive officer of Panay was Lt. Artthur F. Anders, the father of Apollo 8 astronaut William Anders.
14. WW2PH3_161207_051.JPG: On 11 November 1940, Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish aircraft from HMS Illustrious sank three Italian battleships, Conte di Cavour, Littorio, and Caio Duillo at Taranto Harbor, Italy.
15. WW2PH3_161207_052.JPG: During the annual grand joint army and navy exercises USS Saratoga (CV-3) (shown) and USS Lexington (CV-2) conducted an "attack" on Pearl Harbor on Sunday 07 February 1932 with 152 aircraft. No "opposition" fighters counterattacked. The "attack" was studied by Japanese strategists.
16. WW2PH3_161207_054.JPG: As a result of naval arms limitation treaties in the 1920s, Japan and the US converted battleship or battlecruiser hulls to aircraft carriers. The result was the Akagi, Kaga, Lexington, and Saratoga. Shown is Akagi, prior to her extensive 1935-1938 modernization.
17. WW2PH3_161207_059.JPG: Attack on Taranto Harbor, Italy, on 11 November 1940 by Royal Navy Fleet air arm Fairey Swordfish.
18. WW2PH3_161207_061.JPG: Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, architect of the "Hawaiian Operation," that was to protect Japan's "southern operation" by conducting a preemptive strike on the US fleet at Pearl Harbor and on army installations on Oahu. Yamamoto was shot down and killed on 18 April 1943 by US Army air forces P-38 Lightnings flying from Guadalcanal.
19. WW2PH3_161207_063.JPG: Commander Mitsuo Fuchida, a combat veteran of China, was the leader of the air attack on Pearl Harbor. He became a Christian missionary in 1952, inspired by a pamphlet written by Jacob DeShazer, a former Doolittle Raider POW, who had become a Christian missionary in Japan. Fuchida toured the US as a member of the worldwide Christian missionary army of sky pilots. He died on 30 May 1976.
20. WW2PH3_161207_065.JPG: After Hitler attacked the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, some Japanese civilian and military officials considered attacking the USSR, but this was dismissed in favor of natural resources-rich southeast Asia, the "southern strategy."
21. WW2PH3_161207_067.JPG: Isoroku Yamamoto, shown as a rear admiral, spent time in the US between the wars. He had a great appreciation for the potential wartime industrial might of America.
22. WW2PH3_161207_069.JPG: Admiral (four-stars) Husband E. Kimmel, USN was commander, Pacific Fleet. Lt. General (three-stars) Walter C. Short, USA, who was tasked with the protection of the fleet while it is [sic] was in-port at Pearl Harbor, was commander, Hawaiian department. Both were soon relieved of their commands and were retired at their two-star permanent ranks.
23. WW2PH3_161207_071.JPG: On 01 August 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt embargoed high octane gasoline and crude oil to Japan after Japan moved into southern Indochina (Cochinchina). Previously, Japan occupied northern Indochina (Tonkin) in September 1940.
24. WW2PH3_161207_072.JPG: Prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, the US Navy was engaged in an "undeclared war" in the Atlantic with Germany. Casualties included USS Kearney (DD-432) (shown) -- 11 killed -- and USS Ruben James (DD-245) -- 115 killed.
25. WW2PH3_161207_078.JPG: Pearl Harbor on 31 October 1941, 37-days prior to the Japanese attack. Ford Island's "Battleship Row" is to the left. A carrier, probably USS Enterprise (CV-6), is shown at the lower right of Ford Island. Hickam Field is above the channel.
26. WW2PH3_161207_082.JPG: Hawaiian Operation 07 December 1941
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