BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Newseum -- Exhibits -- (4) Civil Rights at 50 (1964)

DC -- Newseum -- Exhibits -- (4) Civil Rights at 50 (1964):

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Description of Pictures: Make Some Noise
By Dinah Douglas, assistant Web writer

WASHINGTON — The Newseum opened two new exhibits Aug. 2 on the U.S. civil rights movement that highlighted the contributions and struggles of students.
With the 50th anniversary of the March on Washington approaching on Aug. 28, the timely exhibits underscore how organizers in the movement used the media to garner public support.
"Make Some Noise: Students and the Civil Rights Movement" takes visitors through a timeline of events that defined the movement and its student organizers, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). ....
Adjacent to "Make Some Noise," the "Civil Rights at 50" exhibit of newspaper front pages and magazine covers, captures the turbulence of the 1963 through events such as the Children's Crusade in Birmingham, Ala., and the assassination in Mississippi of civil rights leader Medgar Evers. The display shows media coverage as it really happened, including press biases and prejudices. "Civil Rights at 50" will be updated in 2014 and 2015.

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[1] NEWR50_140126_001.JPG	[2] NEWR50_140126_005.JPG	[3] NEWR50_140126_010.JPG
[4] NEWR50_140126_014.JPG	[5] NEWR50_140126_019.JPG	[6] NEWR50_140126_022.JPG
[7] NEWR50_140126_027.JPG	[8] NEWR50_140126_033.JPG	[9] NEWR50_140126_041.JPG
[10] NEWR50_140126_043.JPG	[11] NEWR50_140126_047.JPG	[12] NEWR50_140126_053.JPG
[13] NEWR50_140126_064.JPG	[14] NEWR50_140126_065.JPG	[15] NEWR50_140126_069.JPG
[16] NEWR50_140126_073.JPG	[17] NEWR50_140126_079.JPG	[18] NEWR50_140126_082.JPG
[19] NEWR50_140126_087.JPG	[20] NEWR50_140126_097.JPG	[21] NEWR50_140126_098.JPG
[22] NEWR50_140126_103.JPG	[23] NEWR50_140126_106.JPG	[24] NEWR50_140126_110.JPG
[25] NEWR50_140126_114.JPG	[26] NEWR50_140126_117.JPG	[27] NEWR50_140126_121.JPG
[28] NEWR50_140126_126.JPG	[29] NEWR50_140126_134.JPG	[30] NEWR50_140126_141.JPG
[31] NEWR50_140126_146.JPG

Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. NEWR50_140126_001.JPG: 1964 Civil Rights at 50 Freedom Summer: It was called Freedom Summer, a campaign organized by civil rights groups to send hundreds of young people into the heart of Mississippi to register black voters. Students from the North poured into the state to campaign for change. They helped thousands of black citizens apply to vote and set up Freedom Schools to teach more than 2,000 children. But segregationists fought to crush them. Volunteers were arrested and beaten. Black churches and homes were bombed and burned. Three young civil rights workers who disappeared on the first day of Freedom Summer were found dead 44 days later, brutally murdered by members of the Ku Klux Klan. The summer of activism sped final passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act and galvanized support for the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which guaranteed a vote for every American. Photojournalist Ted Polumbaum covered Freedom Summer for Time magazine. The Polumbaum photographs featured in this exhibit are part of the Newseum's permanent collection.
2. NEWR50_140126_005.JPG: Freedom Summer: It was called Freedom Summer, a campaign organized by civil rights groups to send hundreds of young people into the heart of Mississippi to register black voters. Students from the North poured into the state to campaign for change. They helped thousands of black citizens apply to vote and set up Freedom Schools to teach more than 2,000 children. But segregationists fought to crush them. Volunteers were arrested and beaten. Black churches and homes were bombed and burned. Three young civil rights workers who disappeared on the first day of Freedom Summer were found dead 44 days later, brutally murdered by members of the Ku Klux Klan. The summer of activism sped final passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act and galvanized support for the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which guaranteed a vote for every American. Photojournalist Ted Polumbaum covered Freedom Summer for Time magazine. The Polumbaum photographs featured in this exhibit are part of the Newseum's permanent collection.
3. NEWR50_140126_010.JPG: Freedom Summer: Preparing for Trouble
4. NEWR50_140126_014.JPG: Volunteers learn how to take blows in a simulated mob attack. Days later, Andrew Goodman, in dark T-shirt above, was killed by the Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi.
5. NEWR50_140126_019.JPG: Hundreds of college students gathered in Oxford, Ohio, in June 1964 to train for the Freedom Summer campaign, led by Robert Moses of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. They were trained to resist violence, but they knew their mission was dangerous. Mississippi, one of the most fiercely segregated states in the country, fought integration with violence and intimidation. Poll taxes, literacy tests and fear of reprisals kept most blacks from voting. Warned that they were likely to be arrested, students brought $500 for bail. In Mississippi, police stockpiled tear gas and riot guns.
6. NEWR50_140126_022.JPG: Photographer Ted Polumbaum: Over a 40-year career, Ted Polumbaum covered some of the biggest stories of his time. including the civil rights movement and Vietnam War protests, for the news magazines Time, Life, and The Saturday Evening Post. His passion for social justice led him to Mississippi in 1964 to document Freedom Summer. In 2003, his widow. Nyna Brael Polumbaum, donated more than 200,000 of his images to the Newseum's collection.
7. NEWR50_140126_027.JPG: This contact sheet shows Polumbaum's image of Freedom Summer orientation in Oxford, Ohio.
8. NEWR50_140126_033.JPG: Freedom Summer organizer Robert Moses talks to volunteers in Oxford, Ohio. This image is marked on the contact sheet at left.
9. NEWR50_140126_041.JPG: Black citizens had to pass literacy tests and complete complicated voter registration forms. Question 19 required applicants to interpret Mississippi's constitution.
10. NEWR50_140126_047.JPG: Freedom Summer: The Fight for Voting Rights
11. NEWR50_140126_053.JPG: Volunteers went door-to-door in Mississippi's poorest countries to register black voters. They organized 41 Freedom Schools to teach black history and leadership skills to children. But the price they paid was high. By summer's end, three Freedom Summer workers had been murdered, dozens of activists had been beaten, more than 1,000 were arrested and more than 60 black churches, homes and businesses were torched and bombed. Local officials -- intent on maintaining the segregated system -- rejected nearly all the voter registration applications, sparking a call for national voting rights legislation.
12. NEWR50_140126_064.JPG: Oberlin College student David Owen, left, urges Mississippians to register to vote. Owen was wounded in the head during an attack by segregationists armed with iron bars.
13. NEWR50_140126_065.JPG: A volunteer helps an elderly woman with registration paperwork. Literacy tests and complex registration forms were used to discourage black citizens from voting.
14. NEWR50_140126_069.JPG: Volunteers urge a Mississippi man to register to vote. Although 17,000 black residents submitted applications, local registrars rejected all but 1,600 applications.
15. NEWR50_140126_073.JPG: Fighting for Representation Barred form the state's all-white Democratic Party, 80,000 black Mississippians joined the new Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party to make their voices heard. Delegates demanded to be seated at the Democratic National Convention in August 1064, but they were denied. A powerful speech by activist Fannie Lou Hamer, seen about at a rally, aired on network television and drew national attention to the struggle in Mississippi. A Courageous Editor: Mississippi's segregationist press dubbed the Freedom Summer campaign an "invasion." But outspoken Mississippi newspaper publisher Hazel Brannon Smith, below, supported the project despite death threats, boycotts and the firebombing of one of her newspaper offices. A strong voice against racism, she won the Pulitzer Prize earlier in 1964 for her editorial courage "in the face of great pressure and opposition."
16. NEWR50_140126_079.JPG: Voting rights demonstrators picket the Leflore County Courthouse in Greenwood, Miss., as a police officer looks on. "One man, one vote" was a rallying cry for the movement.
17. NEWR50_140126_082.JPG: Students wear protest messages about voting rights pinned to their clothes. One message reads, "Deep in my heart I do believe -- that we shall overcome."
18. NEWR50_140126_087.JPG: Annie Lee Turner, 15, was one of more than 100 demonstrators arrested on July 16, 1964, during protests in Greenwood, Miss.
19. NEWR50_140126_098.JPG: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee activist Monroe Sharp is arrested during voting rights protests in Greenwood, Miss.
20. NEWR50_140126_103.JPG: Freedom Summer: Mississippi Burning
21. NEWR50_140126_106.JPG: On June 21, the first day of the Freedom Summer campaign, three young civil rights workers vanished while investigating a church burning near Philadelphia, Miss. Local authorities said the men had been arrested for a traffic violation but were released that night. The disappearance brought the FBI and hundreds of reporters to Mississippi to investigate the story. The FBI called the case "Mississippi Burning," a reference to the men's burned-out station wagon, discovered days after they disappeared. In August, the men were found shot to death. A deputy sheriff and six other Ku Klux Klan members were convicted of the killings.
22. NEWR50_140126_110.JPG: Rita Schwerner, wife of missing civil rights worker Michael Schwerner, examines the burned-out station wagon found after he and two other workers disappeared.
23. NEWR50_140126_114.JPG: A downcast Rita Schwerner, after the car used by her missing husband was found.
24. NEWR50_140126_117.JPG: Men search the woods near Philadelphia, Miss., for the missing civil rights workers.
25. NEWR50_140126_121.JPG: Neshoba County Sheriff Lawrence Rainey, left, was charged with conspiring to kill the men but qas acquitted. His deputy, Cecil Price, and six others were convicted of the crime.
26. NEWR50_140126_126.JPG: Murdered in Mississippi James Chaney: Born into poverty in Meridian, Miss., James Chaney's activism was ignited when he was suspended from his segregated high school for wearing an NAACP button. A participant in the Freedom Rides, he also worked on voter registration drives. He died less than a month after he turned 21. Andrew Goodman: Andrew Goodman was an idealistic student from New York who once took a bus to Appalachia for a high school report on impoverished coal miners. Goodman, 20, joined the Freedom Summer campaign after hearing civil rights leaders speak at his college. "I'm scared," he told a friend, "but I'm going." Michael Schwerner: Stirred by the deadly Birmingham, Ala., church bombing. New York social worker Michael Schwerner, 24, and his wife, Rita, moved to Mississippi in January 1964 to work for the Congress of Racial Equality. Schwerner vowed to spend his life fighting segregation. Ku Klux Klan members nicknamed him "Goatee" and targeted him to be killed.
27. NEWR50_140126_134.JPG: A Harsh Spotlight on Mississippi: CBS news anchor Walter Cronkite called the missing Freedom Summer workers "the focus of the whole country's concern." The story dominated headlines for weeks. Even Mississippi's segregationist newspapers gave the news front-page coverage, although some fed the rumor that the men's disappearance was a hoax. Headlines Trumpet Historic Legislation: Ebony, a leading black magazine, called the Civil Rights Act "strong enough to shake Southern politicians down to their cotton and tobacco growing roots." But many felt the legislation did not go far enough. Writing in the Amsterdam News, a prominent black newspaper, Martin Luther King Jr. warned that the law "barely begins to deal with the problems of racial injustice in the South."
28. NEWR50_140126_141.JPG: The Civil Rights Act: After a yearlong battle in Congress, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act into law on July 2, 1964, with civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. by his side. The landmark legislation outlawed segregation in public places and banned discrimination based on color, race, national origin, religion or sex. But it did little to ease the poverty and powerlessness felt by many black people. Later that summer, racial unrest exploded in riots that rocked Northern cities.
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Description of Subject Matter: Make Some Noise
By Dinah Douglas, assistant Web writer

WASHINGTON — The Newseum opened two new exhibits Aug. 2 on the U.S. civil rights movement that highlighted the contributions and struggles of students.
With the 50th anniversary of the March on Washington approaching on Aug. 28, the timely exhibits underscore how organizers in the movement used the media to garner public support.
"Make Some Noise: Students and the Civil Rights Movement" takes visitors through a timeline of events that defined the movement and its student organizers, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). ....
Adjacent to "Make Some Noise," the "Civil Rights at 50" exhibit of newspaper front pages and magazine covers, captures the turbulence of the 1963 through events such as the Children's Crusade in Birmingham, Ala., and the assassination in Mississippi of civil rights leader Medgar Evers. The display shows media coverage as it really happened, including press biases and prejudices. "Civil Rights at 50" will be updated in 2014 and 2015.
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