BGuthrie Photos: CA -- Oakland -- Oakland Museum of California -- History

CA -- Oakland -- Oakland Museum of California -- History:

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. OAKMOH_130726_059.JPG: Franciscans believed that God had led them to California in order to save the souls of Indian peoples. They brought beautiful sacred art, and staged pageants and spectacles to attract Indian converts and to give glory to God. Spanish priests thought of themselves like fathers, and Indian people like their children.
2. OAKMOH_130726_084.JPG: In 1846, the United States declared war on Mexico. That June, Americans under John C. Fremont staged their own rebellion in Sonoma, California. Calfironios, or Mexican Californians, soon fought back. By fall, the entire southland, from San Diego to San Luis Obispo, was back under Mexican control. But the war effort was too difficult to sustain without reinforcements from Mexico. When American troops occupied Mexico City in 1847, the nation conceded defeat.
3. OAKMOH_130726_087.JPG: Under Spanish rule, foreigners were forbidden from hunting sea otters off the California coast, but they came anyway, hiding their ships behind the Channel Islands. By 1820, the otters were mostly gone. Soon after, American and British trappers arrived overland looking for beavers. They were the first to open trails between California, Oregon, Santa Fe, and Utah.
4. OAKMOH_130726_106.JPG: This caved wood "Indian" stood in front of a San Francisco tobacco shop in the 1860s. Americans who sold tobacco used stereotyped images of the Native people in their signs, because the plant was first grown and used in the Americas.
5. OAKMOH_130726_111.JPG: User comment: This kitchen was in a home originally built by H.Dikeman then sold to the Fippin family from Rough and Ready, Cal. It was on the hill behind the Fippin Blacksmith shop (which is still standing). My grandfather, Asa Fippin and his cousin, I think, helped a Mr. Frye get it to the museum in the 1960's where it was reassembled board by board.
6. OAKMOH_130726_125.JPG: The population of California's Gold Country in 1850 was over 90% male -- and hardly any of them knew how to cook, do laundry, or run a household. These rootless young men didn't stick around long. Those who did searched for ways to make this frontier look like the homes they came from. Middle-class women were the necessary ingredient, and the kitchen was where they turned camps into communities.
7. OAKMOH_130726_130.JPG: More than 150 years ago, this kitchen was the heart of a cabin, perched on the road to Rough and Ready, California. Simon H. Dikeman built this house for his family after the Gold Rush in the 1850s, while he worked as superintendent for the Excelsior Mining and Ditch Company and supervised their hydraulic mining operation. By 1870, Dikeman was the richest man in town, his family had hired a live-in Chinese cook, and they had converted this kitchen into the dining room.
8. OAKMOH_130726_155.JPG: 1848 Just days before California became part of the United States, James Marshall discovered some small piece of gold at Sutter's Mill, on the American River.
9. OAKMOH_130726_157.JPG: O boys I've struck it heavy
10. OAKMOH_130726_174.JPG: 1849 News about the gold traveled fast. In less than a year, thousands of people speaking many different languages arrived in the gold fields of Northern California.
11. OAKMOH_130726_176.JPG: They came by sea & over land: Many people left their home countries because of difficult conditions. Potato famine in Ireland -- by 1850, 4,200 Irish people (in San Francisco) Starvation and war in Guangdong Province, China -- by 1852, 25,000 Chinese people Apache raids in Sonora, Mexico -- by 1850, more than 15,000 Sonoran people economic decline in Chile -- by mid-1849, more than 5,000 Chileans crop failures and political upheaval in France, Germany, and Italy -- by 1853, 28,000 French people
12. OAKMOH_130726_180.JPG: A symbol of progress: Many Americans in the late 1800s believed that westward expansion was the destiny of the United States. Railroads were a powerful symbol of that "progress." Progress: This woman is the image of "Progress." She carries a school book, representing education, and is stringing telegraph wire. On her head she wears the "Star of Empire," bringing light of the West. New York City: The artist has included a picture of the Brooklyn Bridge, even though it wouldn't be finished for another 11 years. This shows his optimism about the future. Pony Express: A rider of the Pony Express brings news to California. The Pony Express, which sent riders across the US, operated for only a year and a half. It was replaced in 1861 by the telegraph. American Indians: American Indians, bears, and bison, the original inhabitants of the West, flee their land and enter darkness. Settlers: A settler leads a covered wagon across the Great Plains. Miners: Miners represent the first wave of migrants in 1849. Stagecoach: The first overland stagecoach operated in 1858. Railroad Trains: Many railroad lines begin in the East and head West. The first railroad to California was finished in 1869. Farmers: Farmers build houses and fences, and plow the fields.
13. OAKMOH_130726_193.JPG: In the winter of 1864, the owners of the Central Pacific had trouble finding workers to construct the railroad through the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Charles Crocker turned to Chinese men, who were willing to work in dangerous conditions for lower wages that whites. Ultimately, Chinese workers made up 80% of the workforce, braving freezing temperatures, cave-ins, and explosions that killed and maimed many.
14. OAKMOH_130726_199.JPG: In the late 19th century, the Central Pacific, renamed the Southern Pacific, was California's largest business and landowner, controlling land, the wheat trade, and transportation. To protect their advantages, its owners, the "Big Four," employed armies of lawyers and lobbyists. The railroad brought great benefits to the state, but many Californians increasingly blamed the company for many of their economic and social problems. Anti-monopoly reformers finally came together in 1910, when the state government instituted the initiative, referendum, and recall to give "the people" more direct access to power.
15. OAKMOH_130726_201.JPG: The Octopus: In popular magazines, the Southern Pacific was drawn as an octopus, with tentacles controlling every interest in California. The Octopus: The Octopus grabs all its money and hold it in Nob Hill, a rich neighborhood in San Francisco. Charles Crocker, an owner of the Southern Pacific, lived in this house. Stanford and Crocker: The Octopus eyes are the faces of Southern Pacific railroad owners Leland Stanford and Charles Crocker. Telegraph Operators: The Southern Pacific owned telegraph lines along their tracks. Wine Growers: The railroad company had a monopoly over transporting wine out of San Francisco. Mussel Slough: A place in the Central Valley south of Fresno. In 1880, the Southern Pacific sent federal marshals to evict squatters on their land there. Seven settlers were "Killed by the Railroad Monster." Wheat Exporting Ships and Warehouses: The Southern Pacific owned most of the state's warehouses and ferry services. Stagecoach Companies: The arrival of the railroad lines put stagecoach operators out of business. Lumber Dealers: The Southern Pacific shipped almost all produce out of California and could charge high rates to do so. Farmers: Small farmers could barely turn a profit after they paid for freight charges. Miners: Miners had to pay high rates to ship their ore.
16. OAKMOH_130726_226.JPG: During the height of the Depression, many Californians blamed immigrants for taking their jobs. Filipinos and Mexicans were especially singled out. Between 1931 and 1933, more than 100,000 people -- some American citizens -- were removed or pressured to leave California for Mexico and the Philippines.
17. OAKMOH_130726_232.JPG: During World War II, California became a major center for wartime industries, particularly in shipbuilding and aviation. The federal government poured $40,000,000,000 into California -- more than 10% of the entire national defense budget.
18. OAKMOH_130726_235.JPG: Working in the Fields and Railroads: During the war agriculture and railroads were hit hard by labor shortages. Complaints from growers and railroads executives finally persuaded the federal government to create a migration agreement with Mexico -- called the Bracero Program -- to supply workers. More than 100,000 Mexicans signed contracts to work in the US.
19. OAKMOH_130726_242.JPG: During the war, some Americans were attacked for appearing disloyal to the nation. These are 4 stories. A University of California graduate of Japanese descent placed the "I AM AN AMERICAN" sign on his storefront at 13th and Franklin Streets in Oakland, the day after Pearl Harbor. Following evacuation orders, his store was closed.
20. OAKMOH_130726_251.JPG: Mexican American teenagers in Los Angeles expressed their style with flashy zoot suits. Although wool was rationed, local teens wouldn't give up their padded, draped, and pleated look. In June 1943, thousands of military servicemen attacked zoot-suited Mexican Americans in downtown LA.
21. OAKMOH_130726_258.JPG: A small minority of Americans believed that any war is morally wrong. For the firs time in history, Congress recognized the status of conscientious objectors, and 37,000 of them took non-combatant roles in the military, or performed unpaid labor in Civilian Public Service camps. "Conchies" faced accusations of cowardice, and their families suffered the loss of their wages. The most famous conscientious objector was Lew Ayres, a Hollywood star.
22. OAKMOH_130726_264.JPG: Charlotta Bass was managing editor and publisher of the California Eagle, one of the longest-running African American newspapers in the West. A committed advocate for civil rights, Bass challenged racial barriers to employment and housing during the war. Her life was threatened many times, and the FBI placed her under surveillance on the charge that she was inciting opposition to the government.
23. OAKMOH_130726_270.JPG: At Port Chicago, African American sailors loaded naval munitions onto ships -- a very hazardous job. On July 17, 1944, 2 ships exploded, killing over 200 men. Surviving African American sailors were ordered back to work immediately with no new safeguards put in place. Two hundred fifty-eight men refused, and 50 were convicted of the felony charge of organized mutiny.
24. OAKMOH_130726_282.JPG: Manzanar Free Press
25. OAKMOH_130726_290.JPG: 1870: The Fifteenth Amendment to the US Constitution gave all American citizens the right to vote, regardless of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." California voted against the amendment. The School Law of California called for separate schools to educate African Americans and California Indian children. 1871: The San Francisco school board barred Chinese students from all public schools. 1872: Eleven year-old African American student Mary Frances Ward was denied admission to her local San Francisco school because of her race. Ward and her mother sued the school board, but the California Supreme Court ruled that separate education for the races was legal. 1879: California's new constitution authorized cities and towns to restrict or forbid the residence of Chinese people. 1885: The parents of Mamie Tape convinced the San Francisco school board to provide an education for their daughter. The city opened a segregated Chinese school. 1913: The National Association of Real Estate Boards (NAREB) advised real estate agents to prevent "residential racial mixing" when buying and selling homes. California passed an Alien Land Law prohibiting "aliens ineligible for citizenship" from purchasing property in the state. This affected Chinese, Indian, Japanese, and Korean immigrants, who were forbidden by law from becoming citizens.
26. OAKMOH_130726_294.JPG: 1917: The California Supreme Court granted citizenship to California Indians. 1919: The California Supreme Court ruled that restrictive covenants were legal. Restrictive covenants are provisions written into deeds prohibiting the sale, lease, or rental of property to non-whites. By the 1930s, 95% of LA's housing stock was off-limits to African Americans and Asians. 1921: California state law went into effect allowing school districts to establish separate schools for California Indian children and for children of "Chinese, Japanese, or Mongolian parentage." 1924: The Ku Klux Klan, at its peak of popularity in California, took over the city government of Anaheim. In the 1920s, the Klan worked in California to drive out Mexicans, African Americans, Jews, and Catholics. In Alice Piper v Big Pine School District, the California Supreme Court upheld the general principle of "separate but equal," but ruled that California Indian children had the right to attend local public schools with white children, if a separate district school was not available.
27. OAKMOH_130726_297.JPG: 1934: The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) was founded as part of the New Deal, and guaranteed mortgage loans against default. The FHA also assessed the risk of a neighborhood posed for mortgage lenders. Mixed-race neighborhoods were considered a bad risk. The FHA would refuse to guarantee home loans in these neighborhoods. This attitude towards lending came to be known as red-lining because of the color used on the maps to designate a "high-risk" neighborhood. 1943: Chinese Exclusion laws were repealed, and Chinese immigrants were allowed to become naturalized citizens. In 1946, this right was granted to Indian and Filipino immigrants, and in 1952 to other Asian immigrants. This meant they were finally legally able to purchase land in California. 1946: On behalf of 5,000 Mexican-American families, the parents of Sylvia Mendez sued the Westminster School District of Orange County to allow their daughter to attend an all-white public school. In Mendez v Westminster, a federal court judge ruled in favor of the family. This ended school segregation in California, 9 years before Brown v Board of Education. The US passed the Rescission Act, which denied Filipino servicemen formal veteran status. Until 1946, the Philippines were a US Commonwealth, and all Filipinos living in the US were classified as "aliens." Over 250,000 Filipinos served and fought for the US during World War II. Filipino Americans who served in World War II were denied veterans benefits, including the GI Bill.
28. OAKMOH_130726_300.JPG: 1947: Fifteen hundred veterans demonstrated in MacArthur Park, Los Angeles, holding signs reading, "Fox Holes in 1945 -- Rat Holes in 1947," to protest discriminatory housing practices. After the war, LA became the nation's leading center for legal challenges to restrictive covenants. 1948: The US Supreme Court declared the enforcement of racially restrictive covenants by the state to be a violation of the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution. 1957: Willie Mays moved to San Francisco to play for the Giants and offered to buy a house on Miraloma Drive. Under pressure from neighbors, the owner refused to sell. "I certainly wouldn't like to have a colored family near me," one told the Examiner. After Mayor George Christopher intervened, the seller relented. Mays and his wife bought the house for $37,500 in cash. 1959: The Unruh Civil Rights Act of California forbade racial discrimination by all business establishments, including real estate agents. 1963: California's legislature passed the Rumford Act, prohibiting discrimination based on race or creed in the sale or rental of real property in the state, 5 years before the national Fair Housing Act. The California Real Estate Association fought against the act, and voters repealed it with Proposition 14, but it was upheld by the California Supreme Court in 1965.
29. OAKMOH_130726_303.JPG: Some veterans discovered when they returned from World War II that the promises of the GI Bill -- particularly to the housing benefits -- would go unfulfilled. Non-white residents were frequently locked out of their dream of a home in the suburbs because of restrictive covenants, red lining, and other forms of discrimination. Freeway construction and urban renewal devastated minority neighborhoods. The civil rights movement in California organized around housing rights.
30. OAKMOH_130726_319.JPG: In 1910, pioneer director DW Griffith arrived in rural Hollywood, California with a film crew and actors. The leading talent of New York's Biograph Film Company, Griffith made a 17-minute period drama called "In Old California." It was the first motion picture made in Hollywood. Less than 10 years later, movies were one of the leading industries of California.
31. OAKMOH_130726_335.JPG: Who the heck is Jack Foley? You may never have heard of Jack Donovan Foley (1891-1967), but his legacy is present every time you go to the movies. Foley pioneered the addition of sound effects to motion pictures, single-handedly inventing the process of recording sounds "direct to picture," in sync with the action on screen. Working at Universal Studios, Foley recorded sound effects for hundreds of movies, never once receiving on-screen credit. In the 1950s, Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz dubbed their recording studio the "Foley Stage," and to this day sound effects technicians are known as "Foley artists."
32. OAKMOH_130726_338.JPG: Animation: Before computers, animated films were entirely hand-drawn. Artists had to make thousands of individual drawings for even the shortest film. Studios like Disney and Warner Bros. kept dozens of artists, writers, actors and computers busy turning out a steady stream of 'toons.
33. OAKMOH_130726_341.JPG: Costume Design: Even the simplest costume worn by an actor has been carefully designed to tell us something about the character on screen. In Hollywood's "golden era" of the 1930s, 40s and 50s, costume designers took cues from history, current fashion trends, and sheer fantasy to create lavish outfits for larger-than-life movie stars.
34. OAKMOH_130726_346.JPG: Text of the Production Code: ... tent of the Code appear in two parts -- first, a working abstract of the Code which has been widely accepted as the complete Code, and, second, the Code proper, which has been referred to as "Reasons Supporting a Code". General Principles 1. No picture shall be produced that will lower the moral standards of those who see it. Hence the sympathy of the audience should never be thrown to the side of crime, wrongdoing, evil or sin. 2. Correct standards of life, subject only to the requirements of drama and entertainment, shall be presented. 3. Law, natural or human, shall not be ridiculed, nor shall sympathy be created for its violation. Particular Applications I. Crimes Against the Law These shall never be presented in such a way as to throw sympathy with the crime as against law and justice or to inspire others with a desire for imitation. 1. Murder a. The technique of murder must be presented in a way that will not inspire imitation. b. Brutal killings are not to be presented in detail. c. Revenge in modern times shall not be justified. 2. Methods of Crime should not be explicitly presented. a. Theft, robbery, safe-cracking, and dynamiting of trains, mines, buildings, etc., should not be detailed in method. b. Arson must subject to the same safeguards. c. The use of firearms should be restricted to the essentials. d. Methods of smuggling should not be presented. 3. Illegal drug traffic must never be presented. 4. The use of liquor in American life, when not required by the plot or for proper characterization, will not be shown. II. Sex The sanctity of the institution of marriage and the home shall be upheld. Pictures shall not infer that low forms of sex relationship are the accepted or common thing. 1. Adultery, sometimes necessary plot material, must not be explicitly treated, or justified, or presented attractively. 2. Scenes of Passion a. They should not be introduced when not essential to the plot. b. Excessive and lustful kissing, lustful embraces, suggestive postures and gestures, are not to be shown. c. In general passion should so be treated that these scenes do not stimulate the lower and baser element. 3. Seduction or Rape a. They should never be more than suggested, and only when essential for the plot, and even then never shown by explicit method. b. They are never the proper subject for comedy. 4. Sex perversion or any inference to it is forbidden. 5. White slavery shall not be treated. 6. Miscegenation (sex relationships between the white and black races) is forbidden. 7. Sex hygiene and venereal diseases are not subjects for motion pictures. 8. Scenes of actual child birth, in fact or in silhouette, are never to be presented. 9. Children's sex organs are never to be exposed. III. Vulgarity The treatment of low, disgusting, unpleasant, though not necessarily evil, subjects should always be subject to the dictates of good taste and a regard for the sensibilities of the audience. IV. Obscenity Obscenity in word, gesture, reference, song, joke, or by suggestion (even when likely to be understood only by part of the audience) is forbidden. V. Profanity Pointed profanity (this includes the words, God, Lord, Jesus, Christ - unless used reverently - Hell, S.O.B., damn, Gawd), or every other profane or vulgar expression however used, is forbidden. VI. Costume 1. Complete nudity is never permitted. This includes nudity in fact or in silhouette, or any lecherous or licentious notice thereof by other characters in the picture. 2. Undressing scenes should be avoided, and never used save where essential to the plot. 3. Indecent or undue exposure is forbidden. 4. Dancing or costumes intended to permit undue exposure or indecent movements in the dance are forbidden. VII. Dances 1. Dances suggesting or representing sexual actions or indecent passions are forbidden. 2. Dances which emphasize indecent movements are to be regarded as obscene. VIII. Religion 1. No film or episode may throw ridicule on any religious faith. 2. Ministers of religion in their character as ministers of religion should not be used as comic characters or as villains. 3. Ceremonies of any definite religion should be carefully and respectfully handled. IX. Locations The treatment of bedrooms must be governed by good taste and delicacy. X. National Feelings 1. The use of the Flag shall be consistently respectful. 2. The history, institutions, prominent people and citizenry of other nations shall be represented fairly. XI. Titles Salacious, indecent, or obscene titles shall not be used. XII. Repellent Subjects The following subjects must be treated within the careful limits of good taste: 1. Actual hangings or electrocutions as legal punishments for crime. 2. Third degree methods. 3. Brutality and possible gruesomeness. 4. Branding of people or animals. 5. Apparent cruelty to children or animals. 6. The sale of women, or a woman selling her virtue. 7. Surgical operations. Reasons Supporting Code Reasons supporting a code to govern the making of motion and talking pictures formulated by Association of Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, Inc. Reasons Supporting the Preamble of the Code I. Theatrical motion pictures, that is, pictures intended for the theatre as distinct from pictures intended for churches, schools, lecture halls, educational movements, social reform movements, etc., are primarily to be regarded as ENTERTAINMENT. Mankind has always recognized the importance of entertainment and its value in rebuilding the bodies and souls of human beings. But it has always recognized that entertainment can be a character either HELPFUL or HARMFUL to the human race, and in consequence has clearly distinguished between: a. Entertainment which tends to improve the race, or at least to re-create and rebuild human beings exhausted with the realities of life; and b. Entertainment which tends to degrade human beings, or to lower their standards of life and living. Hence the MORAL IMPORTANCE of entertainment is something which has been universal ...
35. OAKMOH_130726_352.JPG: The Sin of Nora Moran
36. OAKMOH_130726_358.JPG: Take Your Girlie to the Movies (If You Can't Make Love at Home)
37. OAKMOH_130726_363.JPG: Arrivals -- New Laws Bring New Immigrants, 1975-2010 Now arriving from... Mexico City, Mexico ... Rank 001 ... Approx total 1,673,767 Manilla, the Philippines ... Rank 002 ... Approx total 742,150
38. OAKMOH_130726_373.JPG: This sign stood on Interstate 5 near San Diego, warning drivers to beware of immigrants who had crossed the border from Mexico. In the late 1980s, nearly 100 undocumented immigrants were struck and killed crossing freeways in California. In response, the California Department of Transportation hired graphic artist John Hood to design this sign. It has since become an icon of the often-heated debate over illegal immigration.
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Wikipedia Description: Oakland Museum of California
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Oakland Museum of California or OMCA (formerly the Oakland Museum) is an interdisciplinary museum dedicated to the art, history, and natural science of California, located in Oakland, California. The museum contains more than 1.8 million objects dedicated to "telling the extraordinary story of California." It was created in the mid-1960s out of the merger of three separate museums dating from the early 20th century, and was opened in 1969.

Facilities:

The museum building, designed by architect Kevin Roche, with landscape design by Dan Kiley and gardens by Geraldine Knight Scott, is an important example of mid-century modernism and the integration of indoor and outdoor spaces. The concrete building includes three tiers, one each focusing on the art, history, and natural science collections, along with temporary exhibition galleries, an auditorium, a restaurant, and other ancillary spaces. Outdoor architectural features are terraced roof gardens, patios, outdoor sculpture, a large lawn area, and a koi pond.

Between 2009 and 2013, the museum underwent a major renovation and expansion designed by Mark Cavagnero Associates. The art and history galleries were closed from August 2009 to May 2010, followed by closure of the natural science gallery and education facilities (reopened in May 2013). Skidmore, Owings and Merrill designed the environmental graphics program for the renovation and re-branding of the museum. Core support for the capital improvements came from Measure G, a $23.6 million bond initiative passed by Oakland voters in 2002.

Collections:

Art:

The museum owns more than 70,000 examples of California art and design, created from the mid-1800s to the present. Painters represented in the art collection include Addie L. Ballou, Albert Bierstadt, George Henry Burgess, Richard Diebenkorn, Maynard Dixon, Childe Hassam, Thomas Hill, Am�d�e Joullin, William Keith, David Park, ...More...
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Directly Related Pages: Other pages with content (CA -- Oakland -- Oakland Museum of California) directly related to this one: [Display ALL photos on one page]:
- 2013_CA_Oakland_MoC_Art: CA -- Oakland -- Oakland Museum of California -- Art (91 photos from 2013)
Same Subject: Click on this link to see coverage of items having the same subject: [Museums (Art)] [Museums (History)]
2013 photos: Equipment this year: I mostly used my Fuji XS-1 camera but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000 and Nikon D600. Trips this year: three Civil War Trust conferences (Memphis, TN, Jackson, MS [to which I added a week to to visit sites in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Tennessee], and Richmond, VA), and my 8th consecutive San Diego Comic-Con trip (including sites in Nevada and California). Ego Strokes: Aviva Kempner used my photo of her as her author photo in Larry Ruttman's "American Jews & America's Game: Voices of a Growing Legacy in Baseball" book. Number of photos taken this year: just over 570,000.
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