BGuthrie Photos: NY -- NYC -- Statue of Liberty Natl Memorial

NY -- NYC -- Statue of Liberty Natl Memorial:

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1]

") are described as follows:

LIB_160914_094.JPG: A Timeline of Liberty 1865: Edouard de Laboulaye, Auguste Bartholdi, and others conceive idea of a monument to liberty. 1871: Bartholdi tours US, chooses site in New York Harbor. 1876: Liberty's arm and torch displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. 1879: Gustave Eiffel designs the Statue's internal framework. 1881-84: Statue assembled in Paris. Foundation works begins on Bedloe's Island. 1884: Noted architect Richard Morris Hunt completes design of the pedestal. 1885: Statue disassembled and shipped to New York. 1886: Statue reassembled on Bedloe's Island. Dedicated October 28. 1916: Munitions depot explosion damages Statue's arm; torch permanently closed to public. 1924: Statue of Liberty declared a National Monument. 1933: National Park Service assumed administration of Statue of Liberty. 1956: Bedloe's Island renamed Liberty Island. 1986: Restoration completed for Statue's centennial celebration. 2001: Statue closes after September 11 attacks. Island reopens December 20. 2004: Pedestal reopens August 3 with safety and security upgrades. 2009: Crown reopens to visitors July 4.
LIB_160914_102.JPG: Undiscovered Stories In 1918, Liberty Island was known as Bedloe's Island and the Statue of Liberty had not yet been classified as a National Monument. This display incorporates some historic images and identifies the uses of several buildings from that era. Many of these buildings were used by the United States Army-Signal Corps including Company G which was assigned to the island for training. They were also responsible for maintaining and lighting of the Statue of the Liberty. Some of these men were trained in the care and handling of Trans-Atlantic cable. Others were educated in using a plotting board to estimate targets' positions and to derive firing data for the cannons in the harbor. Warehouse workers stored and tracked Signal Corp material. Two cable laying ships made the island their home. In 1933, Liberty Island was placed within the care of the National Park Service.
LIB_160914_115.JPG: "Give us your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free. The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" -- Emma Lazarus, 1883

LIB_160914_125.JPG:

Statue Facts
Height from base to torch	151' 1"	(46.50m)
Pedestal foundation to torch	305' 1"	(92.99m)
Length of hand	16' 5"	(5.00m)
Index finger	8' 0"	(2.44m)
Size of fingernail	13" x 10"	(.33x.25m)
Head from chin to cranium	17' 3"	(5.26m)
Head width from ear to ear	10' 0"	(3.05m)
Distance across eye	2' 6"	(.76m)
Length of nose	4' 6"	(1.48m)
Right Arm length	42' 0"	(12.80m)
Right arm greatest thickness	12' 0"	(3.66m)
Thickness of waist	35' 0"	(10.67m)
Width of mouth	3' 0"	(.91m)
Tablet length	23' 7"	(7.19m)
Tablet width	13' 7"	(4.14m)
Tablet thickness	2' 0"	(.61m)
Height of granite pedestal	89' 0"	(27.13m)
Height of foundation	65' 0"	(19.81m)
Weight of copper used	200,000 pounds	(100 tons)
Weight of steel used	250,000 pounds	(125 tons)
Total weight	450,000 pounds	(225 tons)

LIB_160914_129.JPG: Symbolism "In all ages, the achievements of man and his aspirations have been represented by symbols" noted an official at the dedication of the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor more than 100 years ago. Although unaware at the time of the importance of his words, the speaker proved prophetic. Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi's monument took the form of a colossal statue of a woman dressed in classical Roman clothing, symbolizing the Roman goddess of Liberty. She wears a crown of seven rays representing a nimbus or halo. In her left hand she carries a tablet bearing the date July 4, 1776 in Roman numerals to commemorate America's birth as an independent nation. The torch in her right hand represents liberty enlightening the world. Beneath her feet are severed shackles and chains representing the universal symbol of freedom and the abolition of slavery in the United States.
LIB_160914_134.JPG: Inside the Statue Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi chose to build the Statue of Liberty out of copper – a lightweight metal – critical for such a large work. In order to fashion the metal, the sculptor had to first make full size sections of the Statue out of plaster. For each section, carpenters built a wooden form that duplicated the plaster shape. Thin copper sheets were placed on the backside of these forms and then hammered into shape by artisans, a technique called Repoussé. The Statue's immense size required a revolutionary support system, so Bartholdi called upon engineer Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel. Central to Eiffel's design was a framework of four wrought-iron columns to which was attached a vast interior strapwork – made up of armature bars, steel brackets known as saddles, and rivets – that support the Statue's copper "skin." His innovative support system resembles the famous tower in Paris which bears his name.
LIB_160914_139.JPG: Emma Lazarus Emma Lazarus was born into a prominent fourth generation Jewish family, one of the oldest in New York City, on July 22, 1849. Her father recognized Emma's talent for writing at an early age and encouraged her work. In 1866, when Emma was seventeen, he privately published her first book, Poems and Translations Written Between the Ages of Fourteen and Seventeen. Emma Lazarus would not live long enough to experience the full impact of her poem. She died in 1887 and it was not until 1903 that a bronze plaque containing the words to her sonnet was mounted at the base of the Statue of Liberty. Emma Lazarus' famous lines caught the nation's imagination and continues to inspire the way people think about freedom and exile today.
LIB_160914_143.JPG: "Mother of Exiles" Between 1886 and 1924, 14 million immigrants entered America through New York. The Statue of Liberty was a reassuring sign that they had arrived in the land of their dreams. To these anxious newcomers, the Statue's uplifted torch did not suggest "enlightenment," as her creators intended, but rather, "welcome." Over time, the Statue of Liberty emerged as Emma Lazarus' "Mother of Exiles," a symbol of hope to generations of immigrants.
LIB_160914_145.JPG: "The New Colossus" In 1883, a young writer, Emma Lazarus, donated a poem to an auction raising funds for the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty. "The New Colossus" vividly depicted the Statue of Liberty as offering refuge from the miseries of Europe. The sonnet received little attention at the time, but in 1903 was engraved on a bronze plaque and affixed to the base of the Statue. Still, it was only in the late 1930's, when millions fled fascism, that the poem became fully identified with the Statue. The New Colossus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, with conquering limbs astride from land to land here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand a mighty woman with a torch, whose flame is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles, from her beacon-hand glows world-wide welcome: Her mild eyes command the air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame, "Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she with silent lips, "Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breath free. The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me. I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" This tablet, with her sonnet to the Bartholdi Statue of Liberty engraved upon it, is placed upon these walls in loving memory of Emma Lazarus Born in New York City, July 22, 1849 Died November 19, 1867 This bronze plaque was presented by philanthropist Georgiana Schuyler in 1903, twenty years after Emma Lazarus wrote her sonnet. Originally displayed on the interior wall of the Statue of Liberty's pedestal, it was placed in the Statue of Liberty exhibit in July, 1986.
LIB_160914_151.JPG: Bartholdi Born in Colmar, France in 1834, Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was one of the most celebrated sculptors of the nineteenth century. He is most famous for creating the Statue of Liberty which was dedicated in 1886. In his fifty-two years as an artist, he created approximately one hundred works of art. He died on October 4, 1904 of tuberculosis and is buried in Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris, France.
LIB_160914_155.JPG: The New Colossus The Statue of Liberty was the first statue designed by Bartholdi to be completed. Earlier, in the 1850s, while traveling in Egypt, the Nubia and Ethiopia, he designed an immense lighthouse for the opening of the Suez Canal in Egypt, but the design was not accepted. After the Statue of Liberty was dedicated in 1886, Bartholdi also completed a thirty-six foot high sculpture of a lion in Belfort, France. This sculpture commemorates the defense of the town of Belfort, during the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871).
LIB_160914_160.JPG: New York Sculptures The French government commissioned Bartholdi to create a sculpture of the Marquis de Lafayette as a gift to America for its support during the Franco-Prussian War. The sculpture shows Lafayette offering his heart and his sword to the colonists fighting in the American Revolution. Bartholdi's sculpture of Lafayette was unveiled in Union Square, New York City on September 6, 1876. A four-hour multinational parade was held as part of the celebration. Joseph Pulitzer, publisher of the "New York World" commissioned Bartholdi to design a sculpture of George Washington and the Marquis de Lafayette as a gift to France. It was unveiled in Paris in 1895. In 1900, a replica was made public in Morningside Park, New York City.
LIB_160914_210.JPG: Immigrant Processing in New York Prior to 1855, immigrants arriving at the port of New York were free to enter the United States if their vessel was checked and cleared for all "loathsome and contagious diseases." Between 1855 and 1890, approximately 8 million new immigrants traveling through the Port of New York were formally processed at Castle Garden in Battery Park by New York State immigration officials. After 1890, the Federal government assumed responsibility for processing immigrants. All third class and steerage passengers bound for the port of New York were required to be inspected at the Ellis Island Immigration Station, where more than 12 million hopeful immigrants were processed between 1892 and 1954. For most, the medical and legal inspection process took only a few hours. Overall, only two percent of those immigrants were excluded from entering the United States and these were sent back at the steamship company's expense. The overwhelming majority of immigrants were free to begin new lives in America.
LIB_160914_216.JPG: This stone from the mine that produced the copper in the Statue of Liberty was brought with the sailing ship "Sorlandet" as a gift to the United States of America from the citizens of Karmoy, Norway. July 4, 1986
LIB_160914_238.JPG: Emma Lazarus (1849 – 1887) In 1883 this American poet and essayist wrote "The New Colossus" to aid the Pedestal Fund Campaign. Twenty years later her sonnet was cast in bronze and placed inside the Statue's pedestal. "Give me your tired, your poor, . . " Donated by Mr. and Mrs. Jerome Rogoway Philip Rathner – Sculptor
LIB_160914_249.JPG: Joseph Pulitzer (1847 – 1911 ) As publisher of the New York World newspaper, this Hungarian immigrant conducted the editorial crusade that popularized the American Pedestal Fund Campaign. His last will and testament established the Pulitzer prizes for achievement in journalism, literature, music and art. The Bender Foundation for the Bender Family Howard and Sondra Bender Philip Rathner – Sculptor
LIB_160914_261.JPG: Alexandre Gustave Eiffel ( 1832 – 1923 ) The iron skeleton which supports the Statue was designed by this noted French engineer and bridge builder. He later designed and built the Eiffel Tower for the Paris World's Fair of 1889. Dedicated by Mr. and Mrs. Marvin Kay Philip Rathner – Sculptor
LIB_160914_272.JPG: Frederic Auguste Bartholdi (1834 – 1904) A French sculptor and friend of De Laboulaye, he created the Statue of "Liberty Enlightening the World" and selected its site. Inspired by his first view of New York Harbor, Bartholdi later wrote "The Statue was born for this place which inspired its conception". A gift from Ed and Rhona Libov to the city we love Philip Rathner – Sculptor
LIB_160914_282.JPG: Edouard Rene De Laboulaye (1811 – 1883) He conceived this monument, showing the love of Liberty shared by France and America. This statue would be a gift from a people to a people. It was intended for the 1876 Centennial, but was delayed until 1876. De Laboulaye never saw his dream realized. Dedicated by Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Cohen Philip Rathner – Sculptor
LIB_160914_311.JPG: Fort Wood The Statue of Liberty's pedestal sits atop the remains of Fort Wood, originally one link in a chain of defenses protecting New York City and its vital harbor. The fort was built between 1808 and 1811 in the shape of an eleven-pointed star and was occupied by the War Department as an army post until 1937. The eleven-pointed star design was brought to North America by French military engineers in the 17th century. The fort acted as a lookout position with harbor guns entrenched near the shore. Many incised markings, believed to be Masonic symbols, have been found on its granite exterior walls and the surrounding lawn.
LIB_160914_343.JPG: Liberty's Symbols The Statue of Liberty conveys its message of freedom through a number of dramatic symbols. The broken shackles at her feet signify escape from tyranny. In her left arm, she holds a tablet of law inscribed in Roman numerals the date of the American Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. Her crown's seven rays suggest the seven seas and seven continents. Most significant of all, however, her torch and flame symbolize truth and justice enlightening the world. Perhaps no poem brings these symbols to life more than "The New Colossus," a sonnet written by Emma Lazarus in 1883 as an attempt to raise funds for the pedestal's completion. The New Colossus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land, Here at our sea-washed, sunset-gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome, her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she, With silent lips, "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore, Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"
LIB_160914_376.JPG: Building the Statue of Liberty The French sculptor, Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi designed the Statue of Liberty as a giant three-dimensional jigsaw puzzle. Over 300 thin sheets of copper, most of it from a copper mine in Karmoy, Norway, fit together to form the Statue's outer skin. Each copper sheet is 3/32 of an inch thick, about the thickness of two coins. The sheets were shaped in France using the ancient repoussé method in which the metal is hammered and shaped within large wooden and plaster molds. The finished pieces were then shipped to the United States where they were assembled and supported on an ingenious iron framework of armature bars and girders designed by Alexandre Gustave Eiffel.
LIB_160914_442.JPG: The Pedestal The granite pedestal of the Statue was paid for entirely by private funds raised in the United States. It was designed by the eminent American architect, Richard Morris Hunt, and engineered by former Civil War General, Charles P. Stone. Its variety of strong shapes and rich textures makes the pedestal seem less massive as it tapers gracefully upward. Roughly the height of a ten-story building, the tremendous structure rests on a huge concrete foundation that is anchored to surrounding Fort Wood. The concrete foundation was once exposed, but now is enclosed by a museum.
LIB_160914_450.JPG: Construction of Pedestal's Concrete Foundation, ca 1884
LIB_160914_457.JPG: Why is the Statue Green? The answer is in the air. The Statue's skin is made of copper, and when copper is exposed to oxygen in the air, it undergoes a chemical reaction called oxidation. The reaction causes a fine crust or film to develop that is usually green in color. This layer protects the original metal underneath. In copper and bronze, this natural protective process is called Patination. It took nearly thirty years for the Statue to turn from her original copper color to the green you see today. The patination process can also be observed on buildings where copper or bronze are used for roofing and ornamentation such as the ferry dock on Liberty Island and on the roof and domes of the Immigration Station at Ellis Island.

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Wikipedia Description: Statue of Liberty
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Liberty Enlightening the World (French: La liberté éclairant le monde), known more commonly as the Statue of Liberty (Statue de la Liberté), is a large statue that was presented to the United States by France in 1886. It stands at Liberty Island (owned by New York but physically on the New Jersey side of the New York Harbor) as a welcome to all visitors, immigrants, and returning Americans. The copper patina-clad statue, dedicated on October 28, 1886, commemorates the centennial of the United States and is a gesture of friendship from France to America. Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi sculpted the statue and obtained a U.S. patent useful for raising construction funds through the sale of miniatures. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (designer of the Eiffel Tower) engineered the internal structure. Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was responsible for the choice of copper in the statue's construction and adoption of the repoussé technique.

The statue is of a woman holding a lit flame. The statue is made of a sheeting of pure copper, hung on a framework of steel (originally puddled iron) with the exception of the flame of the torch, which is coated in gold leaf (originally made of stained glass and lit from the inside.) It stands atop a rectangular stonework pedestal with a foundation in the shape of an irregular eleven-pointed star. The statue is 151 feet tall, with the pedestal and foundation, it is 305 feet (92.99 m] tall.

Worldwide, the Statue of Liberty is one of the most recognizable icons of the United States, and, more generally, represents liberty and escape from oppression. The Statue of Liberty was, from 1886 until the jet age, often one of the first glimpses of the United States for millions of immigrants after ocean voyages from Europe. Visually, the Statue of Liberty appears to draw inspiration from il Sancarlone or the Colossus of Rhodes.

The statue is a central part of Statue of Liberty National Monument, administered by the National Park Service.
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