BGuthrie Photos: MD -- Frederick -- Natl Museum of Civil War Medicine

MD -- Frederick -- Natl Museum of Civil War Medicine:

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. NMCWM1_150228_004.JPG: Sanitation System in a Typical Hospital Ward
2. NMCWM1_150228_009.JPG: Water and Sewer Systems in the Hospitals
3. NMCWM1_150228_016.JPG: Floor plan of Good Samaritan Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri.
4. NMCWM1_150228_019.JPG: Plan of Satterlee Hospital in West Philadelphia
5. NMCWM1_150228_023.JPG: Veteran Reserve Corps and GAR Organizations
6. NMCWM1_150228_034.JPG: Artillery Battery How many horses did it take to pull a battery? An artillery battery consisted of 6 guns... each pulled by 6 horses. Ideally there would be six horses drawing every cannon and its attached limber (the two-wheeled ammunition chest). Six horse teams also pulled each of the six four-wheeled caissons that carried additional ammunition. Therefore, a fully equipped six-gun battery could require 72 horses just to move the cannons and ammunition. Additional horses were also needed by the battery to pull the forge, carry the officers, and act as replacements.
7. NMCWM1_150228_039.JPG: Did you know? * At the beginning of the Civil War, there was no established system to transport wounded soldiers from the battlefields to the field hospitals. * The ambulance system developed by Jonathan Letterman remains the basis for present-day military evacuation plans. * Large infirmaries were developed to treat horses and mules which were too sick or worn-down to serve the armies.
8. NMCWM1_150228_053.JPG: Clara Barton's Trunk Bed: This folding trunk bed was used by Clara Barton during her humanitarian activities during the Civil War. She often went into the field, bringing much-needed supplies to the field hospitals near the fighting. She assisted at the battles of Cedar Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Fort Wagner, among others. If its documented that this trunk bed accompanied Barton to Hilton Head, South Carolina, in 1863. Barton also served as a nurse in the tent hospitals in Virginia during the last half of 1864. It is possible she also used this bed while on assignment at these mobile hospitals, where orders to move the entire establishment could come with little warning. It may also have accompanied her to Camp Parole, near Annapolis, Maryland, when she began her work locating missing soldiers in 1865. This portable bed was designed to function as a trunk, a couch, and a bed, and could be used with a waterproof cover or with mosquito netting, which is what accompanied Barton's trunk. It was originally donated to the Red Cross Museum by Miss Rena Hubbell, niece of Dr. Julian B Hubbell, General Field Agent of the American Red Cross under Clara Barton. Two labels identify it as being Barton's, and there is a maker's mark which reads: "WBS [remaining letters covered] PATENT JUNE 11, 1861 NO 1 WARREN ST NY"
9. NMCWM1_150228_057.JPG: Sanitary Commission Stretcher: Assistant Surgeon George C. Douglass used this folding stretcher while serving with the 1st New York Cavalry in 1863 and 1864. The regiment spent much of the war in the Department of West Virginia and the names "Martinsburg" and "H. Ferry" probably indicate the locations of hospitals where Douglass was assigned.
10. NMCWM1_150228_069.JPG: The Missing Soldiers Office: Barton's office took up most of the third floor of a boarding house in Washington DC, located on 7th Street between D Street and E Street. She had a small living space connected to the work space. Edward Shaw, her landlord, and some of the clerks who worked with her also had rooms on the third floor. After Barton left for Europe in 1868, Shaw remained at the 7th Street location until 1911. Barton moved to her new property in Glen Echo, Maryland in 1897. The 7th Street property remained nearly untouched until it was re-discovered by the General Services Administration in 1998. Items belonging to both Barton and Shaw were found in the rooms and recovered by the GSA. In 2012, the GSA and the National Museum of Civil War Medicine singed an agreement to create a museum where the Missing Soldiers Office once was, ensuring that Barton's legacy of caring will be known for generations to come.
11. NMCWM1_150228_074.JPG: Barton's Contributions: Clara Barton is primarily known for distributing much-needed supplies to battlefield hospitals during the Civil War and for establishing the American Red Cross in 1881. A lesser-known aspect of her efforts during and just after the war was that she created and ran the Missing Soldiers Office, which helped to find information on missing Civil War soldiers, an effort that at least brought closure to grieving families. The office opened in March of 1865. Inquiries would come into the office and the names would be checked against known burial lists, hospital records, prison rolls and casualty lists. Appeals would be published in newspapers and forwarded to veterans asking for information on the missing men. Approximately 63,000 letters of inquiry were received concerning over 45,000 missing men. Barton and her assistants successfully located the final disposition of over 22,000 of these soldiers. There were up to twelve clerks working with her at a time, including Richard Paulson, William M. Thompson, and R.G. Phipps.
12. NMCWM1_150228_078.JPG: Rope and Pole Stretcher: This stretcher of rope netting is believed to have been used by a Confederate regiment.
13. NMCWM1_150228_085.JPG: Glass Bottles: Most mid-nineteenth century medicines were shipped and stored in glass bottles such as these. One of the bottles still has a partial paper label with the letters 'Antimon...' It contained antimony, a toxic element that was caused as an emetic (to cause vomiting) during the Civil War. Socks and Sock Tips: Socks would be refurbished and sent to soldiers in need. If the bottom of the sock was too damaged to be used, the top would be removed and another bottom knitted to replace the worn area. Note the bloodstains on one of the socks.
14. NMCWM1_150228_096.JPG: Office Signs: These three signs, plus the larger one pictured above, originally hung in the Missing Soldiers Office.
15. NMCWM1_150228_103.JPG: Crate Panel: This panel from a shipping crate is addressed to Edward Shaw and the Patent Office. It probably originally contained a patent model, and then the box was re-used for the Missing Soldiers Office.
16. NMCWM1_150228_111.JPG: "Have We the Best Possible Ambulance System?" "Let us think for an instant what a negative answer to the question, "Have we the best possible ambulance system?" means. It means this. Our brave soldiers are suffering, without complaint, unnecessary agony. Our husbands, fathers, brothers, and sons are dying when they might live. The simple facts are so eloquent, that any attempt to strengthen their pleading would be worse than vain. If there is only a reasonable doubt whether improvement is possible, it is the duty of Congress to settle that doubt, and of the people to call upon it to do so."
17. NMCWM1_150228_129.JPG: Veterinary Medicine The Importance of Healthy Horses and Mules for Use During the Civil War
18. NMCWM1_150228_133.JPG: The number of animals required to support both armies during the Civil War was very large. In 1864, the Army of the Potomac used more than 4,000 six-mule team wagons as it entered the Wilderness Campaign. The total number of horses and mules that moved with the Army during this campaign was 56,499. The armies relied on the animals to transport food, men and supplies. For cavalry officers, well-maintained horses often meant the difference between losing and keeping the strength of the command. Veterinary surgeons, for those regiments lucky enough to have them, were selected for service through nomination by their regimental commanders. Necessity forced other cavalry officers and men to act as their own veterinarians.
19. NMCWM1_150228_140.JPG: Some horses that were sent to rear camps or infirmaries did recover. The Richmond Daily Dispatch, Richmond, Virginia, described the care given to sick and fatigued horses at an infirmary in Laurens County, Georgia in an article dated February 3, 1864. Horses that became diseased, worn down, or otherwise disabled in the public service in South Carolina, Georgia and Tennessee were sent to this 3,000-acre facility. The Dispatch described the care as follows: Each animal is curried and rubbed daily, his legs and feet washed, and his particular malady or hurt carefully attended to. Indeed, all the diseases to which the horse is subject are here thoroughly treated by experienced and practical veterinary surgeons and farriers whose zeal is highly commendable and whose success has been remarkable. Of the whole number of diseased and disabled animals thus far sent to the infirmary, nearly eighty-five percent has been saved. Previous to the establishment of this infirmary, horses worn out or disabled in the service were turned out to perish around the camps, or left behind on the march; whilst all animals having glanders, heretofore considered incurable, were taken out and shot. Without the horse, we can neither grow provisions for the army, nor move its supplies, nor keep proper watch upon the enemy. What further motive does a sagacious and patriotic Government require?
20. NMCWM1_150228_143.JPG: The following is taken from a letter written by Captain Charles F. Adams, 1st Massachusetts Cavalry, to his mother in 1863. "An officer of the cavalry needs to be more horse-doctor than soldier, and no one who has not tried it can realize the discouragement to Company commanders in these long and continuous marches. You see diseases creeping on you day by day and your horses breaking down under your eyes, and you have two resources, one to send them to reserve camps at the rear and so strip yourself of your command, and the other to force them on until they drop and then run for luck that you will be able to steal horses to remount your men. To estimate the wear and tear on horseflesh you must bear in mind that, in service in this country, a cavalry horse when loaded carries an average of 225 pounds on his back. Of course, sore backs are our greatest trouble. Backs soon get feverish under the saddle and the first day's march swells them; after that day by day the trouble grows."
21. NMCWM1_150228_147.JPG: Dr. Jonathan Letterman, Army Medical Director "History teaches us that a wounded and prostrate foe is not then our enemy." -- Jonathan Letterman
22. NMCWM1_150228_151.JPG: "I was chief surgeon in the European theater... during World War II... there was not a day... that I did not thank God for Jonathan Letterman." -- Major General Paul Hawley
23. NMCWM1_150228_170.JPG: Clara Barton
24. NMCWM1_150228_174.JPG: The Samuel Poffenberger Farm
25. NMCWM1_150228_183.JPG: Ambulance Water Keg: Ambulances normally carried two of these wooden kegs filled with water as they removed wounded soldiers from the battlefield.
26. NMCWM1_150228_207.JPG: William Alexander Hammond Surgeon General, USA
27. NMCWM1_150228_216.JPG: Samuel Preston Moore Surgeon General, CSA
28. NMCWM1_150228_224.JPG: National Museum of Civil War Medicine
29. NMCWM1_150228_235.JPG: Welcome
30. NMCWM1_150228_238.JPG: Sculpture by artist Dennis Sherald
31. NMCWM1_150228_245.JPG: Civil War Medicine: Debunking the Myths
32. NMCWM1_150228_248.JPG: "Paperwork" was Nonexistent Myth: "Today's health care system is drowning in paperwork -- Civil War surgeons did not have to worry about that." Truth: Bureaucracy already existed at the time of the Civil War, and the corresponding large amount of paperwork was time consuming. Surgeons had to to keep records of their day-to-day sick call, patient rosters from the hospitals, surgical case notes, lists of discharged and deceased soldiers, records of medicines and hospital stores they received, and even weather data. They also had to send monthly reports to the Surgeon General's Office.
33. NMCWM1_150228_252.JPG: The "Lack of Effective Drugs" Myth: "There were no effective drugs available during the Civil War." Truth: Though some of the medicines were dangerous and others were useless, many available medications were very effective against specific diseases and conditions. Morphine and opium were used in the Civil War, and opiates continue to be used today as painkillers. Likewise, quinine is still useful to combat malaria, and vaccinations continue to protect us from diseases such as smallpox.
34. NMCWM1_150228_257.JPG: Civil War Medicine: Debunking the Myths "Butcher Surgeons" & Amputations Myth: "Civil War surgeons were uneducated butchers who hacked off limbs indiscriminately." Truth: Most Civil War surgeons went to medical school or trained with an established doctor. They had to pass an exam to serve as a surgeon in the army. Often, the severity of the wounds caused by the new rifled musket technology and the Minie ball made it necessary for surgeons to perform amputations, since repairing the damage was either impossible of not prudent due to lack of time and the likelihood of infection.
35. NMCWM1_150228_268.JPG: "Biting the Bullet" vs Anesthesia Myth: "Since amputations were done without anesthesia, patients were given bullets to bit on." Truth: By the Civil War, the anesthetic qualities of chloroform and ether were well known and anesthesia was used in approximately 95 percent of Civil War surgeries. They myth about "biting the bullet" may have come from the fact that only a low dose of anesthetic was used during the Civil War, just enough to make the patient insensitive to pain. Surgeons worked quickly and could complete a major operation in a matter of minutes.
36. NMCWM1_150228_270.JPG: Heroic Era of Medicine
37. NMCWM1_150228_284.JPG: Sectarian Medicine in the United States
38. NMCWM1_150228_296.JPG: Medical School Education
39. NMCWM1_150228_300.JPG: Growth of Medical Schools: Early in the nineteenth century, the number of medical schools in the United States began to grow rapidly. By 1850, there were forty-two schools in the United States compared to only three in all of France. These schools usually grew out of the interest of a group of physicians who approached a local college or university with the idea for a medical school. For the physicians, the college gave their instruction a sense of legitimacy and the legal authority to grant degrees. A college gained the prestige of having a medical school without any monetary investment since the schools paid for themselves out of students' tuition.
40. NMCWM1_150228_307.JPG: Image showing an important part of early medical education. Professors, wearing top hats, teach their students human anatomy by using a cadaver. The image is post-Civil War, from the University of Cincinnati in the early 1870s.
41. NMCWM1_150228_310.JPG: Faculty and Instruction: The average faculty of a pre-Civil War medical school consisted of five to seven professors. Their teaching salaries came from the tickets sold to students attending their lectures. Professors conducted courses that lasted for six months, from October to March. A full medical school education consisted of two such terms of study. The second year, however, repeated the same lectures and labs as the first; the thinking being that the students would benefit from repetition. Courses offered included: anatomy, chemistry, materia medica (pharmacology), surgery, and diseases of women and children. By the 1850s, the typical physician, both North and South, had received some sort of medical education. Most medical students supplemented their medical school instruction by apprenticing with a practicing physician. Those students searching for the best possible education studied in Europe.
42. NMCWM1_150228_313.JPG: Anatomical Teaching Device: Anatomical teaching device that shows the bones of the hand, wrist and forearm. On the back of the wooden support plate is the marking US Hospital Dept -- 1863.
43. NMCWM1_150228_321.JPG: Georgetown University Medical School Diploma: Medical school diploma from Georgetown University Medical School, Washington DC, awarded to Dr. Joseph Sim Smith in 1858. During the Civil War, Dr. Smith became Chief Division Surgeon of the Fifth Army Corps. In 1865, he received an appointment as Chief Medical Officer of the Washington DC region. His final assignment came in 1867 when he was sent to Fort Jefferson, an island fort south of Florida in an area known as the Dry Tortugas. While serving on the island, Dr. Smith and one of his sons contracted yellow fever and died.
44. NMCWM1_150228_328.JPG: Physical Examinations
45. NMCWM1_150228_336.JPG: African American soldiers were recruited into the Union Army after 1863
46. NMCWM1_150228_339.JPG: The Havelock: Havelocks were white cloth covers designed to be worn over a soldier's cap. They were designed to prevent sunstroke in hot climates by shielding the neck from sunlight, but the men soon discovered that they limited air circulation around the face and neck and made them feel hotter, not cooler. Well-meaning ladies aid societies provided them to their regiments, but would have been surprised to find that they were not used for their intended purpose, but rather as dishrags or coffee strainers.
47. NMCWM1_150228_350.JPG: War Fever! Early Recruiting "I was full of the mental champagne that comes from a cheering multitude!" -- Lt. Samuel HM Byers, 5th Iowa Infantry After the bombardment of Fort Sumter, Charleston, South Carolina in April 1861, President Lincoln called for 75,000 ninety-day volunteers to put down the rebellion. The Civil War had started. Men, from North and South, flocked to join ninety-day militia regiments because they were sure the war would be a short, exciting adventure. "Just throw three or four shells among those blue-bellied Yankees and they'll scatter like sheep," wrote a North Carolinian. Large numbers of volunteer recruits were needed at the start of the war because the United States had a very small regular army, less than 16,000 men. Of those soldiers, only 113 were physicians, 24 of whom resigned their commissions to join the Confederate Army. Both sides quickly recognized the need for long-term recruits. Over 700,000 soldiers enlisted in the Union Army, most for three years, because of the Presidential resolutions of 1861. The Confederate Congress called for 500,000 men to serve in their army by the end of 1861. Active recruiting of African American soldiers did not start until late 1862. By early 1863, President Lincoln wrote, "The colored population is the great available and yet unavailed of, force for restoring the Union." Northern abolitionists recruited black regiments in Massachusetts and the War Department started efforts to attract African American soldiers from occupied regions of Louisiana, South Carolina, Virginia, North Carolina, and the Mississippi Valley. Volunteers Needed! Raising a regiment followed this pattern: powerful local citizens opened a recruiting office or held a rally. As groups of 100 men volunteered, they organized into companies. Ten companies, or roughly 1,000 men, formed a regiment. The volunteers then elected the officers for their regiment. Usually, one regimental surgeon and two assistant surgeons joined the regiment to care for the men.
48. NMCWM1_150228_357.JPG: Enlisting Irish and German Emigrants on the Battery at New York
49. NMCWM1_150228_361.JPG: How Do You Measure Up? Both armies had guidelines concerning a soldier's height, both minimum and maximum. The Union Army had a set of minimum of 5'3", except for musicians, since they believed smaller men would be unable to stand the rigors of the march, and a preferred maximum of 6'3", since larger men would be more easily fatigued. However, these guidelines were not always followed, since the shortest known soldier stood only 3'8", and the tallest, Henry Clay Thruston, 4th Missouri Cavalry, stood 7'2".
50. NMCWM1_150228_369.JPG: The Average Soldier: The Average Soldier 5'8 1/2" 143 lbs. 25 years old The oldest soldier was Curtis King, 37th Iowa Infantry, age 80 Numerous boys younger than the required age of 18 served both as musicians and as soldiers. Some were as young as 8, including Avery Brown of the 31st Ohio Infantry and Edward Black of the 21st Indiana Infantry.
51. NMCWM1_150228_372.JPG: Come see how you measure up as a recruit! Shortest Known Soldier 3'8" Shortest Recommended Height 5'3" Average Soldier 5'8 1/2" Tallest Recommended Height 6'3" Tallest Known Soldier 7'2"
52. NMCWM1_150228_378.JPG: Beyond the Call of Duty -- Women Soldiers
53. NMCWM1_150228_393.JPG: Did You Know? * All new recruits received a physical exam, but occasionally the exam was very superficial. * Some recruits entered the army with chronic diseases and physical defects that would affect their performance as a soldier. * Many women disguised themselves as men, passed the physical exam, and served in the armies.
54. NMCWM1_150228_405.JPG: Everyday Life of the Soldiers: During the Civil War, soldiers spent the majority of their time in camp and on the march, rather than in battle. The tediousness of this way of life led one soldier, Oliver Wendell Homes, Jr., to state: "War is an organized bore." The men carried with them everything they needed -- extra clothing, personal hygiene items, blankets, delicacies, utensils, and their weapons. They were also expected to prepare their own food. In addition, the men carried mementoes from home, including photographs and reading material. Many spent the long hours in camp writing letters to their families and friends and keeping a diary of their experiences as a soldier. This case contains typical items which would have been used by the soldiers in the field. Some would have been available to them through sutlers who followed the armies and sold food and small luxuries to the soldiers. Other items would have been sent from their loved ones in care packages intended to bring a small measure of happiness to the men who were far from home.
55. NMCWM1_150228_411.JPG: Soldier's Housewife: Soldiers were responsible for the care of their own clothing. Officers usually had enough money to pay a tailor for needed alterations and repairs, but many enlisted men did not. This tradition was well established in the British Army at least as far back as the Revolutionary War. The pocket kit called a "soldier's housewife" contained items necessary for mending clothing and darning socks. It usually included scissors, needles, thread, pins, buttons, yarn, and small pieces of material for patches. The same basic package has been in use in armies for years, and a variation of it is still used today.
56. NMCWM1_150228_415.JPG: Reproduction housewife & metal buttons
57. NMCWM1_150228_422.JPG: Reading Materials: The percentage of men who could read and write during the Civil War is unknown, but many of the soldiers were illiterate. Some of the recent immigrants could read their own languages, but not English. Most free-born African Americans could read, while most of the ex-slaves could not. Many books and newspapers were present in the camps. Bibles were common as were books on other subjects. Fiction was less common. Newspapers were widely read. Harper's Weekly was readily available since publishers ensured that their papers appeared in the larger camps. Recent advances in photography made tintypes and carte-de-cisites (CDVs) available. CDVs were personal photographic calling cards that were affordable to most people. Large numbers of soldiers carried pictures of their loved-ones with them as reminders of home and family.
58. NMCWM1_150228_427.JPG: Tobacco & Alcohol: Tobacco use was widespread in the Civil War era, more so by the rural and poor populations. The most popular form of tobacco use was chewing. Smokeless tobacco was available as: tobacco "twists" of cured tobacco leaves; "plug" tobacco in compressed cakes; loose-cut tobacco; and "snouse" -- fine cut tobacco mixed with herbs. Cigars were the most common form of smoking, although pipes were preferred by many. Cigarettes existed but were very uncommon. Approved drinking beverages in camp were non-alcoholic drinks, coffee, and tea. Beverages such as birch beer and sarsaparilla were available. Although these items are fermented, they contain very low amounts of alcohol. Coffee was included in the food ration and was delivered as whole beans. The soldier had to grind the beans to make drinkable coffee. Tea was used by many but was less popular that coffee. Officially alcoholic beverages were not allowed in camp, although this restriction did not apply to officers. However, sutlers operated near the camps and alcohol was available just outside the gates. Then, as now, alcohol appeared in the camp even though it was prohibited.
59. NMCWM1_150228_431.JPG: Personal Care & Shaving Shaving every day was not customary in the nineteenth century. Many men seldom or never shaved, making beards common. Barber shops existed for those who had money and wanted a clean face, but many did not bother. During the war, the barbers who followed the troops earned a good living. Many of these barbers were free African Americans. Any sharp knife or blade could be used for shaving. The "straight-edged" razor was designed in England in 1740 with its special shape and very hard, sharp blade. It was the most common instrument for shaving until the 1950s when the "safety" razor was invented. A special brush was used to apply soap suds to the face prior to using the blade, and a leather strop was used to keep the blade sharp. Bathing was not a frequent event, and few facilities were provided for this luxury. Personal cleanliness was difficult to achieve. Fleas and lice were always present, and warmer southern climates made the infestation worse.
60. NMCWM1_150228_439.JPG: Lighting: Lighting at night, other than campfire, was by candle or lamps. Candles were usually made of tallow (beef fat) or pork fat and were often in short supply. The most common lamp, called the "Betty Lamp," was a simple pot filled with oil that had a wick. It had no globe or reflector. Betty Lamps were easy to carry due to their small size and they were very durable.
61. NMCWM1_150228_443.JPG: Clothing: Most Civil War soldiers had only one uniform, and the types of fabric used to make them varied. In the North, they were usually made of wool but it was often of a poor quality. In the South, the material varied even more, often being a mix that included cotton, wool and linen. Most of these fabrics were rough and uncomfortable. Long underwear of a softer material were worn year-round to prevent itching. Few examples of underclothes have survived. Many soldiers also carried civilian clothing with them and frequently wore the shirts. Full uniforms were often unavailable and many soldiers, particularly in the South, went to battle wearing some items of civilian clothing. At other times Southern soldiers wore captured Northern uniforms because of the need for clothing. Shoes wore out quickly due to extensive marching. Shortages were a greater problem in the South.
62. NMCWM1_150228_447.JPG: Pencils & Pens: Lead pencils were first used in England in the 1500s. Although the material was later found to be graphite (carbon), the name stayed with the pencil. Since pure graphite was rare, a mixture of powdered graphite, powdered clay and water became the standard in 1795 and is still used today. Cheap reliable "lead" pencils were widely used by the time of the Civil War. The first pens were reeds and brushes, and later the flight feathers of geese were used as short-lived pens. Modern metal pen points were invented in 1803 and mass-produced points were available by 1830. Because of the longer life of the points and the greater ease of use, these "stick pens" rapidly replaced the goose quills. They were widely available in the United States at reasonable prices by the Civil War.
63. NMCWM1_150228_451.JPG: Reproduction pen and pencils
64. NMCWM1_150228_459.JPG: Paper & Ink: Paper used for letter-writing and for newspapers was made primarily from rag waste. Wood pulp had been introduced but was not yet widely used. Rag paper is sturdy and long-lasting and does not deteriorate like modern newsprint does. The ink did not absorb into the paper but into the space between fibers. The most common ink used was called iron-gall ink. The black pigment was tannin from insect nests on oak trees, and it was mixed from iron sulphate for acid content. Gum Arabic was used as a mixing agent to make it flow properly and water was added as needed. Ink was usually sold in sealed bottles but was also available in dry form in packets for travel. Because of its acid content, this ink damaged both pen and paper over time.
65. NMCWM1_150228_463.JPG: U.S. Sanitary Commission Bag
66. NMCWM1_150228_472.JPG: Disease and the Terrible Toll on African American Soldiers "... during the first months of service, it was not uncommon for half or more than half of the men to be incapacitated by sickness." -- Alfred Jay Bollet, MD Black soldiers, sailors and servants were much more susceptible to disease than their white counterparts. Statistics show that a much larger number of African American Union soldiers died or were treated for disease than for wounds received in battle. Partly, these statistics reflected the service to which most black soldiers were assigned. White prejudice and skepticism caused many early African American recruits to be assigned to fatigue, labor, garrison, or other non-combative duty. As garrison troops, the black regiments suffered from the high disease rates common to soldiers confined to a single location. Most Northerners wondered if former slaves could stand in battle against a white class they had been conditioned to obey and fear. Once given the chance, however, African American regiments answered these fears with courageous fighting at Port Hudson and Milliken's Bend in Mississippi, as well as at Fort Wagner in South Carolina. The 65th US Colored Troops (USCT) had the most deaths from disease (755) of all Union regiments. The 49th USCT lost 465 men to disease compared to 62 killed in action. Approximately 179,000 African American soldiers enlisted in the Union Army and 10,000 black sailors served in the Union Navy.
67. NMCWM1_150228_481.JPG: The 65th US Colored Troops (USCT) had the most deaths from disease (755) of all Union regiments. The 49th USCT lost 465 men to disease compared to 62 killed in action.
68. NMCWM1_150228_488.JPG: Did You Know? * Of the nearly 620,000 soldiers who died during the Civil War, two-thirds died of disease and only one-third died of wounds. * Diarrhea was the number one killer during the Civil War and was attributed mainly to poor diet and poor sanitation. * Although diarrhea is rarely fatal in modern countries today, less-developed countries still suffer from its effects.
69. NMCWM1_150228_491.JPG: Drugs: Civil War surgeons had a large number of medications at their disposal. Some, such as the mercury-based drugs, often did more harm than good, but many others were effective. For example, morphine was widely used to relieve pain, quinine for treating and even preventing malaria, and chloroform and ether for anesthesia. Below are descriptions for some of the common drugs used during the Civil War.
70. NMCWM1_150228_494.JPG: Alcohol: Alcohol, in various forms, was undoubtedly the soldier's favorite remedy. There was some controversy at the time about whether alcohol was a stimulant or a depressant, the general opinion coming down on the stimulant side with some depressive effects. It was used to revive wounded soldiers, treat "nostalgia" (home sickness) and as a constituent of other drugs. The Union produced or purchased some 3.7 million quarts of pure alcohol, whiskey, brandy and sherry. A favorite cargo of Confederate blockade runners, 200 to 500 gallons of alcohol was also made for the Confederate army every day at a distillery in North Carolina.
71. NMCWM1_150228_501.JPG: Mercury-based Drugs: Mercury, in various forms, had been used in medicine from as early as 900 AD. Attempts to remove it from military practice during the Civil War met with fierce resistance from doctors. Despite its often toxic outcomes, it was used both externally and internally as a cathartic and laxative, to combat liver disease, typhoid fever, diarrhea, dysentery, venereal disease, skin diseases and more. It was dispensed in elemental form, as mild chloride of mercury ("calomel"), in ointments of nitrate of mercury and most famously as "blue mass" or "blue pills," a mixture of elemental mercury, licorice, rose leaves, and honey.
72. NMCWM1_150228_503.JPG: Opium: Opium is derived from the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. It was used in various forms to relieve pain, control diarrhea and to alleviate spasms. It was prescribed for diarrhea, gallstones, tetanus, typhoid fever, pneumonia and a host of other diseases. Opium was delivered as powder, pills and liquid. The latter form was tincture of opium, or laudanum, an alcohol solution of opium which was also widely used in civilian life, especially among women. Union medical records report that ten million opium pills were dispensed along with three million ounces of laudanum and powder. Despite this staggering amount, there is little evidence of addiction among soldiers.
73. NMCWM1_150228_527.JPG: Patent Medicines: Thousands of patent medicines were developed during the 19th century. They were usually produced locally and were of questionable medicinal value, although they were very popular with the public. Patent medicines also contained alcohol, opium, and other strong drugs. Many were considered tonics or elixirs, helping with the overall health of the body and blood. Some were said to treat specific diseases. While the height of popularity of patent medicines was post-war, some were available to Civil War soldiers through the sutlers or in packages from home. They often felt more comfortable taking these familiar pills and tonics rather than relying on the medicines dispensed by the military. Federal laws in the early 20th century did away with many patent medicines because the laws required the ingredients to be listed on the labels.
74. NMCWM1_150228_543.JPG: Camp Life Games and Diversions
75. NMCWM1_150228_554.JPG: Handmade Chessboard
76. NMCWM1_150228_568.JPG: Surgeon John Wiley, 6th New Jersey
77. NMCWM1_150228_578.JPG: Diseases
78. NMCWM1_150228_582.JPG: Rheumatism
79. NMCWM1_150228_586.JPG: Typhoid Fever
80. NMCWM1_150228_593.JPG: STD's
81. NMCWM1_150228_600.JPG: Diarrhea and Dysentery
82. NMCWM1_150228_607.JPG: Camp Life The War on Sickness and Disease
83. NMCWM1_150228_612.JPG: The deadliest diseases of the Civil War were diarrhea and dysentery. The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion reported 44,558 deaths in the Union Army attributed to diarrhea and dysentery.
84. NMCWM1_150228_616.JPG: The Union Army of the Potomac saw 1500 days of service, but only 45 of those days were spent in battle. The rest of the time, these men battled the diseases of the camp.
85. NMCWM2_150228_013.JPG: Field Dressing Station "An Island of Mercy"
86. NMCWM2_150228_034.JPG: Did You Know? * It was common for medical personnel from both the North and South to treat the wounded from the other side. * The care received at a field dressing station mainly consisted of bandaging wounds and administering whiskey for shock and morphine for pain. * First Aid Stations and first responders remain an important part of modern medicine.
87. NMCWM2_150228_042.JPG: Field Medical Case Hospital Knapsack
88. NMCWM2_150228_046.JPG: The Surgeon at Work at the Rear During an Engagement by Winslow Homer
89. NMCWM2_150228_055.JPG: Hospital Backpack
90. NMCWM2_150228_067.JPG: Field Hospital
91. NMCWM2_150228_071.JPG: Ninety-five percent of all the operations performed during the Civil War were done so under some form of anesthesia, either chloroform or ether.
92. NMCWM2_150228_083.JPG: Amputations
93. NMCWM2_150228_092.JPG: Amputations and Mortality Rate Wounded soldiers suffered different mortality rates depending on where the amputation took place. Ninety-five percent of all the primary operations performed during the Civil War were done under some form of anesthesia, either chloroform or ether. Hip Joint: 83% Middle thigh: 54% Knee Joint: 58% Lower Leg: 33% Toes: 6% Upper arm: 24% Forearm: 14% Fingers; 3%
94. NMCWM2_150228_096.JPG: Ammunition and Amputations
95. NMCWM2_150228_101.JPG: Ammunition, Not Ignorance, Caused Civil War Amputations
96. NMCWM2_150228_105.JPG: Approximately 94 percent of all recorded injuries were caused by the new Minie ball. Seven out of ten injured soldiers were wounded in the arm or leg; two out of ten in the body; and one out of ten in the head or neck.
97. NMCWM2_150228_113.JPG: In the Union Army, three out of four operations were amputations. More arms and legs were cut off during the Civil War than in any other war in our history.
98. NMCWM2_150228_120.JPG: Did You Know? * Of all the operations performed during the Civil War, 95% were done with the patient under some form of anesthesia. * The large number of amputations performed during the war were the result of the severe nature of the wounds, the large number of wounded, and the often poor physical condition of the patients. * Triage was developed during the Civil War to prioritize the treatment of wounded, and triage systems are still in widespread use today.
99. NMCWM2_150228_124.JPG: Image sowing a working field hospital located at Savage Station, Virginia
100. NMCWM2_150228_133.JPG: The Antietam Arm
101. NMCWM2_150228_145.JPG: Broken Bones and Splints
102. NMCWM2_150228_152.JPG: U.S. Hospital Railroad Cars
103. NMCWM2_150228_162.JPG: Did You Know? * Prior to the Civil War, any system of hospitalization was virtually unknown in America. * Many women served as nurses in the military hospitals, helping to establish nursing as an accepted profession. * The success of the large hospitals during the war led to an increased acceptance of hospitals as places of healing, as they are today.
104. NMCWM2_150228_170.JPG: Hospital Steward's Commission Union Army Major General George B. McClellan signed and dated this hospital steward's commission on November 25, 1861.
105. NMCWM2_150228_183.JPG: African American Women in the Civil War The Unsung Heroines of the War
106. NMCWM2_150228_186.JPG: Harriet Tubman
107. NMCWM2_150228_190.JPG: Susie King Taylor
108. NMCWM2_150228_197.JPG: Laboring for the Cause
109. NMCWM2_150228_218.JPG: Casualty Reports
110. NMCWM2_150228_231.JPG: Total Wartime Enlistment vs Death and Casualty Rates
111. NMCWM2_150228_234.JPG: In the state of Mississippi: One-third of the soldiers were killed or crippled during the War. In 1866 one-fifth of the state's revenue was expended on artificial limbs for amputees. -- From "God & General Longstreet" by Connelley & Belles
112. NMCWM2_150228_242.JPG: Wooden siding believed to have been part of the Hammond Hospital (Union) at Point Lookout, St. Mary's County, Maryland
113. NMCWM2_150228_251.JPG: Contributions of Hospital Stewards
114. NMCWM2_150228_257.JPG: Pine branches were used in hospitals as decoration and to help freshen the air in the wards.
115. NMCWM2_150228_268.JPG: Voices of the Surgeons
116. NMCWM2_150228_279.JPG: Chaplains Serving the Hospital
117. NMCWM2_150228_290.JPG: Voices of the Nurses
118. NMCWM2_150228_296.JPG: Music and Medicine
119. NMCWM2_150228_314.JPG: Women Who Served
120. NMCWM2_150228_329.JPG: Male Nurses
121. NMCWM2_150228_332.JPG: Walt Whitman
122. NMCWM2_150228_341.JPG: Dorothea Dix
123. NMCWM2_150228_350.JPG: The Sister Nurses of the Civil War
124. NMCWM2_150228_358.JPG: Benevolent Societies
125. NMCWM2_150228_382.JPG: The Civil War general hospitals had an eight percent mortality rate for all patients.
126. NMCWM2_150228_389.JPG: Hospitalization Systems
127. NMCWM2_150228_405.JPG: Scale Model of Hammond Hospital (Union), Point Lookout, St. Mary's County, Maryland
128. NMCWM2_150228_417.JPG: Fracture Box
129. NMCWM2_150228_423.JPG: Lewis Henry Steiner, MD (1827-1892)
130. NMCWM2_150228_430.JPG: Confederate troops marching through Frederick, Maryland
131. NMCWM2_150228_439.JPG: Mortar and Pestle
132. NMCWM2_150228_447.JPG: Naval Surgeons
133. NMCWM2_150228_458.JPG: Floating Hospitals
134. NMCWM2_150228_467.JPG: Red Rover on the Mississippi River
135. NMCWM2_150228_471.JPG: The Autenrieth Wagon
136. NMCWM2_150228_486.JPG: Social Programs
137. NMCWM2_150228_516.JPG: Government Programs
138. NMCWM2_150228_530.JPG: Mental Impacts
139. NMCWM2_150228_537.JPG: St. Elizabeth's Hospital
140. NMCWM2_150228_542.JPG: Clothespin penny doll
141. NMCWM2_150228_548.JPG: Amputee utensils
142. NMCWM2_150228_555.JPG: Physical Impacts
143. NMCWM2_150228_582.JPG: Dental Care for the Civil War Soldier
144. NMCWM2_150228_586.JPG: Would You Use it Today? Mouthwash was made from a mixture of white castile soap, alcohol, honey, and perfume. Would You Use it Today? Marshall's or Hudson's Dental Powder consisted of powdered chalk, powdered myrrh, powdered orris root, and powdered red chalk.
145. NMCWM2_150228_596.JPG: Tooth Key
146. NMCWM2_150228_601.JPG: Teaching Model
147. NMCWM2_150228_611.JPG: Irish Brigade Burials
148. NMCWM2_150228_619.JPG: Frederick Hospitals After the Battle of Antietam
149. NMCWM2_150228_642.JPG: The Bone Specimens
150. NMCWM2_150228_651.JPG: General Hospital #1 Frederick Maryland
151. NMCWM2_150228_667.JPG: Holding Coffin
152. NMCWM2_150228_677.JPG: Preserving the Dead -- Embalming Surgeons
153. NMCWM2_150228_691.JPG: Coffins, Cases & Transportation
154. NMCWM2_150228_694.JPG: Fisk Metallic Burial Case
155. NMCWM2_150228_698.JPG: Frederick's Embalming Station
156. NMCWM2_150228_708.JPG: The Embalming Process
157. NMCWM2_150228_773.JPG: Temporary Grave Markers
158. NMCWM2_150228_787.JPG: Did You Know? * Apothecary wagons were developed during the Civil War to insure that medical supplies were available when needed. * Embalming became an accepted practice in America due to its use in the Civil War. * Modern military medicine has its roots in the advancements made during the Civil War.
159. NMCWM2_150228_796.JPG: Music and Medicine
160. NMCWM2_150228_799.JPG: Reading and Well-Being
161. NMCWM2_150228_803.JPG: Civil War Sesquicentennial 1865 The End of War
162. NMCWM2_150228_806.JPG: The Lincoln Assassination
163. NMCWM2_150228_826.JPG: Hospitals in Frederick Caring for the Wounded In this building, soldiers who died in one of the many area hospitals following the battles of South Mountain, Antietam, Gettysburg, and Monocacy were embalmed and prepared for interment at nearby Mount Olivet Cemetery or for shipment home. James Whitehall, the owner of the building, was both a furniture maker and undertaker, as were many furniture makers then. Dr. Richard Burr, a contractor with the U.S. Army, embalmed the bodies of officers and soldiers in this building. He gave public demonstrations of the new embalming process here on Sunday afternoons. The Hessian Barracks at the south end of Frederick served as a U.S. general hospital throughout the entire Civil War. Following nearby battles, makeshift hospitals were established in virtually every large structure, from barns in the surrounding countryside to churches downtown. After the Battle of Antietam, some 8,000 wounded soldiers recuperated in Frederick at a time when the town's population was 8,000. Dr. Jonathan Letterman's revolutionary triage system for sorting and treating the wounded based on the severity of their wounds was first used here after the Battles of South Mountains and Antietam. His system is still in use today. The stories of the care of the wounded, both Union and Confederate, and of the countless advances in medicine developed in time of need during the Civil War are told here today in the National Museum of Civil War Medicine. Frederick's Courthouse Square also contains a number of Civil War stories. Follow Patrick Street west to Court Street, then turn right and travel one block north.
164. NMCWM2_150228_833.JPG: 1862 Antietam Campaign Lee Invades Maryland Fresh from victory at the Second Battle of Manassas, Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia crossed the Potomac River on September 4-6, 1862, to bring the Civil War to Northern soil and to recruit sympathetic Marylanders. Union Gen. George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac pursued Lee, who had detached Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's force to capture the Union garrison at Harpers Ferry. After the Federals pushed the remaining Confederates out of the South Mountain gaps, Lee awaited Jackson's return near Sharpsburg and Antietam Creek. On September 17, at the battle of Antietam, the two armies clashed in the bloodiest single day in American history and suffered some 23,000 casualties. Lee soon retreated across the Potomac, ending his first invasion of the north. Follow in the footsteps of Gens. Lee and McClellan along Maryland Civil War Trail's Antietam Campaign: Lee Invades Maryland, a 90 mile tour route that allows you to explore the stories of triumph and tragedy at more than 60 Civil War sites. Please travel carefully as you enjoy the beauty and history along the trail.
165. NMCWM2_150228_847.JPG: 150 years ago the City of Frederick was transformed into a major military medical center. During the Civil War, it welcomed so many patients that they outnumbered the residents. The story of those patients, their caregivers and the role of this building in particular lie just inside our doors. They are powerful stories of compassion, healing and medical transformations. These traditions of care and medical innovation continue into the 21st century which is why we can say -- our museum is saving lives today. The National Museum of Civil War Medicine welcomes you to Frederick. Come inside!
Wikipedia Description: National Museum of Civil War Medicine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The National Museum of Civil War Medicine is a U.S. historic education institution located in Frederick, Maryland. Its focus involves the medical, surgical and nursing practices during the American Civil War (1861-1865).

History

The museum, which was originally proposed by Dr. Gordon E. Damman, a private collector of Civil War-era medical artifacts, was incorporated in 1990 and first opened to the public in 1996. The museum moved into its current location – a three-story 19th century brick building that was home to a furniture maker/undertaker operation during the Civil War – in October 2000.

Focus

The 7,000-square-foot (650 m2) museum consists of five immersion exhibits that recreate aspects of Civil War medical issues: life in an army camp, evacuation of the wounded from the battlefront, a field dressing station, a field hospital and a military hospital ward. The exhibits incorporate surviving tools and equipment from the war, including the only known surviving Civil War surgeon’s tent, surgical kits, and items pertaining to veterinary medicine.

In 2006, the museum, in cooperation with the U.S. National Park Service, began operating the Pry House Field Hospital Museum at the Antietam National Battlefield. The same year, the museum made its first foray into book publishing with the release of Robert G. Slawson’s Prologue to Change: African Americans in Medicine in the Civil War Era.

The museum has organized annual national conferences on Civil War-era medicine for more than twenty years.

In 2014, the museum opened the Clara Barton's Missing Soldiers Office at 347 Seventh Street, NW in Washington, D.C.
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