BGuthrie Photos: CA -- Richmond -- Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front -- Miscellaneous

CA -- Richmond -- Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front -- Miscellaneous:

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. ROSIET_140720_033.JPG: From 1931 until 1955, the Ford Assembly Plant primarily produced automobiles and trucks. During the war years of 1942 to 1945, its main mission was to assemble jeeps and outfit tanks. Known as the Richmond Tank Depot, this was one of three places in the United States where civilian vehicles were converted for military use. Civilian car or military jeep, the assembly process was similar. Parts arrived by ship or by railroad; workers fitted together the pieces into complete vehicles. Processing a combat vehicle like a tank involved adding components such as communications gear and small firearms. During World War II, workers at the plant assembled 49,000 jeeps and processed 56,000 other military vehicles.
2. ROSIET_140720_051.JPG: National Effort, Individual Opportunity: This park celebrates the unprecedented American mobilization to provide supplies and resources for Allied Forces during World War II. As depicted in propaganda posters from the era, every man, woman, and child played a role. In Richmond many came together to work in the Kaiser shipyards and dozens of other war-related industries.
3. ROSIET_140720_061.JPG: The Home Front Legacy "The war shed light on America's promise. It created an explosion that accelerated change all the way into the 1960s." -- Betty Reid Soskin With World War II officially ended, Richmond filled with celebration in September 1945. Years would pass before residents fully understood how much the war had changed their lives. A wave of new civilians bought homes and enrolled in college thanks to the "GI Bill." Although "old-timers" expected them to go home, most wartime migrants remained in the Bay Area. Having fought for democracy, veterans of home front and battlefield would not accept second class status; the path to integrated schools, fair housing and workplace equity was worn by their marching feet. Women had succeeded at men's work, and they wanted more. George Johnson remembered: "They didn't understand why men made so much fuss over their job when it was so easy to weld." Though many lost jobs when the men came home, their daughters enrolled their children in daycare (almost nonexistent before the war) then entered the trades, corporate offices and boardrooms. Wartime demands had inspired new approaches to social needs. Affordable housing and childcare centers sprang up around Richmond's shipyards. Kaiser offered pre-paid healthcare to a newly integrated workforce. Those innovations were models for social progress, a glimpse of what could be achieved in time of crisis, and a motivation to accomplish more in time of peace.
4. ROSIET_140720_066.JPG: The federal government funded daycare centers in Richmond, and across the nation, to help workers "stay on the job."
5. ROSIET_140720_069.JPG: Kaiser's extensive healthcare program delivered babies of the post-war boom.
6. ROSIET_140720_075.JPG: "Save and make do" was a guiding motto of wartime life. Families ate homegrown produce from victory gardens to reserve food supplies for soldiers. A victory garden could also be a school or community project, as shown in this 1944 photo.
7. ROSIET_140720_079.JPG: "Rosie the Riveter," a popular song of the time, was the inspiration for the nickname given to women who worked in war industries. Many "Rosies" were also welders, including Alyce R. Sawyers (left) and Josephine L. Hollingsworth. Both worked at Mare Island Naval Shipyard, California.
8. ROSIET_140720_082.JPG: War production ended Depression-era unemployment. Opportunity opened for many Americans previously shut out of the job market, including women and people of color. The Office of War Information sponsored this 1943 poster, which features a photograph by Alexander Liberman.
9. ROSIET_140720_086.JPG: The government's Office of War Information produced many propaganda posters promoting the war effort, and encouraged private companies to do the same. The General Cable Corporation created this 1942 example.
10. ROSIET_140720_100.JPG: 1956-2004 Abandoned: After World War II, the devastation to the local economy as a result of the closing of the Kaiser Shipyards would have been crippling, had it not been for the continued production of the of the Ford Assembly Plant. However, the last car rolled out in 1953. Due to inability to accommodate increased productivity demands, the facility closed in 1956 after Ford transferred production to a new San Jose plant. The building served briefly as a film set, book depository, and lab, and was largely underused for decades. In 1989, the Loma Prieta Earthquake severely damaged the Ford Assembly Building. Demolition was contemplated, as developers failed to find a financially viable way for its reuse while adhering to preservation standards set for the historic landmarks site. It remained abandoned and condemned until rehabilitation began in 2004.
11. ROSIET_140720_110.JPG: Today: Iconic Destination: Orton Development Inc., with Marcy Wong Dong Logan Architects completed the rehabilitation of the 525,000 square foot Ford Assembly Building in 2009. Today, research & development, office, retail, and industrial tenants enjoy state-of-the-art amenities in the historic building. The original south-facing sawtooth roof supports a one-megawatt solar power plant. The project has won multiple design and sustainability awards, including the National Trust for Historic Preservation Design Award in 2008, and the AIA Honor Award for Architecture in 2011. The 45,000 square foot bay front Craneway Pavilion, the southernmost portion of the complex, now offers the finest events space in the Bay Area, with stunning architecture and breathtaking views. A 100-seat restaurant is stationed amongst the restored original equipment in the historic Boiler Room. The former Oil House is home to the NPS Rosie the Riveter World War II / Home Front Visitor Education Center.
12. ROSIET_140720_132.JPG: Recognizing the Past "We need to ask ourselves: What will our grandchildren experience when they come here? What will they think about the decisions we have made?" -- Janet McBride Three thousand years ago, Ohlone Indians heard only the music of birds on Brooks Island. In 1775, the creak of ships under billowing sail brought Spanish soldiers to this harbor. Until 1938, the ring of pickaxes echoed as men quarried the ancient rock for roads and sturdy buildings. Farther up the channel Chinese fishermen dried shrimp in midday sun. Boats unloaded at the sugar wharf, where boys like Tony Avalos came to swim and Hubert Webster caught perch, "great big ones." From 1942 to 1945, the Ford Assembly Plant prepared tanks for the battlefront while Kaiser Shipyard Three, across the channel, added to the mechanical din. When the buildings turned to civilian life, cars rolled from the Ford plant; Shipyard Three became the first campus for Contra Costa College and later the Port of Richmond. Plans to level everything in sight, including Brooks Island, followed in the next decades. Congress recognized Richmond's national significance in 2000, passing this law: "In order to preserve for the benefit and inspiration of the people of the United States as a national historical park certain sites, structures and areas located in Richmond, California... there is established the Rosie the Riveter /World War II Home Front National Historical Park." Today Richmond has a national park, the channel murmurs of the past and Brooks Island listens again to a chorus of seabirds.
13. ROSIET_140720_137.JPG: "The Ford plant was loud. You'd hear these electrical guns and things going," Mary Newsom.
14. ROSIET_140720_142.JPG: View across dry docks and whirley cranes at Shipyard Three to Brooks Island.
15. ROSIET_140720_145.JPG: Point Potero was leveled to create Shipyard Three, the only permanent facility of Richmond's four shipyards.
16. ROSIET_140720_148.JPG: Port of Richmond Point Potrero Historic Richmond Shipyard Number Three
17. ROSIET_140720_157.JPG: Wartime Changes: The WWII Kaiser shipyards and associated facilities are an outstanding example of an innovative wartime industry that supported, to an unprecedented level, social programs in healthcare and childcare for employees and their families. For example, one of the nation's first voluntary, pre-paid medical plans, now Kaiser Permanente, was founded to keep the shipyard workers healthy. Behind you is the cafeteria building. During the war, this cafeteria was open 24 hours a day, as a place for home front workers to come to eat and socialize before and after their shipyard work shifts. "I think that during World War II... there was a tremendous amount of patriotism. I think that was the most important thing. It was a real job and you did something for the war effort." -- Maggie Gee, Army pilot People moved to Richmond from all over the country to work in the shipyards during the war. This led to explosive growth of the city, and a dramatic exchange between people of diverse ethnicities and cultures. Men and women of different backgrounds worked and lived side-by-side here. Although gender racial discrimination did not end after the war, this experience dramatically redefined American society, and planted the seeds for the civil rights nad women's rights movements. World War II saw an unprecedented number of women join the workforce -- more than any other time in US history.
18. ROSIET_140720_163.JPG: War Boomtown "All these ships were being built [in Richmond] and it provided a lot of employment... But looking back, it was really a boon to their economy. The stores were just really bustling... it was full of people..." -- Stella Faria, shipyard office worker As World War II approached, Richmond was a sleepy city of some 23,000 residents. Beginning in early 1941, however, the town underwent a radical transformation. This was a prime site for wartime production: the Santa Fe Rail line was already here, the expansive waterfront offered a deep water port, and there was plenty of available land. As shipyards were constructed, the population boomed to over 100,000. People came from all over the country to find jobs and to support the war effort. "It was a town the grew up overnight. It wasn't there and than all a sudden it was there, bright lights everywhere, day and night, all the time." -- Altha Humphrey, telephone operator
19. ROSIET_140720_170.JPG: Remnants of a Shipbuilding Past: "During that time, they had all of these shipyards here, and they came out to work. Most of them stayed; they never went back to where they came from." -- Viola Taylor Wims, wartime realtor This section of the Bay Trail winds through the former site of Kaiser Shipyard #3, now the Port of Richmond and a part of the Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park. Along the trail, you will see evidence of the war's shipbuilding past: dry docks for ship assembly, rail lines, maritime machinery, a whirley crane, as well as historic ships. As you traverse the trail, imagine this place during World War II–thousands of people working day and night with the constant thundering noise of shipbuilding activity.
20. ROSIET_140720_204.JPG: "I was truly there and did my part to the end." You are standing Shipyard No. 3, which represents one of the many industrial complexes which operated to support America in World War II. Over 90,000 skilled and unskilled workers from across the country relocated to Richmond, California to find gainful work in the shipyards. To ensure safe and efficient twenty-four-hours-a-day production in the yards, many workers received round-the-clock food service, child care, and health services. Today, Shipyard No. 3 stands as a testament to the nationwide home front effort, which included for the first time on a large scale the work of women and people of color. It's also a tribute to the crucial contributions of Richmond, California.
21. ROSIET_140720_207.JPG: As many as 25% of workers at Shipyard No. 3 were women. Many of these women were entering the workforce for the first time.
22. ROSIET_140720_209.JPG: Five original buildings still stand in Shipyard No. 3. Three are close to where you are standing. * General Warehouse * Sheet Metal Shop * Machine Shop
23. ROSIET_140720_212.JPG: "It was a real workhorse." Whirley cranes were an essential part of Richmond Shipyard's manufacturing capabilities during World War II. Named for the turret's ability to rotate (whirl) 360 degrees, the cranes could handle massive amounts of steel -- lifting and moving large prefabricated components into place during the assembly of ships. Two to four whirley cranes could work in unison to hoist even larger loads. Moving on rails placed thirty-two feet apart that ran parallel to shipways and basins, whirley cranes helped speed the production of ships. Today, this 114-ton crane serves as a reminder of the industrial might required for home front war production.
24. ROSIET_140720_247.JPG: Smooth Operator: "... when I first started working shipyard, I thought that was the awfullest place I ever worked. [laughs] I had to get used to it. You had to be so careful in crossing and going from one place to another one because cranes and things was always lifting, those shovels and whatnot." -- Matilda Foster, ship scaler During World War II, workers used to sit in the turret at the top of the Whirley Crane, operating the controls that caused the 110 foot boom to lift, move, and put into place the massive prefabricated sheets of iron that eventually became Liberty and Victory cargo ships. Two to four whirley cranes could work in unison to hoist even larger loads. Moving on rails placed thirty-two feet apart that ran parallel to shipways and basins, whirley cranes helped speed the production of ships. These cranes were an essential part of the Richmond Shipyard's record-breaking manufacturing capabilities. The Whirley crane is a revolving boxcar sitting on massive legs as tall as a 10-story building. It got its name not because of the speed of its movement -- it moved carefully and deliberately because a single error could be dangerous -- but because the crane could turn a full 180 degrees.
Wikipedia Description: Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park is located in Richmond, California, near San Francisco. The park encompasses an array of historic properties in the city which were constructed during the 1940s to support America's entry into World War II.

The park is a "partnership park", meaning that no land or buildings are actually owned by the National Park Service, which only administers the park. This relatively new National Park was established in 2000 and is still under development. Bus tours of the park began in 2007 and were run by the city as the park has formed a unique partnership and is jointly administered by the National Parks Service and the city government.

Park attractions:

During this initial developmental phase, the park has limited visitor services. A self guided auto tour with optional walking tour is available for downloading. In the summer of 2007 prelimentary bus tours were begun with a new guideless model, which instead filled half of the bus with residents who spoke of their experiences from the time to put what are otherwise everyday streets for residents into a greater historical perspective.

The Rosie the Riveter Memorial in Marina Bay Park is open year round, dawn to dusk, as are the other Richmond city parks within the National Park's boundaries.
The Rosie Memorial in October 2007.

Rosie Memorial:

The park's creation was spurred by the construction of a Rosie the Riveter memorial in a city shoreline park (three years prior to the creation of the National Park), to honor the "Rosies", women who made up much of the workforce at the shipyards. The four Richmond shipyards with their combined 27 shipways, produced 747 ships, more than any other shipyard complex in the country. Richmond was home to 56 different war industries, more than any other city of its size in the United States. The city grew nearly overnight from 24,000 people to 100,000 people, overwhelming the available housing stock, roads, schools, businesses and community services.

The effort behind the memorial was initiated by then-Councilwoman Donna Powers. It grew under Project Director Donna Graves to become the first national tribute to home front American women.

The memorial is located at Marina Bay Park, the site of former Kaiser Richmond Shipyard #2. It is the length of a Liberty ship with a form of the ship being built. The simple metal pier represents the stern at the water's edge, a simple cylinder frame is the smoke stack, and the bow is made of prefabricated parts similar to those assembled by the shipyard workers. A timeline of World War II is placed along the walkway running the length of the memorial. Interpretive panels within the structures present information on women's history, labor history, and the Home Front.

Ford Richmond Plant:

The Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant was the largest assembly plant to be built on the West Coast. One of only three tank depots in the entire country, approximately 49,000 jeeps were assembled and 91,000 other military vehicles were processed here. Ford employed thousands of workers at the site during World War II, many of them women who were entering the work force for the first time. "Rosie the Riveter" was a period song representing these women.

In mobilizing the wartime production effort to its full potential, Federal military authorities and private industry began to work closely together on a scale never seen before in American history. This laid the groundwork for what became known as the "military-industrial complex" during the Cold War years.

Noted architect Albert Kahn is credited with the design of the Ford plant in Richmond. After World War II, Ford moved its Northern California factory to Milpitas, where it became known as the San Jose Assembly Plant.

Richmond Shipyards:

The four Richmond Shipyards were part of the Kaiser Shipyards. The construction of 747 ships during the war here is a feat not equaled anywhere else in the world, before or since. The park's Rosie memorial is located on the former grounds of Shipyard #2. Shipyard #3 is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Both Liberty and Victory ships were constructed here. These ships were completed in two-thirds the amount of time and at a quarter of the cost of the average of all other shipyards. The SS Robert E. Peary was assembled in less than five days as a part of a special competition among shipyards; but by 1944 it was only taking the astonishingly brief time of a little over two weeks to assemble a Liberty ship by standard methods.

SS Red Oak Victory:

The SS Red Oak Victory is a Victory ship preserved as a museum ship. It was one of 414 Victories built during World War II (constructed at the Richmond Shipyards), but one of only a few of these ships to be transferred from the Merchant Marine to the U.S. Navy. The vessel issued cargo and munitions to various ships in the fleet throughout 1945. During a hazardous tour of duty in the Pacific, SS Red Oak Victory handled many tons of ammunition, supplying the fleet without a single casualty.

Atchison Village Housing Project:

The huge explosion of workers coming to live in cities like Richmond, caused intense strain on city infrastructure. One of these strains was the severe lack of housing. Workers arriving in these rapidly expanding urban centers were forced to find what they could. They slept in all night movie houses, shared "hot beds" (i.e. when one person got in bed, it was still hot from the last person getting out), or just camped out.

Atchison Village Housing Project is an example of the local-Federal collaboration that provided much needed housing and domestic support for defense workers and their families. The modest, wood-frame buildings clearly reflect the constraints (time, money and materials) placed on publicly-funded housing construction during the period. Just prior to and during the war, the Lanham Act of 1940 provided $150 million to the Works Progress Administration, which built approximately 625,000 units of housing in conjunction with local authorities nationwide. These were highly sought after and company managers were the most likely to be able to procure housing in Atchison Village.

Due to racial discrimination, minorities fared very poorly in gaining housing. They often lived in shacks, in the crates that brought the raw materials to the city, in trailers, or in automobiles. They and other lower income earning workers were lucky when they were able to move to barrack-like dormitories constructed for the mass of World War II workers.

The Richmond Housing Authority was selected to be the first authority in the country to manage a defense project. Atchison Village represents one of 20 public housing projects built in Richmond before and during World War II. Constructed in 1941 as Richmond's first public defense housing project, it is the only project funded by the Lanham Act that still exists in Richmond, and one of the few in the nation not destroyed after the war.

Today, Atchison Village is a collection of privately owned houses managed by a cooperative of the homeowners. While most of the dormitories and other low income housing of World War II are gone, Atchison Village, built as permanent housing, remains.

Kaiser Richmond Field Hospital:

More American workers died in Home Front accidents then US soldiers killed on World War II battlefields. This was true up to the Battle of Normandy in June 1944. Henry J. Kaiser, owner of the Richmond Shipyards, realized that only a healthy work force could meet the deadlines and construction needs of wartime America. He institutionalized a revolutionary idea, pre-paid medical care for workers, which soon expanded beyond workers. For many workers, this was the first time they had seen a doctor.

The Kaiser Richmond Field Hospital for the Richmond Shipyards was financed by the U.S. Maritime Commission, and opened on August 10, 1942.

By August 1944, 92.2 percent of all Richmond shipyard employees had joined the plan, the first voluntary group plan in the country to feature group medical practice, prepayment and substantial medical facilities on such a large scale.By 1990, Kaiser Permanente was still the country's largest nonprofit HMO.

In part due to wartime materials rationing, the Field Hospital is a single-story wood frame structure designed in a simple modernist mode. The Field Hospital operated as a Kaiser Permanente hospital until closing in 1995.

Maritime and Ruth Powers Child Development Centers:

The Maritime and Ruth Powers Child Development Centers were two of approximately 35 nursery school units of varying sizes established in the Richmond area during World War II in order to provide child care for women working in the Kaiser shipyards. The Maritime center was funded and constructed by the Maritime Commission as part of a larger development that also included housing, an elementary school and a fire station. The temporary housing was demolished after the war but a larger permanent housing complex remains as do the other buildings.

The Maritime Child Development Center, a wood frame, modernist style building operated by the Richmond School District, incorporated progressive educational programming, and was staffed with nutritionists, psychiatrists and certified teachers. It had a capacity of 180 children per day. At its peak, with 24,500 women on the Kaiser payroll, Richmond's citywide child care program maintained a total daily attendance of 1,400 children. Unlike the Federally-funded WPA day care facilities implemented during the New Deal, the World War II centers were not intended for use by the destitute, but for working mothers.

The Kaiser-sponsored Child Care Centers, particularly those at Kaiser's industrial sites in Vanport, Oregon, and Vancouver, Washington, gained a reputation for innovative and high quality child care. The center is still in operation today.

Lucretia Edwards Shoreline Park:

Lucretia Edwards Shoreline Park, named in honor of local community activist Lucretia W. Edwards, honors the wartime contributions made by the Bay Area Shipyards during World War II.

Bay Area shipyards:

In addition to the local Richmond Shipyards, shipworker's bootprints with plaques set in the sidewalks and long low seating walls point visitors to the other Bay Area shipyards.

The following inscriptions are engraved into the concrete walls:

Bethlehem San Francisco - The only privately owned shipyard in the nation to operate a submarine repair base, this 16th Street yard overhauled 31 subs in two years.
Moore Dry Dock handled the difficult jobs of production, repair and conversion that slowed overall output in other yards.
Hunter Point Naval Dry Dock - Hunter Point repaired 600 fighting and support ships.
Mare Island Naval Shipyard - Mare Island built more than 400 vessels. Mare Island Naval Shipyard set a shipbuilding record for a destroyer that was never broken completing the USS Ward in just 171/2 days.
Marinship - The 75,000 Americans who poured into Marinship during the war years build 93 ships.
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