Existing comment:
TITLE VII: Equal Employment Opportunity
Outlawed employment discrimination by businesses affecting commerce with at least twenty-five employees on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971)
Ruled that the use of tests to determine employment that were not substantially related to job performance and that had a disparate impact on racial minorities violated Title VII (North Carolina)
Phillips v. Martin Marietta (1971)
Ruled that not hiring mothers of preschool-aged children while hiring fathers of preschool-aged children violated Title VII; the first sex discrimination case to go to the U.S. Supreme Court (Florida)
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green (1973)
Found that an employee who presents initial evidence of racial discrimination requires an employer to show a legitimate lawful reason why the employee was not hired. The employee is then entitled to show that employer's conduct was a pretext for racial discrimination (Missouri)
Hazelwood School District v. United States (1977)
Ruled that statistical evidence comparing the racial composition of an employer's workforce with that of the relevant labor market could substantiate an initial case of discrimination (Missouri)
Los Angeles Department of Water and Power v. Manhart (1978)
Determined that an employer may not use the fact that women, as a group, live longer than men to justify a policy of requiring female employees to make larger contributions to a pension plan in order to receive the same monthly pension benefits when they retire (California)
United Steelworkers v. Weber (1979)
Held that Title VII permitted private sector employers and unions to implement voluntary affirmative action plans to remedy past discrimination (Louisiana)
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson (1986)
Held that Title VII's prohibition on sex discrimination also included a prohibition on sexual harassment (Washington, D.C.)
Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County (1987)
Ruled voluntary affirmative action programs for women in fields where they had previously been excluded were constitutional under certain circumstances (California)
International Union, UAW v. Johnson Controls, Inc. (1991)
Ruled that barring women of childbearing age from certain jobs due to potential harm to a fetus constituted sex discrimination under Title VII (Wisconsin)
Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc. (1998)
Ruled that sex discrimination consisting of same-sex sexual harassment is actionable under Title VII (Louisiana)
Ricci v. DeStefano (2009)
Held that New Haven officials violated Title VII by ignoring results of a test in which white firefighters performed better than black and Latino firefighters (Connecticut) |