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mproved Order of Red Men Wigwam, San Pedro, California
The national fraternal group known as the Improved Order of Red Men (IORM) traces its origins to the colonial-era Sons of Liberty. That group was a secret society whose members on at least one occasion dressed as Indians to oppose British taxes.
IORM lodges like this one in San Pedro, California, are called wigwams, and meetings are called powwows. In 1915, more than 5,000 people attended an IORM "powwow" after a parade through the San Pedro business district. The drill team from Sequoia Tribe No. 140 won first prize that day. |