BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Sheridan-Kalorama -- Wilson House -- Exhibit: Suffrage Outside Inside: The 19th Amendment at 101

DC -- Sheridan-Kalorama -- Wilson House -- Exhibit: Suffrage Outside Inside: The 19th Amendment at 101:

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Description of Pictures: Suffrage Outside Inside: The 19th Amendment at 101
Special Exhibit Celebrating Women's Suffrage Offered March - June 2022

At the height of the pandemic in 2020, Suffrage Outside: the 19th Amendment at 100! celebrated the 100th anniversary of the 19th Amendment being passed during Wilson’s Presidency, and took history outside our museum and into our Historic Garden. The exhibit showcased how women’s work outside the home, the work and leadership of Black women pushed outside the ‘mainstream’ middle-class White women’s movement, protesting outside the White House, public protests outside in the streets, mobilization for war outside the United States as well as alliances with activists outside the United States, collectively propelled the American woman’s suffrage campaign to victory in 1920. This year, the exhibit takes residency inside our gallery with hundreds of one-of-a-kind material artifacts from over a hundred years ago supporting the themes we explored in Suffrage Outside!

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. WILSUF_220514_010.JPG: Suffrage Outside: The 19th Amendment at 100
2. WILSUF_220514_013.JPG: Suffrage Outside, Inside: The 19th Amendment at 100
3. WILSUF_220514_030.JPG: PIN IT for Women in Politics Campaign Buttons!
4. WILSUF_220514_038.JPG: Working Outside the Home In 1908, nearly five years before he was elected President, Woodrow Wilson wrote to a friend that “…women, whether by nature or circumstance, draw their conclusions about public affairs from logical reason, whereas safe and wise conclusions in such affairs can be drawn only from experience—experience of world—such as women have not had…” Wilson’s assumptions reflected an outdated notion of gender roles which held that women belonged in the “private sphere” of the home while men were to dominate the “public sphere” of politics and work outside of it. The reality was far from ideal. With expanding access to higher education, by 1910 women were nearly 80% of professional teachers in America. Black women, training at schools such as Spelman Seminary, which opened in 1881, made up just under 3% of the teaching force and faced discrimination in hiring and pay. By the turn of the 20th century, women rapidly chipped away at these boundaries that, especially for immigrant and Black American women, had never truly existed in the first place. Growing numbers of women joined the workforce in factory workers, college-trained professionals, clerks, and Progressive-era social reformers. Since women were active participants in American public life, suffragists argued that women should have a vote in how America is governed.
5. WILSUF_220514_057.JPG: Outside the Mainstream From its founding in the mid-19th century, the suffrage movement was closely aligned with abolitionism and the fight for civil rights. Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman, and Frederick Douglass were among the most vocal suffrage activists in the 19th century. And yet, racism plagued the movement, forcing many of the most powerful voices to remain outside the ‘mainstream’ of white middle class suffrage organizations like the National Woman’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and the more "militant" National Woman’s Party (NWP). Discrimination pushed Black women suffragists to form The Alpha Suffrage Club in 1913. Black suffragists fought for women’s right to vote as part of a broader battle for civil rights—bringing into sharp focus the intersection of racial and gender equality. Even after the 19th Amendment passed, Black women in the American south continued to face the same violence and restrictions that prevented Black men from voting under Jim Crow.
6. WILSUF_220514_077.JPG: Outside the White House One of the most effective but controversial National Women’s Party (NWP) tactics was the 1917 picketing campaign outside the White House. Alice Paul, Lucy Burns, and the NWP directed their ire at Wilson and his refusal to support a constitutional amendment. Though Wilson had voted in support for suffrage in New Jersey in 1915, he continued to argue that states, and not the federal government, should decide whether to recognize women’s suffrage. Many picketers were arrested and their harrowing experiences in prison—including force feedings during hunger strikes—were widely publicized, sparking outrage towards Wilson’s administration and garnering support for the suffrage. Even so, the president would not engage with the picketers, but their radicalism ultimately made negotiations with the more moderate Carrie Chapman Catt and the NAWSA more palatable to Wilson.
7. WILSUF_220514_105.JPG: Outside, in the Streets Suffrage activism in the 19th century was largely confined to lecture halls, lobbying, and printed materials. By the early 1910s, frustration over slow progress coupled with a new generation of leadership, led the movement outside—into the streets. Mass marches, soapbox lectures, canvassing, and picketing in front of the White House, accompanied by an aggressive media campaign, thrust the suffrage movement into the center of American politics. Emmeline Pankhurst was a leading figure of the “militant” British suffrage movement and a close friend and mentor to Alice Paul. Pankhurst made multiple speaking tours across the United States on behalf of the suffrage cause, including this tour in 1911, drawing in crowds with her public soapbox lectures. Some of these new strategies caused a deep rift in the movement. Carrie Chapman Catt and NAWSA often viewed the flamboyant and “militant” displays of Alice Paul’s NWP as a threat to the movement’s respectability. In the end, however, these disruptive tactics often furthered the efforts of those working behind the scenes.
8. WILSUF_220514_135.JPG: Wilson Votes for Suffrage in New Jersey
9. WILSUF_220514_182.JPG: Mobilizing for War Outside the United States From “militant” tactics to wartime mobilization, World War I accelerated changes already underway. Wartime mobilization made women’s work more visible and valued than ever before as they labored in munitions factories, worked as government clerks, campaigned for liberty bonds, and served as nurses. For the first time in U.S. history, women were official members of the armed forces. Though many suffragists were also pacifists, others viewed America’s entrance into World War I as an opportunity to assert women’s patriotism through their service, boosting arguments in support of women’s entitlement to the vote. Women’s vital role in the war effort would profoundly enhance support for suffrage. Wilson, once opposed to a constitutional amendment, formalized his changed position on September 30, 1918, saying, “We have made partners of the women in this war; shall we admit them only to a partnership of suffering and sacrifice and toil and not to a partnership of privilege and right?”
10. WILSUF_220514_206.JPG: Suffrage Outside the United States Standing on Embassy Row, the Wilson House’s neighbors remind us that the battle for women’s suffrage stretched far beyond the borders of the United States. Suffrage activism abroad influenced the American movement at home. Alice Paul, for instance, developed her tactical approach while campaigning with British suffragettes as a student in England. In 1904, leaders convened an international suffrage alliance, bringing together activists from across the globe to develop strategies and pressure governments to act. The outbreak of a global war also shaped the suffrage movement at home. Suffragists declared that if America was to achieve its wartime mission of “Making the World Safe for Democracy,” it would have to live up to that promise at home by recognizing women’s right to vote, especially as more and more nations—including America’s wartime enemies—passed laws that enfranchised women.
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