BGuthrie Photos: DC -- NMAAHC -- Exhibit: (C2) Defending Freedom, Defining Freedom: Era of Segregation 1876-1968

DC -- NMAAHC -- Exhibit: (C2) Defending Freedom, Defining Freedom: Era of Segregation 1876-1968:

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. AADEF_210514_018.JPG: Temporarily unavailable Closed. Please maintain a safe social distance.
2. AADEF_210514_029.JPG: To keep us all safe, this area is temporarily closed. Thank you for your cooperation and support.
3. AADEF_210514_038.JPG: "Upon This Rock" -- The Role of Black Churches
4. AADEF_210514_043.JPG: Straw hate worn by Rosa Parks
5. AADEF_210514_049.JPG: Train ticket stub, Washington DC to Selma, Alabama, purchased by Joan Trumpauer for the march. Reproduction
6. AADEF_210514_056.JPG: Looking for Chaney, Goodman, and Scherner This card was part of the search for the three murdered civil rights workers. It was seven weeks before the National Guard located their bodies buried in a dam.
7. AADEF_210514_061.JPG: Alabama Voter Registration Campaign The Lowndes County Freedom Organization, or Black Panther Party, used this booklet as part of their voter registration efforts.
8. AADEF_210514_066.JPG: Dolls for Freedom Freedom Schools made and sold dolls like these to help pay the bills. Gift of the Trumpauer-Mulholland Collection
9. AADEF_210514_071.JPG: Joan Trumpauer's Denim West "Segregation was unfair," Trumpauer said. "It was wrong, morally, religiously. As a Southerner -- a white Southerner -- I felt that we should do what we could to make the South better and to rid ourselves of this evil." Gift of Trumpauer-Mulholland Collection
10. AADEF_210514_083.JPG: Joan Trumpauer
11. AADEF_210514_091.JPG: John Lewis
12. AADEF_210514_097.JPG: Thurgood Marshall's trademark glasses and the watch he wore in 1967, as seen in an official photograph following his appointment to the Supreme Court.
13. AADEF_210926_004.JPG: Influential Speeches in American History On August 28, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. stood before the Lincoln Memorial and delivered the speech that defined an entire generation of the Civil Rights Movement. What came to be known as the "I Have a Dream" speech was the surprise highlight of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Originally drafted as a short address, King added the iconic refrain -- "I have a dream" -- and improvised other lines encouraging Americans to imagine a world without racism. Drawing on the nation's seminal civic texts -- the Declaration of Independence, the Gettysburg Address, and the Emancipation Proclamation -- King provided a powerful rallying cry for racial equality. This 16-minute speech profoundly shaped the national discourse on race in America and is among the most influential speeches of the 20th century.
14. AADEF_210926_025.JPG: Congressional resolution commemorating the 40th anniversary of the US Supreme Court decision in Loving vs Virginia.
15. AADEF_210926_030.JPG: Mildred and Richard Loving. The Supreme Court decision in the Lovings' case banned all marriage laws based on race throughout the United States.
16. AADEF_210926_031.JPG: The Lovings Mildred Jeter and Richard Loving grew up as next door neighbors in Caroline County, Virginia. They fell in love and married in the District of Columbia in 1958. After returning to Virginia, local authorities arrested them, and the trial judge banned them from the state. They relocated to the District of Columbia, but were arrested again on a visit to Virginia. Mildred wrote to Attorney General Robert Kennedy for assistance. He sent them to the American Civil Liberties Union, and their historic lawsuit began.
17. AADEF_210926_032.JPG: Loving v. Virginia: Interracial Marriage Mildred Jeter, an African American woman, and Richard Loving, a white man, were married in the District of Columbia, but preferred to live in Virginia. There, interracial marriage was illegal, and they were arrested, convicted and told to leave the state. With the help of the American Civil Liberties Union, they appealed their case to the Supreme Court, arguing that the Virginia law deprived them of their constitutional rights. The Court unanimously agreed, ruling that all state bans on interracial marriage were unconstitutional.
18. AADEF_210926_036.JPG: "Be It Enacted" In 2001, Congressman Lewis began a bipartisan effort to create a National Museum of African American History and Culture at the Smithsonian Institution. It was established by this Act in 2003.
19. AADEF_210926_049.JPG: From California to Alabama: The Long Struggle to Vote Across the country, registering voters has been a focus of civil rights organizations for decades. Pioneering activist Frances Albrier worked with the Council of Negro Women in Berkeley, California, to register voters. In Selma, Alabama, Martin Luther King Jr. launched a voter registration drive in 1965, but local officials resisted. Courts then ordered the registration test opened to blacks, but no one passed. When a black man, Jimmie Lee Jackson, was murdered by police, King called for a march from Selma to Montgomery.
20. AADEF_210926_054.JPG: Train ticket stub, Washington DC to Selma, Alabama, purchased by Joan Trumpauer for the march. Reproduction
21. AADEF_210926_058.JPG: The Murder of Viola Gregg Liuzzo Viola Liuzzo was a civil rights activist and NAACP member from Detroit, Michigan. Horrified by the police attacks on the Selma marchers, Liuzzo traveled to Alabama to join the second march. After the march, driving a black protester to his car, she was forced off the road and shot in the head by Klansmen. In court, three men were eventually found guilty on federal charges of violating her civil rights. Viola Liuzzo was the only white woman killed during the Civil Rights Movement.
22. AADEF_210926_061.JPG: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Southern Democrats held up the bill in the Senate for 75 days before it was finally passed into law.
23. AADEF_210926_063.JPG: One of the ceremonial pens used by President Johnson to sign the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
24. AADEF_210926_075.JPG: Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam
25. AADEF_210926_078.JPG: The Organization of Afro-American Unity
26. AADEF_210926_085.JPG: Black Power
27. AADEF_210926_086.JPG: Shotgun used by the Deacons for self-defense
28. AADEF_210926_094.JPG: Engraved pocket watch given to Rustin as a personal gift from Martin Luther King, Jr. From Martin to Bayard for Aug. 28th, 1962
29. AADEF_210926_102.JPG: Bayard Rustin Bayard Rustin was a gay man and a master civil rights strategist. Beginning in the 1930s, he was involved with the peace movement and civil rights activism. As a Quaker, he believed in nonviolent resistance, disapproved of war, and promoted universal human rights. Rustin helped Martin Luther King Jr. in Montgomery and was a key organizer of the March on Washington in 1963. His homosexuality troubled some civil rights leaders, but King found him a valuable advisor. Rustin continued his activism until his death in 1987.
30. AADEF_210926_108.JPG: Straw hat worn by Rosa Parks
31. AADEF_210926_119.JPG: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference
32. AADEF_210926_125.JPG: Creating the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
33. AADEF_210926_130.JPG: Carlotta LaNier's Skirt and Blouse: LaNier wore this outfit on the first day of school when she was turned away by the National Guard. Recognizing the importance of the day, her parents had saved to buy a dress worthy of the occasion.
34. AADEF_210926_132.JPG: Carlotta LaNeir and Central High School
35. AADEF_210926_139.JPG: History of the Negro Race in America This book played a powerful role in Rev. Amos Brown's decision to become an activist.
36. AADEF_210926_151.JPG: This segregated motor lodge in Alachua County, Florida, served as a recreational and health facility for black soldiers during World War II. Restricted Travel: When African Americans traveled by automobile, they usually had little choice but to stay in segregated accommodations. Publications like this one let them know where they were welcome.
37. AADEF_210926_156.JPG: Segregated Bus Sign, ca. 1950
38. AADEF_210926_159.JPG: Bus Station Waiting Room Sign, ca 1957
39. AADEF_210926_163.JPG: Bus Segregation Sign, ca 1950
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Description of Subject Matter: Defending Freedom, Defining Freedom: Era of Segregation 1876-1968
September 24, 2016 – Indefinitely
This exhibition takes visitors from the end of Reconstruction through the civil rights movement of the 1960s. It is rich with history and artifacts that capture the major aspects of the ongoing struggle by the nation in general and African Americans in particular to define and make real the meaning of freedom. The exhibition illustrates how African Americans not only survived the challenges set before them, but crafted an important role for themselves in the nation, and how the nation was changed as a consequence of these struggles.
Some of the most powerful artifacts in the museum are located here:
* Emmett Till’s casket
* dress made by Rosa Parks
* prison tower from Louisiana State Penitentiary in Angola
* segregated Southern Railway rail car from the Jim Crow era
* Greensboro, N.C., Woolworth’s lunch-counter stools
* house (c. 1874) built, owned, and lived in by freed slaves in Maryland
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Directly Related Pages: Other pages with content (DC -- NMAAHC -- Exhibit: (C2) Defending Freedom, Defining Freedom: Era of Segregation 1876-1968) directly related to this one: [Display ALL photos on one page]:
- 2022_DC_SINMAA_Defining: DC -- NMAAHC -- Exhibit: (C2) Defending Freedom, Defining Freedom: Era of Segregation 1876-1968 (6 photos from 2022)
- 2020_DC_SINMAA_Defining: DC -- NMAAHC -- Exhibit: (C2) Defending Freedom, Defining Freedom: Era of Segregation 1876-1968 (36 photos from 2020)
- 2016_DC_SINMAA_Defining: DC -- NMAAHC -- Exhibit: (C2) Defending Freedom, Defining Freedom: Era of Segregation 1876-1968 (356 photos from 2016)
Same Subject: Click on this link to see coverage of items having the same subject: [(Smithsonian) National Museum of African American History and Culture] [Museums (History)]
2021 photos: This year, which started with former child president's attempted coup and the continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic, gradually got better. Trips this year: (May, October) After getting fully vaccinated, I made two trips down to Asheville, NC to visit my dad and his wife Dixie, and (mid-July) I made a quick trip up to Stockbridge, MA to see the Norman Rockwell Museum again as well as Daniel Chester French's place @ Chesterwood. Equipment this year: I continued to use my Fuji XS-1 cameras but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000. Number of photos taken this year: about 283,000, up slightly from 2020 levels but still really low.
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