VA -- Charlottesville -- University of Virginia Libraries:
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- Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
- UVNAU_200220_01.JPG: Remembering the Civil War
Americans who experienced the Civil War created four major interpretive traditions, each of which continues to resonate in some form in the 21st Century. Former Confederates established the Lost Cause tradition, which played down the importance of slavery in bringing secession and war, ascribed to Confederates constitutional high-mindedness and gallantry on the battlefield, and viewed the failed southern experiment in nation-building as an admirable struggle against hopeless odds.
The Union Cause tradition, which predominated in the North during the early postwar decades, framed the war as preeminently a struggle to maintain a viable democratic republic in the face of a challenge from secessionists who would dismantle the work of the Founding generation. For the Union Cause, Confederate success would have destroyed the integrity of the United States and placed at peril the idea of democracy in a world yet to embrace self-rule by a free people.
The Emancipation Cause tradition interpreted the war as a struggle to remove slavery's cancerous influence on the national political system and to liberate four million enslaved African Americans.
Finally, the Reconciliation Cause tradition represented an attempt by some white people North and South to extol the American virtues exhibited by both sides during the war, to celebrate the united nation that emerged from the conflict, and to mute the role of African Americans in the great national drama.
The Union, Emancipation, and Reconciliation traditions overlapped in some ways, as did the Lost Cause and Reconciliation traditions. The Lost Cause exerted enormous influence through much of the 20th Century, whereas the Emancipation Cause had become increasingly influential by the time of the war's sesquicentennial in 2011-2015.
UVA John L. Nau III Center for Civil War History
- UVNAU_200220_08.JPG: Lost Cause
Douglas Southall Freeman's Pulitzer Prize-winning biography ("R.E. Lee: A Biography", 1934-35) stood for decades as the last word on Lee. Heavily indebted to the Lost Cause tradition, Freeman's massive work presented Lee as a noble, gifted man and soldier: "Robert Lee was one of the small company of great men in whom there is no inconsistency to be explained, no enigma to be solved... a wholly human gentleman, the essential elements of whose positive character were two and only two, simplicity and spirituality."
- UVNAU_200220_11.JPG: Monuments and equestrian statues formed an important part of the Lost Cause memorial landscape. These two postcards from the 1920s show statues of Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson erected in Charlottesville, Virginia, in 1921 and 1924. A year after dedication of the Lee statue, Congress passed legislation designating Arlington House the Robert E. Lee Memorial.
- UVNAU_200220_16.JPG: Lost Cause
Former Confederates sought to convey Lost Cause arguments through school textbooks. This example (Ann E. Snyder's "A Narrative of Civil War: A Supplementary Reader for Schools and Colleges", 1899) praised Confederate valor but argued that "from the beginning it was merely a question of time" because of the North's "mighty hosts."
- UVNAU_200220_19.JPG: Harper's Weekly, February 6, 1864
Ulysses S. Grant came to personify the war for Union, earning that status through a series of landmark victories in the Western and Eastern Theaters that began at Fort Donelson and culminated at Appomattox. Thomas Nast created this tribute for the cover of Harper's Weekly just before Grant became general in chief. Columbia pins a congressional medal on the hero, who stands opposite the base of a flag-bedecked column inscribed "UNION."
- UVNAU_200220_22.JPG: Philip H. Sheridan stood just behind U.S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman in the pantheon of Union military commanders. This postcard, mailed in 1911, celebrates Sheridan's victory at Cedar Creek, Virginia, on October 19, 1864, with four lines from a poem that invokes Union:
And when their statues are placed on high,
Under the Dome of the Union sky,
The American soldiers' Temple of Fame,
There with the glorious General's name.
- UVNAU_200220_29.JPG: Emancipation Cause
On the centennial of the dedication of the memorial in Boston, the National Gallery of Art mounted a major exhibition featuring a restored plaster version of Saint-Gaudens's bronze. Restoration allowed close examination of the faces of marching figures hidden behind Shaw's horse.
- UVNAU_200220_32.JPG: Emancipation Cause
Joseph T. Wilson, The Black Phalanx: A History of Negro Soldiers of the United States in the Wars of 1775-1812, 1861-'65, 1890
Black soldiers made up approximately 9 percent of U.S. armies during the Civil War, and Wilson, a veteran, wrote the first full-scale history of African American participants. He chronicled the service of the United States Colored Troops (USCT) units, concluding that "Their devotion has been not only unappreciated, but it has failed to receive a fitting commemoration in pages of national history."
- UVNAU_200220_36.JPG: This postcard, mailed in 1907, shows a group of people in Boston viewing Augustus Saint-Gaudens's memorial to Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. The most famous black unit in the Civil War, the 54th inspired the 1989 film Glory.
- UVNAU_200220_38.JPG: This colorful brochure handed out at the premier of the film Gettysburg in October 1993 features reconciliation. On its cover, Union and Confederate battle lines face one another against a dramatic, cloud-studded sky. Six words located just above the film's title suggest the soldiers were all Americans with more to connect than to divide them, who nonetheless found themselves trapped in a tragic war: "SAME LAND. SAME GOD. DIFFERENT DREAMS."
- UVNAU_200220_44.JPG: Reconciliation Cause
William Buckley, Buckley's History of the Great Reunion of the North and the South and of The Blue and the Gray: An Impartial, Non-Political Account of the Beginning of Reconciliation and the End of Sectional Strife in the United States, 1923
This crudely-produced volume features evidence of comradeship among Union and Confederate veterans from the 1880s through the early 1920s.
- UVNAU_200220_48.JPG: Reconciliation Cause
MacKinlay Kantor, Lee and Grant at Appomattox, 1950
Five years before publishing his Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Andersonville, Kantor wrote this children's book for the popular Landmark series. The jacket copy alerts readers to the book's reconciliationist "portrayal of two American heroes who loved the caused for which they fought, but who loved peace and the welfare of their people more."
- UVNAU_200220_51.JPG: Nau Center for Civil War History
- UVNAU_200220_55.JPG: 2019 Nau Book Prize
Amy Murrell Taylor's Embattled Freedom: Journeys through the Civil War's Slave Refugee Camps, 2018
- Bigger photos? To save server space, the full-sized versions of these images have either not been loaded to the server or have been removed from the server. (Only some pages are loaded with full-sized images and those usually get removed after three months.)
I still have them though. If you want me to email them to you, please send an email to guthrie.bruce@gmail.com
and I can email them to you, or, depending on the number of images, just repost the page again will the full-sized images.
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