BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Natl Museum of Natural History -- Exhibit: The David H. Koch Hall of Fossils -- Deep Time

DC -- Natl Museum of Natural History -- Exhibit: The David H. Koch Hall of Fossils -- Deep Time:

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. SINHDT_200113_007.JPG: Touch of Conifer Trunk
2. SINHDT_200113_012.JPG: Forests of Unfamiliar Trees Most of the towering trees in Carboniferous swamps were ferns, horsetails, or lycopsids, three very distinct groups. All needed ample water to reproduce, and they thrived in the human, tropical landscapes. Another group, see plants, could grow in dry places too, giving them an advantage. Today, the scene has changed entirely. More than 80% of all plants belong to the flower-producing group of seed plants -- angiosperms, which evolved about 200 million years after the Carboniferous.
3. SINHDT_200113_015.JPG: How Are Land Plants Related?
4. SINHDT_200113_018.JPG: Diversity in a Carboniferous Swamp Forest
5. SINHDT_200113_022.JPG: Scaly Green Tree Trunks
6. SINHDT_200113_053.JPG: What can YOU do?
7. SINHDT_200113_059.JPG: Start with what you LOVE.
8. SINHDT_200113_068.JPG: Big changes cna have small beginnings.
9. SINHDT_200113_074.JPG: A seed becomes a flower
10. SINHDT_200113_081.JPG: a flower
11. SINHDT_200113_083.JPG: a flower becomes a garden
12. SINHDT_200113_087.JPG: a garden becomes a habitat
13. SINHDT_200113_095.JPG: that sustains our world.
14. SINHDT_200113_103.JPG: Imagine if all of us took a first step.
15. SINHDT_200113_114.JPG: Love. Protect. Act.
16. SINHDT_200113_120.JPG: Tens of thousands of years ago, humans began painting cave art.
17. SINHDT_200113_122.JPG: Today, art can connect city dwellers to the nature all around them.
18. SINHDT_200113_129.JPG: This nature-loving painter
19. SINHDT_200113_135.JPG: uses murals to reveal the ecosystems within the city.
20. SINHDT_200113_144.JPG: Take a first step! Drag the spray can across the wall to reveal the beauty behind the bricks.
21. SINHDT_200113_153.JPG: Way to go!
22. SINHDT_200113_156.JPG: You are one of 628 visitors this month who love art.
23. SINHDT_200113_162.JPG: Join them and illuminate the nature in your city or town.
24. SINHDT_200113_171.JPG: "From so simple a beginning, endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved." -- Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species, 1859
25. SINHDT_200113_180.JPG: Human Connections Deforestation Forests aren't nearly as widespread now as they were in the Paleogene. But they're still important in removing carbon dioxide from, and releasing oxygen into, the atmopshere. Deforestation plays a significant part in global climate change. When we cut and burn trees, they release carbon stored in their bodies, and they no longer take carbon out of the atmosphere.
26. SINHDT_200113_184.JPG: Look for the World Updates
27. SINHDT_200113_187.JPG: Navigating the Deep Time Exhibition
28. SINHDT_200113_195.JPG: Humans are a global force of change.
29. SINHDT_200113_197.JPG: Fossil basecamp
30. SINHDT_200113_214.JPG: Life begins...
31. SINHDT_200113_219.JPG: "From so simple a beginning, endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved." -- Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species, 1859
32. SINHDT_200113_260.JPG: Earth's climate has been much warmer in the past. Why is climate change a problem now? Today, climate change is happening at an extremely fast pace. And humans are the cause. A hotter world will have serious impacts on how and where people live, everywhere on Earth. Do we have the dedication to find solutions that will benefit us all?
33. SINHDT_200113_262.JPG: Past: A Much Warmer World Earth has been warm and ice-free much of the last 500 million years. It was so much warmer that forests grew near the poles, and many places would have been too hot for humans.
34. SINHDT_200113_266.JPG: Global Temperature
35. SINHDT_200113_270.JPG: Humans evolved in a cold world. Even though we are not yet in the "red zone," the problems of climate change start long before all the ice melts. CO2, polar ice, and sea level fluctuated in the recent ice ages.
36. SINHDT_200113_274.JPG: Present: Rapid Warming Since the last ice age, Earth's climate has warmed. But now that warming is getting faster because of us.
37. SINHDT_200113_278.JPG: Why is it getting warmer now? Global temperatures have risen quickly over the last century because humans added carbon dioxide to the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels. The more carbon dioxide we release, the hotter our world will get -- leading to severe droughts, extreme rainfall, and coastal flooding from rising sea levels. Global Temperature Since the Last Ice Age
38. SINHDT_200113_283.JPG: Why is it getting warmer now? Global temperatures have risen quickly over the last century because humans added carbon dioxide to the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels. The more carbon dioxide we release, the hotter our world will get -- leading to severe droughts, extreme rainfall, and coastal flooding from rising sea levels.
39. SINHDT_200113_285.JPG: Global Temperature Since the Last Ice Age
40. SINHDT_200113_293.JPG: Future: Too Hot to Handle? Unless we lower carbon dioxide levels, climate will continue to heat up, polar ice will keep melting, and sea level will keep rising. The change will happen so fast that our way of life will be at risk. A Much Warmer Future Changes Life as We Know It Can We Stop Climate Change? Will We?
41. SINHDT_200113_299.JPG: A Much Warmer Future Changes Life as We Know It Sea level could rise at least 1-4 ft (0.3-1.2 m) and possibly much more by the year 2100. This will flood many major cities, displace millions of people, and cost trillions of dollars worldwide. Sea level would rise 265 feet (80 m) if the ice caps melted completely. Higher temperatures, more intense storms, and longer droughts will decrease crop production in many places we currently grow our food. The poles are warming so fast that cold-adapted animals and plants can't adjust -- putting them at risk of extinction. Other species will move in as temperatures rise.
42. SINHDT_200113_303.JPG: Can We Stop Climate Change? Will We? Climate change is already happening, but humans can slow it down and lessen its impact. Humans have used technological advances and social willpower to meet many challenges in the past -- such as going to the Moon and repairing the hole in the ozone layer. But facing global climate change is much bigger! It will take more dedication, cooperation, and invention than ever before. Will we rise to the challenge?
43. SINHDT_200113_307.JPG: The Fossils in Fossil Fuels Coal, oil, and natural gas are the remains of ancient plants and plankton. Fossil fuels contain carbon removed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and stored in ancient plants and plankton. Fossil fuels are NOT a renewable resource. Coal formed from ancient forests. Oil and natural gas formed from ancient plankton. Coal and gas are burned to generate power for utilities and electronics. Oil is refined into gasoline to fuel cars, trucks, airplanes, and boats. Plastics are made from the petroleum byproducts of refining old and natural gas. Fossil fuels are extracted by drilling and mining underground.
44. SINHDT_200113_314.JPG: Coal, oil, and natural gas are the remains of ancient plants and plankton. Fossil fuels contain carbon removed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and stored in ancient plants and plankton. Fossil fuels are NOT a renewable resource. Coal formed from ancient forests. Oil and natural gas formed from ancient plankton. Coal and gas are burned to generate power for utilities and electronics. Oil is refined into gasoline to fuel cars, trucks, airplanes, and boats. Plastics are made from the petroleum byproducts of refining old and natural gas. Fossil fuels are extracted by drilling and mining underground.
45. SINHDT_200113_319.JPG: When we burn these fuels, we release ancient carbon back into the atmosphere, where it traps solar energy. Our fossil fuel use is changing the planet. This warms the planet, melts glacial ice, acidifies the ocean, raises sea level, and changes weather patterns.
46. SINHDT_200113_322.JPG: Finding Fossils in Coal Mines Much of the coal we burn today formed millions of years ago from fallen trees and plants in swampy Carboniferous forests. Today, hundreds of feet underground, the tunnels of coal mines allow access to these ancient forests. Deep in the mines, scientists learn what the forest actually looked like. By studying plants that show climate changes in ancient climates, they uncover clues about how climate may change impacting ecosystems today and into the future.
47. SINHDT_200113_326.JPG: Finding Fossils in Coal Mines Much of the coal we burn today formed millions of years ago from fallen trees and plants in swampy Carboniferous forests. Today, hundreds of feet underground, the tunnels of coal mines allow access to these ancient forests. Deep in the mines, scientists learn what the forest actually looked like. By studying plants that show climate changes in ancient climates, they uncover clues about how climate may change impacting ecosystems today and into the future.
48. SINHDT_200113_329.JPG: Deep Time to Tomorrow Trade Changes the World We're changing the planet faster than any other species in Earth's history. What does this mean for our future?
49. SINHDT_200113_332.JPG: Deep Time to Tomorrow Trade Changes the World
50. SINHDT_200113_334.JPG: Trade Changes the World
51. SINHDT_200113_337.JPG: We're changing the planet faster than any other species in Earth's history. What does this mean for our future? Over the last 10,000 years, humans have domesticated plants and animals, tapped into fossil fuels, and connected our global population through trade. These actions have helped our species flourish -- but they also change the climate and transform the ecosystems we depend on. The fossil record reveals what happened during earlier periods of dramatic change. By exploring Earth's past, we can understand the changes happening now and learn how our choices shape our future.
52. SINHDT_200113_340.JPG: Deep Time to Tomorrow Forming Our Legacy Living in the Age of Humans challenges us to shape the future of our planet. Our global population is three times larger than it was in 1950, and we consume five times as much energy. More people use more resources to grow food, build homes, and power our technological world. We have changed the Earth in ways that impact its global climate as well as local ecosystems. But our ingenuity can help us find solutions that are collective and global.
53. SINHDT_200113_343.JPG: The evidence is clear: We are causing rapid, unprecedented change to our planet. But there is hope -- we can adapt, innovate, and collaborate to leave a positive legacy.
54. SINHDT_200113_346.JPG: Billions of informed citizens acting together can create a sustainable world. Talking to others, including people we disagree with, is a key first step. Talking Tips: (1) Share success stories. (2) Focus on values. (3) Find common ground. If each of us gets involved in our communities, we can make a difference.
55. SINHDT_200113_358.JPG: 70,000 Years Ago to Today Humans Continue to Change the World We are a force of global change. During the last ice age, people moving into new lands, combined with changing climate, contributed to the extinction of many large land animals. And for the last couple of centuries, people have been changing the global climate, too. Today's wave of extinctions started in the late ice age. All sizes and types of species -- as well as their ecosystems -- are at risk. In the near future, most extinctions will be connected to human actions. The more we change the planet, the closer we get to the next mass extinction.
56. SINHDT_200113_364.JPG: 359 million to 299 million years ago Strange Forests of an Ice Age Carboniferous The fossils of ancient, massive forests and swamps are the coal we burn today.
57. SINHDT_200113_374.JPG: What Was the World Like 24 Million to 16 Million Years Ago? CO2 atmospheric carbon dioxide was up to 50% higher than today. Average global temperature was 5-12 degrees F (2.8-6.7 degrees C) higher than today. Global sea level was about 330 ft. (100 m) higher than today.
58. SINHDT_200113_389.JPG: What Was the World Like 66 Million to 50 Million Years Ago? CO2 atmospheric carbon dioxide was up to 5 times higher than today. Average global temperature was 14-25 degrees F (8-14 degrees C) higher than today. Global sea level was about 650-720 ft (200-220 m) higher than today.
59. SINHDT_200113_403.JPG: What Was the World Like 76 Million to 66 Million Years Ago? CO2 atmospheric carbon dioxide was up to 4 times higher than today. Average global temperature was 16-17 degrees F (8.9-9.6 degrees C) higher than today. Global sea level was 650-740 ft (200-225 m) higher than today.
60. SINHDT_200113_416.JPG: What Was the World Like 157 Million to 145 Million Years Ago? CO2 atmospheric carbon dioxide was up to 4 times higher than today. Average global temperature was 15-17 degrees F (8.4-9.4 degrees C) higher than today. Global sea level was about 330 ft (100 m) higher than today.
61. SINHDT_200113_426.JPG: What Was the World Like 299 Million to 270 Million Years Ago? CO2 atmospheric carbon dioxide fluctuated from less than it is today to 3 times higher. Average global temperate was 8 degrees F (4.6 degrees C) lower - 12 degrees F (6.4 degrees C) higher than today. Global sea level was 130-260 ft (40-80 m) higher than today.
62. SINHDT_200113_441.JPG: What Was the World Like 320 Million to 299 Million Years Ago? CO2 atmospheric carbon dioxide fluctuated near the level it is today. Average global temperate was 6 degrees F (3.6 degrees C) lower - 4 degrees F (2.4 degrees C) higher than today. Global sea level was 0-130 ft (0-40 m) higher than today.
63. SINHDT_200113_463.JPG: What Was the World Like 230 Million to 201 Million Years Ago? CO2 atmospheric carbon dioxide was up to 7 times higher than today. Average global temperate was 12-26 degrees F (6.4-14.4 degrees C) higher than today. Global sea level was 30 ft (10 m) lower than today.
64. SINHDT_200113_480.JPG: Decomposition Timelapse After Death As soon as the lizard dies, bacteria in the gut and on the body (as well as other microorganisms in the nearby environment) begin to multiply and feed on the lizard's soft parts. These microorganisms need warm, moist conditions to thrive. In very cold or dry conditions, decomposition happens more slowly -- or not at all.
65. SINHDT_200113_499.JPG: Within the First Week Bacteria at work in the lizard's gut liquefy tissue and produce gases as a by-product. These gases cause the animal to bloat -- and sometimes explode. The smell attracts scavengers, such as flies, that look for holes where they can gain access to the lizard's nutrient-rich insides. Beetles and other scavengers find the lizard's body and begin to compete for its soft tissues. Flies lay eggs in the carcass.
66. SINHDT_200113_504.JPG: Within 10 Days The carcass deflates after the gases escape, and fluids leak down into the soil. Fly eggs hatch into thousands of larvae (maggots), which move around as they eat the soft tissues. The maggots dig down under the carcass, disturbing the soil as they grow and compete for food.
67. SINHDT_200113_509.JPG: Within a Month The maggots quiet down as they turn into pupae within the body cavity, but more flies arrive and lay more eggs. Bacteria and fungi continue to break down soft parts. Muscles and organs are consumed more quickly than tough skin and cartilage.
68. SINHDT_200113_514.JPG: Within Two Months New generations of flies have feasted, hatched, and flown away. Most of the lizard's soft insides are gone, but its tough skin remains intact, protecting the skeleton as a "bag of bones." Maggots continue to consume the lizard's body. Nutrients, including phosphorus and nitrogen, have seeped into the soil and will become food for plants.
69. SINHDT_200113_524.JPG: Other organism disturb the carcass, attracted by remaining morsels of tissue. Some arrive to feast on the insect decomposers -- did you see the tiny gecko appear? The lizard's tough skin becomes brittle and begins to peel off, exposing bones.
70. SINHDT_200113_532.JPG: Note the gecko and his foot.
71. SINHDT_200113_546.JPG: This is the point where the Ophiacodon in the case above was buried in sediment. After burial, the skeleton was preserved intact, but remaining soft tissues were completely decomposed.
72. SINHDT_200113_554.JPG: Beyond Two Months Once the skin is gone, only bones and some ligaments remain -- but as long as the environment remains warm and moist, bacteria and fungi keep working. Eventually, weathering and microorganisms can recycle the bones, too, returning the last traces of the lizard to the soil to nourish new life cycles.
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Description of Subject Matter: The David H. Koch Hall of Fossils -- Deep Time
June 8, 2019 – Permanent
In its new pose devouring a Triceratops, the Nation’s T. rex is the centerpiece of the David H. Koch Hall of Fossils—Deep Time.
This exhibition showcases the museum’s unrivaled collection of 46 million fossils, presents the most up-to-date scientific research on how life on Earth has evolved, and presents the fossil record in new ways to show how dinosaurs and other extinct creatures lived in changing environments.
Major themes woven in stories throughout the hall include:
* All life is connected—past, present and future—to all other life and to the Earth itself.
* Evolution: Life is continually changing through time.
* Ecosystems Change: Ecosystems changed through time and continue to do so.
* Earth Processes: Geological processes and global cycles cause ecosystem and evolutionary changes.
* Extinction: Mass extinctions have both periodically devastated and created new opportunities for life on Earth. Background extinctions occur one or a few at a time, scattered across the tree of life. Extinction of some species opens up opportunities for others to evolve.
* Human Connections: Humans, today’s world and the plants and animals people depend upon have intimate connections to deep time.
* Age of Humans and Global Change: Now, more than ever before, people are influencing life on Earth on the scale of geologic forces from the past. Humans are not only shaping the future but also the fate of life on Earth.
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Directly Related Pages: Other pages with content (DC -- Natl Museum of Natural History -- Exhibit: The David H. Koch Hall of Fossils -- Deep Time) directly related to this one: [Display ALL photos on one page]:
- 2021_DC_SINH_Deep_Time: DC -- Natl Museum of Natural History -- Exhibit: The David H. Koch Hall of Fossils -- Deep Time (28 photos from 2021)
- 2019_DC_SINH_Deep_Time: DC -- Natl Museum of Natural History -- Exhibit: The David H. Koch Hall of Fossils -- Deep Time (Multiple visits) (636 photos from 2019)
Same Subject: Click on this link to see coverage of items having the same subject: [Issue Environment] [Museums (Other)] [(Smithsonian) Natural History Museum (Non-Events)] [(Smithsonian) Natural History Museum (Everything)]
2020 photos: Well, that was a year, wasn't it? The COVID-19 pandemic cut off most events here in DC after March 11. The child president's handling of the pandemic was a series of disastrous missteps and lies, encouraging his minions to not wear masks and dramatically increasing infections and deaths here.The BLM protests started in June, made all the worse by the child president's inability to have any empathy for anyone other than himself. Then of course he tried to steal the election in November. What a year! Trips: Because of COVID, the farthest distance I traveled after that was about 40 miles. I only visited sites in four states -- Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia and DC -- and didn't do any overnight travel anywhere. That was the least amount of travel I had done since 1995. Equipment this year: I continued to use my Fuji XS-1 cameras but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000. Number of photos taken this year: about 246,000, the fewest number of photos I had taken in any year since 2007.
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Photo Contact: [Email Bruce Guthrie].