BGuthrie Photos: DC -- International Spy Museum (New Location) -- 2. Codes

DC -- International Spy Museum (New Location) -- 2. Codes:

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. SPY2C_190507_008.JPG: Making Sense of Secrets
2. SPY2C_190507_014.JPG: Speaking in Code
3. SPY2C_190507_016.JPG: Is it a Code... Or Cipher? Code: * Replaces words, phrases, or names with different words, phrases, numbers, or symbols. * Need a code book to decode. Example: ENORMZ was the Soviet code name for America's WWII atomic bomb program. Cipher: * Replaces each letter in a word with a different letter, number, or symbol. * Needs a key or algorithm to decrypt it. Example: Replace each letter of the alphabet with a number in ascending order, and the word SPY becomes 19 16 25.
4. SPY2C_190507_020.JPG: Enigma machine, Germany, 1944
5. SPY2C_190507_025.JPG: "Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima." -- Major Howard Connor, 5th Marine Division Signal Officer
6. SPY2C_190507_027.JPG: Talking in Code
7. SPY2C_190507_030.JPG: Cold Talker: Chester Nez (1921-2014)
8. SPY2C_190507_032.JPG: Modern Technology in an Ancient Tongue
9. SPY2C_190507_035.JPG: Choctaw to the Rescue
10. SPY2C_190507_041.JPG: Code Purple!
11. SPY2C_190507_048.JPG: This shows one of the few remaining fragments of a PURPLE machine, recovered from the basement of the Japanese Embassy in Germany after the war. The Japanese destroyed all other PURPLE machines worldwide.
12. SPY2C_190507_052.JPG: Breaking PURPLE
13. SPY2C_190507_059.JPG: Each year the Friedmans sent out a clever coded Christmas card -- they called this one from 1928 a "telephotocryptogram." When each side of the grille is held over the table of scrambled letters it reveals a different secret message.
14. SPY2C_190507_063.JPG: The coding couple, William and Elizebeth Friedman, shown with a cipher disk and a cipher wheel.
15. SPY2C_190507_066.JPG: The Friedmans used these coded bookplates in their personal library.
16. SPY2C_190507_069.JPG: Codebreakers: William & Elizebeth Friedman (1891-1969 and 1892-1980)
17. SPY2C_190507_072.JPG: This cipher sheet was found on the wreck of the U-85, sunk off the coast of North Carolina in 1942. Divers retrieved the cipher machine and cipher page.
18. SPY2C_190507_076.JPG: An Enigma's heart were interchangeable internal rotors like these. Each rotor had 26 internal settings.
19. SPY2C_190507_083.JPG: The odds against breaking Enigma without knowing the machine's settings? 150 million-million-million to one.
20. SPY2C_190507_091.JPG: The Uncrackable Enigma
21. SPY2C_190507_093.JPG: Rotor Power: Making Enigma Stronger! Germany built this rare Enigma for its ally, Japan (notice the Japanese characters). See the fourth rotor? Unaware Britain had cracked Enigma, Germany added a rotor in 1942 to strengthen in. The British called the device's messages "Shark." It took nearly a year to crack, and only after capturing key sheets from a German U-boat. In the interim, Nazi subs sank more than 2 million tons of Allied supplies. Four rotor Enigma machine, Germany, 1943-1944
22. SPY2C_190507_105.JPG: Why Was It So Hard to Break Enigma?
23. SPY2C_190507_109.JPG: Breaking Enigma: Pole Vaulted
24. SPY2C_190507_111.JPG: Codebreaker: Marian Rejewski (1905-1980)
25. SPY2C_190507_114.JPG: It took more than 40 years to honor the unheralded work of three Polish codebreakers who delivered to Bomba, the first machine to break part of the Enigma cipher. Marian Rejewski, Jerry Rozycki, and Henryk Zygalski.
26. SPY2C_190507_121.JPG: The Brains of Bletchley
27. SPY2C_190507_123.JPG: Codebreaker: Alan Turing (1912-1954)
28. SPY2C_190507_125.JPG: Mavis Lever (1921-2013)
29. SPY2C_190507_127.JPG: Lorenz: Enigma on Steroids
30. SPY2C_190507_132.JPG: A Colossal Codebreaker It was a cryptographic race... and the Nazis had taken the lead. After Bletchley codebreakers cracked the Lorenz cipher in 1941, Germany upped the ante, making it even more complex. Could Britain develop a machine to break it? In 1943, a team at Bletchley unveiled Colossus. Created by telephone engineer Thomas Flowers, it was the first practical electronic digital information processor.
31. SPY2C_190507_135.JPG: Bletchley Park mansion and estate in Buckinghamshire, England was the top secret center for a group of WWII codebreakers.
32. SPY2C_190507_138.JPG: Wonder Woman About 8,000 women -- from card-index compilers to codebreaking specialists -- were the backbone of operations at Bletchley. They mostly performed the less glamorous but essential tasks of monitoring and processing coded messages and handling the mountains of paper generated in a pre-computer age. They received little glory or praise for their work. But no breakthroughs would have happened without them.
33. SPY2C_190507_143.JPG: After an agent used numbers from this non-rustling one time pad, she cut them away and burned them. That ensured the message could never be recovered -- except by someone at "home station" with the exact same one time pad.
34. SPY2C_190507_148.JPG: This device was used to authenticate non-secure US military communications. The yellow indicator shows which row of cipher should be used to confirm orders. It has eight different ways to authenticate, and eight ways to set message groups.
35. SPY2C_190507_152.JPG: This handy pocket book was used to send secure messages during the Spanish-American War. It includes instructions for soldiers with zero coding experience.
36. SPY2C_190507_155.JPG: One time pads are intended for one use only -- making it an unbreakable system. Sender and recipient hold identical pads. Each sheet is used to encrypt or decrypt a message, and then destroyed. Walnut with one time pad, Germany (Stasi), ca 1960s-1970s
37. SPY2C_190507_159.JPG: This device -- used by the US Army and Navy until WWII -- employs the same basic principle as one invented by Thomas Jefferson: rotate the disks to encipher a message. It has 15 septillion possible combinations!
38. SPY2C_190507_162.JPG: During WWII, an ashtray sitting on an agent's desk wouldn't attract much attention. And that's exactly why it was used to conceal a cipher disk for covert communication.
39. SPY2C_190507_167.JPG: Developed in the 1920s, the Kryha was a clockwork-driven mechanical device marketed for commercial use. In 1933, the US Army evaluated its security: William Friedman and his colleagues took less than three hours to decipher an 1135-character message.
40. SPY2C_190507_170.JPG: The US Army widely used cheap, portable, and secure strip cipher systems like this during WWII. A flat version of the M-94, it allowed soldiers to easily arrange alphabet strips to cipher and decipher medium security messages at low cost.
41. SPY2C_190507_174.JPG: This handy pocket book was used to send secure messages during the Spanish-American War. It includes instructions for soldiers with zero coding experience.
42. SPY2C_190507_178.JPG: The portable M-209 (successor for the M-94) was so popular in the US Army that German cryptoanalysts knew it as AM_1: American Machine #1. Never considered very secure, it was used for tactical battlefield messages.
43. SPY2C_190507_183.JPG: Easily concealed in a coat pocket, this machine was popular with Cold War spy agencies, notably French intelligence. It was even supplied to the Vatican. The left hand squeezes the lever while the right hand is free to take notes.
44. SPY2C_190507_189.JPG: Cracking the Code, Turning the Tide
45. SPY2C_190507_194.JPG: Codebreaker: Joseph Rochefort (1900-1976)
46. SPY2C_190507_197.JPG: Map of the Battle of Midway
47. SPY2C_190507_199.JPG: Captain Joseph Rochefort was a major figure in US Navy intelligence and codebreaking from 1925 to 1947. He died in 1976, and was honored posthumously with a Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1986.
48. SPY2C_190507_204.JPG: The Battle of Midway: Victory Decoded
49. SPY2C_190507_205.JPG: Italian mathematician Girolama Cardano. Despite his many professions, he was constantly strapped for cash -- but used his expertise at probability to win money at card games, dice, and chess.
50. SPY2C_190507_208.JPG: Masked Messages
51. SPY2C_190507_217.JPG: Codemaker: Girolama Cardano (1501-1576)
52. SPY2C_190507_220.JPG: Scytale Me a Secret
53. SPY2C_190507_221.JPG: Codebreaker: Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472)
54. SPY2C_190507_224.JPG: Spinning Secrets
55. SPY2C_190507_227.JPG: Hit the Books for Hidden Messages! Book codes convey secret messages by directing people to find specific words in the text. (The recipient must have exactly the same book!) Page number / line number - word number / line number - word number, etc.
56. SPY2C_190507_231.JPG: Now You See It... Now You Don't
57. SPY2C_190507_233.JPG: Bald, Boiled, and Buried in Books
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Directly Related Pages: Other pages with content (DC -- International Spy Museum) directly related to this one: [Display ALL photos on one page]:
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- 2020_DC_Spy: DC -- International Spy Museum (5 photos from 2020)
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Sort of Related Pages: Still more pages here that have content somewhat related to this one :
- 2019_DC_SpyPP_190507: DC -- International Spy Museum (New Location) -- Press Preview (18 photos from 2019)
Same Subject: Click on this link to see coverage of items having the same subject: [International Spy Museum] [Display ALL International Spy Museum photos] [Museums (History)]
2019 photos: Equipment this year: I continued to use my Fuji XS-1 cameras but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000. Trips this year: a four-day jaunt to Massachusetts (Boston, Stockbridge, and Springfield) to experience rain in another state, Asheville, NC to visit Dad and his wife Dixie, four trips to New York City (including the United Nations, Flushing, and the New York Comic-Con), and my 14th consecutive San Diego Comic-Con (including sites in Utah). Number of photos taken this year: about 582,000.
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