BGuthrie Photos: DC -- NMAAHC -- Exhibit (Concourse Level): We Return Fighting: The African American Experience in World War I

DC -- NMAAHC -- Exhibit (Concourse Level): We Return Fighting: The African American Experience in World War I:

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Description of Pictures: We Return Fighting: The African American Experience in World War I
December 13, 2019 – June 14, 2020
Composed of three sections: Pre-War, During the War, and Post-War, the exhibition highlights nine African American historical luminaries, A. Philip Randolph, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells, Col. Charles Young, Mary Church Terrell, Lt. Charles Hamilton Houston, Oscar de Priest, Josephine Baker, and Robert Abbott, to explore how the experience of African Americans during World War I laid the groundwork for the civil rights movement.

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. RETUR1_191217_001.JPG: We Return Fighting
2. RETUR1_191217_007.JPG: The African American Experience in World War I
3. RETUR1_191217_021.JPG: "The world must be made safe for democracy." -- President Woodrow Wilson, April 2, 1917, Speech to joint session of Congress
4. RETUR1_191217_025.JPG: "We would rather make Georgia safe for the Negro." -- A. Philip Randolph, November 1917, The Messenger magazine
5. RETUR1_191217_030.JPG: The Dawn of War Segregation, Servitude, and Mob Violence
6. RETUR1_191217_037.JPG: Southern Work
7. RETUR1_191217_049.JPG: "The slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun then moved back again toward slavery." -- W.E.B. Du Bois, 1935
8. RETUR1_191217_054.JPG: Black Life at the Dawn of War
9. RETUR1_191217_057.JPG: Work and Migration
10. RETUR1_191217_064.JPG: Segregation
11. RETUR1_191217_067.JPG: France's Le Petit Journal, October 7, 1906 Violence against African Americans became world news. Le Petit Journal featured this cover. The captain translates, "Massacre of negroes in Atlanta."
12. RETUR1_191217_071.JPG: Violence
13. RETUR1_191217_075.JPG: Ida B. Wells with Thomas Moss's Widow, Maurine, and Their Two Children People often forget a single lynched victim was: someone's husband, father, and close friend, making the impact of the crime a lasting legacy.
14. RETUR1_191217_077.JPG: Springfield Riots, August 1908
15. RETUR1_191217_084.JPG: In the Wake of the Mob: An Illustrated Story of Riot, Ruin, and Rage, 1909 This rare 30-page photo album documents the aftermath of the Springfield, Illinois, race riots. Accompanied by hand-drawn illustrations and captions, images include damaged neighborhoods, homes, and businesses; people enduring the destruction; and several lynching sites.
16. RETUR1_191217_132.JPG: "Lynching is color line murder. ... It is a national crime and requires a national remedy." -- Ida B. Wells, 1909
17. RETUR1_191217_136.JPG: Niagara to NAACP
18. RETUR1_191217_140.JPG: Niagara Movement, Boston, Massachusetts, 1907
19. RETUR1_191217_143.JPG: Founding NAACP Members
20. RETUR1_191217_146.JPG: Judge Robert H. Terrell, Municipal Court of the District of Columbia
21. RETUR1_191217_149.JPG: Sgt. William Carney with Flag Seized During the Civil War
22. RETUR1_191217_154.JPG: Grand United Order of Odd Fellows National Board
23. RETUR1_191217_157.JPG: Proceedings of the National Negro Conference, 1909. "Lynching Our National Crime"
24. RETUR1_191217_164.JPG: Lynching of Henry Smith, Paris, Texas, February 2, 1893 Lynchings were not only extralegal and brutal forms of unjust punishment, many were turned into spectacles, as large crowds were often invited to witness the "national crime."
25. RETUR1_191217_167.JPG: Jane Addams of Hull House was Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 Jane Addams was also vehemently outspoken against lynching. In a 1901 piece titled "Respect for Law" she wrote, "Upon a false theory... Southern citizens... give each lynching full publicity and often gather together numerous spectators."
26. RETUR1_191217_171.JPG: Ida B. Wells
27. RETUR1_191217_182.JPG: A Segregated Military
28. RETUR1_191217_187.JPG: Civil War to World War
29. RETUR1_191217_197.JPG: African Americans in the Military
30. RETUR1_191217_201.JPG: Brownsville
31. RETUR1_191217_206.JPG: "... Suspend the order dismissing the soldiers without honor until an investigation..." -- Mary Church Terrell to Secretary of War William Howard Taft, regarding black soldiers who were accused of a shooting in Brownsville, Texas, 1906
32. RETUR1_191217_210.JPG: African American Officers
33. RETUR1_191217_215.JPG: A Rare Original 1902 W.E.B. Du Bois Letter This letter from Du Bois to novelist Charles W. Chesnutt appears to suggest a journal collaboration. Du Bois wrote, "I am rather confident that the right kind of a journal could get support." Could this be the inception of The Crisis magazine? Chesnutt became a frequent contributor.
34. RETUR1_191217_232.JPG: NAACP Pinback Button This button dates to the early days of the NAACP when W.E.B. Du Bois, director of publications and research, founded The Crisis, the official journal of the NAACP.
35. RETUR1_191217_242.JPG: "This is the crisis of the world. For all the long years to come men will point to the year 1918 as the great Day of Decision." -- W.E.B. Du Bois, July 1918
36. RETUR1_191217_246.JPG: W.E.B. Du Bois
37. RETUR1_191217_253.JPG: A. Philip Randolph
38. RETUR1_191217_261.JPG: Randolph's Messenger Magazine's Provocative Illustration Pointing out America's Atrocities
39. RETUR1_191217_270.JPG: The Messenger, November 1917 (inaugural issue) "Messages from the Messenger" In the November 1917 editorial, Randolph criticized black leaders who were "eager to fight to make the world safe for democracy" when Georgia wasn't "safe for the Negro."
40. RETUR1_191217_271.JPG: "Let Du Bois, Kelly Miller, Pickens, Grimke, etc., volunteer to go to France ... to make the world safe for democracy. We would rather make Georgia safe for the Negro." -- A. Philip Randolph, November 1917
41. RETUR1_191217_272.JPG: Closing Ranks
42. RETUR1_191217_280.JPG: Expectations of the War
43. RETUR1_191217_282.JPG: President Woodrow Wilson, Gen. John J. Pershing, and an Unidentified African American Soldier
44. RETUR1_191217_288.JPG: A Global War The World in Conflict
45. RETUR1_191217_292.JPG: The French Experience
46. RETUR1_191217_295.JPG: Yarn Rintintin and Nenette Dolls
47. RETUR1_191217_306.JPG: Diasporic Paintings by Lucien Hector Jonas, Oil on Munitions Boxes, 1917
48. RETUR1_191217_312.JPG: The World At War
49. RETUR1_191217_319.JPG: Troupes Francaises des Colonies (French Colonial Troops) by Carrey
50. RETUR1_191217_325.JPG: Senegalese Troops of the French Army
51. RETUR1_191217_326.JPG: West Indian Troops
52. RETUR1_191217_328.JPG: German East African Troops
53. RETUR1_191217_329.JPG: Ceramic Souvenir / Propaganda Plates Made by Edouard Touraine
54. RETUR1_191217_334.JPG: African Diaspora
55. RETUR1_191217_338.JPG: Complex Relationship
56. RETUR1_191217_345.JPG: Blaise Diagne
57. RETUR1_191217_366.JPG: The U.S. Enters the War
58. RETUR1_191217_369.JPG: Le General Pershing by Lucien Hector Jonas, Charcoal Drawing, 1917
59. RETUR1_191217_374.JPG: Map of Land Promised to Mexico by Germany in Zimmerman Telegram This graphic depicts an approximation in orange of land that would have been returned to Mexico as a result of the Zimmerman Telegram proposal. Area within red line is pre-1845 Mexico
60. RETUR1_191217_379.JPG: Germany Sinks the RMS Lusitania, May 7, 1915 Approximately 1,198 civilians, including 128 Americans, were killed abroad the Lusitania. This provocative event, coupled with the Zimmerman Telegraph and the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in early 1917, fueled America's entry into the war.
61. RETUR1_191217_388.JPG: Americans At War Over There and At Home
62. RETUR1_191217_391.JPG: On the Battlefield
63. RETUR1_191217_400.JPG: How Race Shaped the War
64. RETUR1_191217_407.JPG: Lt. Charles Hamilton Houston
65. RETUR1_191217_412.JPG: The Role and Treatment of Black Officers
66. RETUR1_191217_416.JPG: Camp Grant Officers, Separate, But Equal? This image of officers of the 183rd Infantry Brigade is strikingly segregated. All of the African American officers are in the far right of the panorama.
67. RETUR1_191217_420.JPG: Segregated Units
68. RETUR1_191217_426.JPG: Kathryn Johnson and Fellow Secretaries at Segregated YWCA Hut at Camp Lusitania, Saint-Naziare, France
69. RETUR1_191217_429.JPG: Addie Hunton, YMCA Staff, and Soldiers at Segregated YMCA Hut at Camp Pontanezen in France
70. RETUR1_191217_440.JPG: African American Women Overseas
71. RETUR1_191217_451.JPG: Music
72. RETUR1_191217_465.JPG: Religion, Faith, and War
73. RETUR1_191217_469.JPG: Coping on the War Front
74. RETUR1_191217_477.JPG: Kennebec Spruce Gum -- Wrigley Called Gum "The Soldier's Flavorful Sweetmeat" Although gum was not included in military rations until World War II, some soldiers carried gum during World War I. It reduced stress and increased alertness.
75. RETUR1_191217_480.JPG: Shelter Half
76. RETUR1_191217_483.JPG: Service (Labor) Battalions
77. RETUR1_191217_490.JPG: Pioneer Infantry Regiments
78. RETUR1_191217_493.JPG: American Expeditionary Forces Services of Supply Network
79. RETUR1_191217_496.JPG: Dock Workers
80. RETUR1_191217_500.JPG: Graves Registration
81. RETUR1_191217_507.JPG: Services of Supply Troops
82. RETUR1_191217_508.JPG: Women Shaping the World
83. RETUR1_191217_513.JPG: 18 Army Nurses
84. RETUR1_191217_517.JPG: Golden 14 -- Yeomen (F)
85. RETUR1_191217_524.JPG: YMCA, YWCA, and the Red Cross
86. RETUR1_191217_529.JPG: Women's Sacrifice
87. RETUR1_191217_535.JPG: Col. Charles Young
88. RETUR1_191217_540.JPG: Why Were the Regulars Left at Home?
89. RETUR1_191217_544.JPG: Injustice at Camp Logan
90. RETUR1_191217_548.JPG: Court Martial at Fort Sam Houston, November 1917
91. RETUR1_191217_550.JPG: The Expense of Separate But Equal
92. RETUR1_191217_554.JPG: Fort Des Moines Officers' Training Camp
93. RETUR1_191217_556.JPG: The Draft: "No Slacker"
94. RETUR1_191217_563.JPG: Paradox of Service
95. RETUR1_191217_569.JPG: The 369th Infantry Regiment
96. RETUR1_191217_571.JPG: Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts
97. RETUR1_191217_582.JPG: 369th General Experience
98. RETUR1_191217_597.JPG: Cpl. Lawrence Leslie McVey
99. RETUR1_191217_599.JPG: "My men never retire. They go forward or they die." -- Attributed to Hayward
100. RETUR1_191217_602.JPG: "If the regiment does not make a splendid record, it will be the fault of the officers."
101. RETUR1_191217_606.JPG: Tools of Warfare
102. RETUR1_191217_611.JPG: Effects of Tools of Warfare
103. RETUR1_191217_615.JPG: Horrors of War
104. RETUR1_191217_618.JPG: Medical Advancements
105. RETUR1_191217_624.JPG: Flight to the North
106. RETUR1_191217_627.JPG: Sharecropping and Mob Violence
107. RETUR1_191217_635.JPG: The Great Migration
108. RETUR1_191217_639.JPG: Pullman Porters and The Chicago Defender
109. RETUR1_191217_642.JPG: Ford Motor Company Assembly Line Ford was among the first industrial companies to hire African Americans during the war. In this 1923 image, several work on the Fordson tractor assembly line.
110. RETUR1_191217_645.JPG: Chicago's Slaughterhouses Offered Employment As the largest U.S. meatpacking center by World War I, Chicago was a popular destination for men seeking work. Many African Americans found employment in the slaughterhouses.
111. RETUR1_191217_648.JPG: 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions
112. RETUR1_191217_651.JPG: The 92nd
113. RETUR1_191217_660.JPG: The 93rd
114. RETUR1_191217_664.JPG: 371st Infantry Regiment Coin, Observe
115. RETUR1_191217_670.JPG: African American Services of Supply (SOS) Units
116. RETUR1_191217_671.JPG: 92nd Infantry Division 93rd Infantry Division (Provisional)
117. RETUR1_191217_673.JPG: Mary Church Terrell
118. RETUR1_191217_683.JPG: 1883 Swiss National Exhibition Commemorative Bell Award
119. RETUR1_191217_691.JPG: "The country owes me all the rights and protection as a citizen." -- Pvt. Benny Jenkins, 24th Infantry Regiment, 1920
120. RETUR1_191217_694.JPG: Valor (Decoration) and Service Medals
121. RETUR1_191217_696.JPG: Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) and Victory Medal, Both Instituted in 1919
122. RETUR1_191217_704.JPG: American Expeditionary Forces Lapel Pin
123. RETUR1_191217_706.JPG: Troops Return Home
124. RETUR1_191217_711.JPG: Crowds Gather to Watch the 369th Infantry Regiment March Up Fifth Avenue
125. RETUR1_191217_713.JPG: The 369th Infantry Regiment Marches Up Fifth Avenue
126. RETUR2_191217_001.JPG: After the War At Home and Abroad
127. RETUR2_191217_003.JPG: Government Response
128. RETUR2_191217_010.JPG: Scott's Official History of the American Negro in the World War by Emmett J. Scott As Special Assistant to Negro Affairs to the Secretary of War, Scott published this book in 1919 with the government's sanction. Very pro-black, the book served to contradict some of the negative accounts written about African American soldiers.
129. RETUR2_191217_012.JPG: "The black heroes who purchased anew our freedom with their life's blood cannot 'sleep in Flanders' fields' if the great government ... 'breaks faith' with them -- the hallowed dead." -- Cleveland Advocate, November 23, 1918
130. RETUR2_191217_016.JPG: Mobocracy vs. Democracy: A Pictorial Protest This staged image poetically speaks volumes. Note the commissioned officer captain's uniform and items, such as the pistol, but more importantly, the body language and expression of defiant disbelief.
131. RETUR2_191217_021.JPG: Red Summer -- We Return Fighting
132. RETUR2_191217_027.JPG: Rebirth of the Klan
133. RETUR2_191217_030.JPG: The Ku Klux Klan March in Binghamton, New York, 1920 Huge post-war KKK marches sought to negate the toehold African Americans were gaining through their service and support during World War I, when they helped make the world "safe for democracy."
134. RETUR2_191217_034.JPG: Press
135. RETUR2_191217_045.JPG: Robert Abbott
136. RETUR2_191217_051.JPG: Lynchings and Riots World War I Veterans Lynched
137. RETUR2_191217_053.JPG: Lynchings and Riots Race Riots
138. RETUR2_191217_054.JPG: Violence Against African Americans During the Red Summer April-November, 1919
139. RETUR2_191217_065.JPG: Riots
140. RETUR2_191217_068.JPG: First, the Crowd Gathers to Collect the Victim
141. RETUR2_191217_071.JPG: Finally, the Crowd Commits the Crime Upon the Victim A mob in Chicago stones an African American man during the July and August 1919 riots that ensued after a black swimmer, Eugene Williams, drifted into the "white" beach.
142. RETUR2_191217_075.JPG: Then, the Crowd Escorts the Victim An African American man is escorted in by white men in Elaine, Arkansas, following an October 1919 riot that started after sharecroppers sought fair wages. More than 25 African Americans, including 369th veteran Leroy Johnston, were killed.
143. RETUR2_191217_079.JPG: Messenger Magazine "Old Crowd Negro" Illustration From left to right, this image depicts caricatures of Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Robert Moton as leaders willing to bend to the white establishment.
144. RETUR2_191217_084.JPG: Old Crowd, New Crowd
145. RETUR2_191217_086.JPG: Messenger Magazine "New Crowd Negro" illustration This illustration depicts a young "New Negro" avenging locations of the Red Summer riots -- Longview, Texas; Washington, D.C.; and Chicago, Illinois -- "since the government won't stop mob violence."
146. RETUR2_191217_090.JPG: 1918 Stereograph of Chicago's Old 8th Illinois, Which Became the 370th Infantry Regiment During World War I Originating ca. 1870, the 8th Illinois deployed to Cuba during the 1898 Spanish-American War and to Texas during the 1916-1917 Mexican Punitive Expedition. They were seasoned soldiers when World War I started.
147. RETUR2_191217_092.JPG: Marcus Garvey, Founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
148. RETUR2_191217_094.JPG: Black Star Line Stock Certificate Garvey's UNIA sold these stock certificates to fund a shipping line company. It only lasted for three years but was a testament to what black people could achieve.
149. RETUR2_191217_101.JPG: NAACP
150. RETUR2_191217_104.JPG: W.E.B. Du Bois Dons a French Adrian Helmet During His Post-War Investigative our of France Tenth Anniversary Conference of the NAACP, Depicting Its Post-War Expansion Into the South
151. RETUR2_191217_105.JPG: The New Negro
152. RETUR2_191217_110.JPG: Pan-Africanism and Global Racism
153. RETUR2_191217_113.JPG: Graphic "Black Shame" Medals German nationalists decried the use of African occupational soldiers in the Rhine River. They developed "Black Shame" medals expressing racist sentiments. One medal depicts an unflattering profile of an African soldier on one side and a German woman bound to a phallus on the back. The other medal depicts a broken German sword.
154. RETUR2_191217_122.JPG: German Nationalist Propaganda German nationalists held African occupational soldiers responsible for all sorts of crimes, especially offenses against women. As this lurid image shows, African occupation soldiers were characterized as sexual predators, reminiscent of the American film The Birth of a Nation.
155. RETUR2_191217_128.JPG: Negro Renaissance
156. RETUR2_191217_129.JPG: Boys Play Baseball in an Alley Near the Capitol Building, Washington, D.C.
157. RETUR2_191217_132.JPG: Bessie Coleman: Denied But Still Flies
158. RETUR2_191217_137.JPG: Eugene Bullard: A Man for All Seasons
159. RETUR2_191217_150.JPG: Music and Entertainment
160. RETUR2_191217_153.JPG: Literature
161. RETUR2_191217_161.JPG: Dogfight Over the Trenches by Horace Pippin, Oil on Canvas, 1935
162. RETUR2_191217_165.JPG: Horace Pippin's Handwritten Notebook, ca 1920
163. RETUR2_191217_168.JPG: Visual Art
164. RETUR2_191217_170.JPG: Peace Halting the Ruthlessness of War by Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, Bronze, 1917
165. RETUR2_191217_174.JPG: Josephine Baker
166. RETUR2_191217_183.JPG: Paris Noir
167. RETUR2_191217_186.JPG: Oscar De Priest
168. RETUR2_191217_190.JPG: Political Progress in Post-Reconstruction America
169. RETUR2_191217_192.JPG: Tulsa's Black Wall Street Burned from the Top "I could see planes circling in mid-air... I saw the old Mid-Way hotel on fire, burning from the top.... What, an attack from the air too?" -- Buck Colbert Franklin
170. RETUR2_191217_194.JPG: The Tulsa Race Riot and Three of Its Victims In 1931 Buck Colbert Franklin, father of noted historian John Hope Franklin, wrote this personal account of his experience during the 1921 riots on Black Wall Street in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
171. RETUR2_191217_196.JPG: "The chief cause was economics. The Negroes were wealthy and there were too many poor whites who envied them." -- Buck Colbert Franklin, 1931
172. RETUR2_191217_199.JPG: Fighting to be Remembered
173. RETUR2_191217_200.JPG: Gold Star Mothers
174. RETUR2_191217_201.JPG: African American Gold Star Pilgrims with Escort Col. Benjamin O. Davis Sr., the Highest Ranking Black Officer in the Military
175. RETUR2_191217_203.JPG: American Legion
176. RETUR2_191217_212.JPG: Employment of Negro Troops
177. RETUR2_191217_214.JPG: Camp Logan Gravestones
178. RETUR2_191217_224.JPG: Medal of Honor Awarded
179. RETUR2_191217_236.JPG: Planting the Seeds of Progress
180. RETUR2_191217_237.JPG: Leaders of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Washington, DC, August 1963
181. RETUR2_191217_240.JPG: "To wage a holy war against discrimination and segregation and all the other manifold evils and ills which race prejudice forces us to endure." -- Mary Church Terrell, 1951
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2019 photos: Equipment this year: I continued to use my Fuji XS-1 cameras but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000. Trips this year: a four-day jaunt to Massachusetts (Boston, Stockbridge, and Springfield) to experience rain in another state, Asheville, NC to visit Dad and his wife Dixie, four trips to New York City (including the United Nations, Flushing, and the New York Comic-Con), and my 14th consecutive San Diego Comic-Con (including sites in Utah). Number of photos taken this year: about 582,000.
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