DC -- Natl Museum of the American Indian -- Exhibit: Americans -- The Removal Act:
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Description of Pictures: Americans -- Room: The Removal Act: Trail of Tears: Not what you think. Not even close.
January 18, 2018 – 2022
American Indians represent less than 1 percent of the U.S. population, yet names and images of Indians are everywhere: military weapons, town names, advertising, and that holiday in November. Americans invites visitors to take a closer look, and to ask why. Featuring nearly 350 objects and images, from a Tomahawk missile to baking powder cans, Americans examines the staying power of four stories—Thanksgiving, Pocahontas, the Trail of Tears, and the Battle of Little Bighorn—that are woven into the fabric of both American history and contemporary life. By highlighting what has been remembered, contested, cherished, and denied about these stories, and why they continue to resonate, this exhibition shows that Americans have always been fascinated, conflicted, and profoundly shaped by their relationship to American Indians.
Online exhibit: https://nmai.si.edu/americans/
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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.
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AMAMRE_180120_169.JPG: costs soar to $100,000,000
New era of bureaucracy
AMAMRE_180120_174.JPG: First fiscal stimulus
AMAMRE_180120_176.JPG: Solving the Indian problem
AMAMRE_180120_182.JPG: New era of bureaucracy
Not civilized enough
AMAMRE_180120_185.JPG: Not civilized enough
AMAMRE_180120_188.JPG: 9 Presidents
AMAMRE_180120_196.JPG: Brutal. Visionary. Delusional.
Catastrophe.
Disaster as the world watches.
AMAMRE_180120_200.JPG: Disaster as the world watches
AMAMRE_180120_203.JPG: Wildly successful
Cotton bloom
A global superpower
AMAMRE_180120_208.JPG: A global superpower
AMAMRE_180120_211.JPG: Cutting edge
AMAMRE_180120_212.JPG: Cotton kings
AMAMRE_180120_215.JPG: 67,600 Indians removed
At what cost?
Epic failure
AMAMRE_180120_219.JPG: At what cost?
AMAMRE_180120_221.JPG: This table provides estimates of the population of each Native nation that was removed, and of the number of people who died along the way. Deaths were caused by disease, exposure, exhaustion, avoidable accidents, and warfare.
No single set of exact figures exists for the number of American Indians removed. These estimates have been compiled from multiple sources.
Seminole (Second Seminole War)
700 deaths -- 3,000 removed
Muscogee (Creek) (including enslaved laborers)
3,500 deaths -- 23,000 removed
Choctaw
4,000 deaths -- 20,000 removed
Chicksaw (including enslaved laborers)
800 deaths -- 5,600 removed
Cherokee
2,000-4,000 deaths -- 16,000 removed
AMAMRE_180120_225.JPG: A new country
AMAMRE_180120_241.JPG: The nation faces a dark chapter
AMAMRE_180120_246.JPG: For generations hardly anyone talks about Indian removal. These women changed that.
AMAMRE_180120_249.JPG: 1914 Native Women Speak Out.
A new generation of Native activists emerges, including a handful of young Cherokee college students. Rachel Caroline Eaton uses "Trail of Tears" as the title for her 1914 University of Chicago dissertation. Ann Ross tours the country speaking about the "Trail of Tears" dressed as a Plains Indian "princess." Ruth Muskrat Bronson writes a poem called "Trail of Tears." Together, their efforts begin to popularize Removal.
AMAMRE_180120_251.JPG: 1916 Georgia Names Cherokee Rose Their State Flower.
Eighty years after Georgia forcibly removed Cherokees from "within its boundaries," the state selects Rosa laevigata, a climbing shrub native to China, as its state flower.
AMAMRE_180120_253.JPG: 1930s Regional Pageants Enthrall Road Trippers.
Several dramatic plays emerge along the highways leading to the Great Smoky Mountains. These productions reenact the "Great Removal" and bring the story to countless American vacationers.
AMAMRE_180120_261.JPG: 1951 Trail of Tears, Now Part of America's Vocabulary. The Southeast Missourian writes about tribal leaders traversing a Removal route to commemorate the 113th anniversary. The article is titled "Along the Trail of Tears."
AMAMRE_180120_263.JPG: 1934 The W.E.B. DuBois journal The Crisis References Trail of Tears in an article describing the characteristics of Oklahoma as the site for the upcoming National Association for the Advancement of Colored People convention.
AMAMRE_180120_272.JPG: 1960s-70s Counter Culture Voices
Dismay over Trail of Tears. Musicians reference the Trail of Tears in their music. Two of the best known works are: Johnny Cash's Bitter Tears (1964); and Paul Revere & The Raiders, Indian Reservation: The Lament of the Cherokee Reservation Indian (1971).
AMAMRE_180120_286.JPG: 1974 Production of Cherokee Chief Launched, a Seventies Classic. The American Motor Company introduces the Cherokee Chief Jeep. Modeled after jeeps used by the U.S. military, its name suggests a vehicle that would be unstoppable in any terrain and any weather, and one that would never be lost in the wilderness.
AMAMRE_180120_294.JPG: The United States officially recognizes the Trail of Tears
1987 U.S. Congress Tries to Right a Wrong. The U.S. Congress, the same legislative body that approved the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830, votes to create the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail.
AMAMRE_180120_297.JPG: "We're not doing it to feel sorry for ourselves, but it truly is a day of celebration. On this day 175 years ago, the last detachment showed up and their spirit was not broken and they were ready to rebuild the Cherokee Nation."
-- Principal Chief Bill John Baker
AMAMRE_180120_316.JPG: 2016 Media pundits, politicians, and ordinary citizens clamor to remove Andrew Jackson from the $20 bill. The reason? The 1830 Indian Removal Act.
More than a million Americans weigh in through town halls, emails, letters, and social media. Jackson is the only central figure to be moved to the back of a bill. The abolitionist Harriet Tubman replaces him.
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2018 photos: Equipment this year: I continued to use my Fuji XS-1 cameras but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000.
Trips this year:
Civil War Trust conferences in Greenville, NC, Newport News, VA, and my farewell event with them in Chicago, IL (via sites in Louisville, KY, St. Louis, MO, and Toledo, OH),
three trips to New York City (including New York Comic-Con), and
my 13th consecutive trip to San Diego Comic-Con (including sites in Reno, Sacramento, San Francisco, and Los Angeles).
Number of photos taken this year: about 535,000.
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