BGuthrie Photos: WV -- Harpers Ferry NHP -- Exhibit: John Brown Museum

WV -- Harpers Ferry NHP -- Exhibit: John Brown Museum:

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. HARPJB_171226_001.JPG: Images of John Brown
2. HARPJB_171226_005.JPG: John Brown's Raid Illustrated: Before, During and After
3. HARPJB_171226_010.JPG: 1. John Brown's concern for four million enslaved African Americans prompted him to take action.
4. HARPJB_171226_012.JPG: 2. Local militia engaged John Brown and his raiders on the grounds of the U.S. Armory.
5. HARPJB_171226_015.JPG: 3. U.S. Marines stormed the fire engine house of the U.S. Armory, where Brown and his men were holding out.
6. HARPJB_171226_017.JPG: 4. The storming party of Marines wounded and seized Brown. Ten of Brown's men died during the raid.
7. HARPJB_171226_020.JPG: 5. Within two weeks of the raid, a Virginia court convicted Brown of murder, treason and inciting slave rebellion.
8. HARPJB_171226_023.JPG: 6. John Brown sat on his own coffin en route to the gallows on December 2, 1859.
9. HARPJB_171226_026.JPG: 7. Fifteen hundred soldiers surrounded the site of Brown's execution in Charles Town.
10. HARPJB_171226_028.JPG: 8. The Civil War began 18 months after John Brown seized the federal armory in Harpers Ferry.
11. HARPJB_171226_031.JPG: "You can weigh John Brown's body well enough, But how and in what balance weigh John Brown?" -- "John Brown's Body" -- Stephen Vincent Benet John Brown, a Bible in one hand and a rifle in the other, helped precipitate the American Civil War with organized acts of violence against slavery in Kansas, Missouri, and Virginia. "The Tragic Prelude", John Steuart Curry, Kansas Statehouse
12. HARPJB_171226_036.JPG: John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry On the night of October 16, 1859, John Brown and an armed band of 21 men set out for Harpers Ferry from the Kennedy farmhouse in nearby Maryland. Their goal was to seize the United States government Armory and Arsenal and begin freeing slaves. Thirty-six hours after the attack began, Brown and four of his associates were captured. Ten insurgents lay dead, and seven had escaped, although two of them were arrested later. Brown and his men were tried for murder, treason and inciting slave rebellion by a Virginia court within weeks of the raid. On December 2, 1859, Brown was executed in Charles Town, Virginia. His six compatriots were hanged over the next four months. Although Brown's plan to free the slaves had been foiled, his attacks on a federal installation dramatically increased tensions between North and South. Evidence that Brown had financial backing from prestigious Northerners further jeopardized sectional relations. Brown's raid, his execution, and the controversy surrounding these events significantly contributed to the disintegration of the Union and the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. Even today, over a century after his death, John Brown remains a controversial figure.
13. HARPJB_171226_039.JPG: Perspectives "I go joyfully on behalf of millions that 'have no rights' that this great and glorious, this Christian Republic 'is bound to respect.' " -- John Brown, November 1859 All Virginia ... should stand forth as one man and say to fanaticism ... whenever you advance a hostile foot upon our soil, we will welcome you with bloody hands and hospitable graves. -- James I. Kemper, Delegate to the Virginia General Assembly, 1859 It was [John Brown's] peculiar doctrine that a man has a perfect right to interfere by force with the slaveholder, in order to rescue the slave. I agree with him... -- Henry David Thoreau, October 30, 1859 If John Brown did not end the war that ended slavery, he did at least begin the war that ended slavery. -- Frederick Douglass, May 30, 1881
14. HARPJB_171226_042.JPG: The United States Armory at Harpers Ferry in 1859. The building on the left, with the wagon in front of it, is the fire engine house where John Brown, his men, and several hostages holes up during the raid. The buildings on the right are part of the small-arms factory. This is a segment of the entrance gate to the United States Armory at Harpers Ferry. When John Brown and his men entered the grounds of the armory, they began an armed insurrection against the government of the United States. This gate was preserved by the Alexander Murphy family for over a century. In the late 1880s, Alexander Murphy purchased the gates and wrought-iron fence surrounding the armory. The Murphy heirs held and preserved the gates over the next century. In 1991, the family presented this original main gate of the United States Armory to the American people for the educational enrichment of this and future generations.
15. HARPJB_171226_056.JPG: The Crisis: Slavery, Violence, The Law Moral Choices, Political Dilemmas: John Brown's actions in Kansas and Harpers Ferry raise serious and uncomfortable questions about slavery, violence, and the law. In 1859, nearly 4 million African-Americans legally were enslaved in the United States. While many believed slavery was morally wrong, law and social practices protected the South's "peculiar institution." During the pre-Civil War years, people opposed to slavery weighed the practicality and morality of violence to overthrow the slave system. Even today, clear and final answers to the issues raised by John Brown's raid are difficult to find, but Harpers Ferry is the appropriate place to ask these troubling questions.
16. HARPJB_171226_060.JPG: Moral Choices, Political Dilemmas: John Brown's actions in Kansas and Harpers Ferry raise serious and uncomfortable questions about slavery, violence, and the law. In 1859, nearly 4 million African-Americans legally were enslaved in the United States. While many believed slavery was morally wrong, law and social practices protected the South's "peculiar institution." During the pre-Civil War years, people opposed to slavery weighed the practicality and morality of violence to overthrow the slave system. Even today, clear and final answers to the issues raised by John Brown's raid are difficult to find, but Harpers Ferry is the appropriate place to ask these troubling questions.
17. HARPJB_171226_062.JPG: "I hold God in infinitely greater reverence than Congress..." -- John Brown
18. HARPJB_171226_064.JPG: John Brown's Fort In 1891, investors dismantled the John Brown Fort and moved it to Chicago for the 1893 Columbian Exposition. The Fort languished in Chicago until 1895, when it was returned to Harpers Ferry and rebuilt on the Alexander Murphy farm, two miles from its original location. Murphy had offered five acres for the fort on his land because the railroad had covered the original site with a 14-foot embankment. Recognizing the historical value of the John Brown Fort, Alexander Murphy protected and maintained the building for fifteen years. He allowed the public to visit the Fort at no charge. In 1896, the Colored Womens League gathered at the Fort as a symbolic gesture of the struggle for equal rights. Some of Murphy's most well-known guests were WEB Du Bois and Lewis Douglass, son of John Brown's friend Frederick Douglass. On August 17, 1906, Du Bois, Douglass and 100 other members of the Niagara Movement made a ceremonial pilgrimage to the Fort. Because of its symbolic value to African Americans, Storer College purchased the Fort for $900 -- the same amount that Murphy paid in 1901. Storer rebuilt the Fort at the college campus on Camp Hill in 1910. The Fort was moved for a fourth time in 1968, when it was transported intact to Lower Town Harpers Ferry, within 100 feet of its original location.
19. HARPJB_171226_073.JPG: Interpreting God's Word: John Brown's Family Bible The Bible directed John Brown's adult life. A stern Calvinist by temperament and outlook, he was not a formal member of any organized church. Still, Brown read the Bible daily, receiving inspiration from both the Old and New Testaments. Brown marked passages which spoke to him in this family Bible. Although slavery often is condoned in the Bible, Brown believed that the Golden Rule -- Do unto others as you would have them do unto you -- implicitly condemned slavery. In Brown's eyes, God supported violence in the service of a just cause.
20. HARPJB_171226_084.JPG: Gordon S. Kray Sculp 1989
21. HARPJB_171226_092.JPG: Allies for Freedom: The Prelude Allies for Freedom: The Raid The 21 men we know today as John Brown's raiders all shared a hatred of slavery and a conviction to act. Five of these men were black. Three were born free at a time when one drop of African blood separated them from citizenship. Their freedom was incomplete. Two were born as slaves at a time when four million were held in bondage. They returned to face the institution they had left behind. Having known some measure of freedom, did these five men have nothing to gain, and everything to lose? What compelled them to risk their lives against tremendous odds? Discover the contributions of these five allies to the struggle for freedom.
22. HARPJB_171226_096.JPG: Lewis Sheridan Leary 1835-1859 "brave to desperation" Descended from a Revolutionary War soldier, Lewis Sheridan Leary was born a free man in Fayetteville, North Carolina, in 1835. At the age of 22, he moved to Oberlin, Ohio, where he worked as a harness maker and saddler. In the strong abolitionist community of Oberlin, Leary joined a debating society and confirmed his belief that "Men must suffer to a good cause." At a sparsely attended public lecture in Cleveland, Ohio, the young man heard John Brown advocate a similar position. Inspired by the old abolitionist's words and committed to the antislavery cause, Leary joined Brown's "Provisional Army of the United States." In the fall of 1859 he left his wife and six-month old daughter in Ohio under the pretense that he had to travel to find work. Leary met John Brown again on October 12, 1859. [Note that the picture caption doesn't match his actual middle name.]
23. HARPJB_171226_098.JPG: John Anthony Copeland, Jr. 1834-1859 "there was a dignity about him" John Copeland's family moved to Oberlin, Ohio, from North Carolina when he was eight years old. As a child he worked in his father's carpentry business, but he received enough schooling to attend Oberlin College in 1854 at the age of 20. He joined the town's anti-slavery society, listening with emotional intensity each time a fugitive slave addressed the group. Copeland participated in the controversial "Oberlin Rescue" of a runaway slaw and served time in prison for his part. Copeland's uncle, Lewis Leary, recruited him to join John Brown in Virginia. "I have a hardy man, who is willing and in every way competent," wrote Leary of his nephew to Brown. "His address is John Copeland, Jr., Oberlin, Ohio." Copeland traveled quietly from Ohio to Virginia with money donated by friends in Oberlin. He arrived at John Brown's rented farmhouse on October 12, 1859.
24. HARPJB_171226_100.JPG: Osborne Perry Anderson 1830-1872 "willing to give my life to the cause" Osborne Perry Anderson was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania on July 28, 1830. Educated in the public schools, he sometimes went hungry in order to purchase his books. At the age of 20, Anderson moved to Chatham, Ontario, and worked as a printer for the Provincia Freeman. Eight years later he met John Brown at a secret meeting called the Chatham Convention. Anderson voted with all of the convention delegates to approve Brown's revolutionary new government for a free black state in the southern Appalachian Mountains. A year later Anderson was the only Chatham Community member to join Brown's army. He declined Brown's offer of a captain's commission, declaring the rank "better suited to those more experienced." Osborne Anderson left Canada on September 15, 1859, and joined John Brown's forces twelve years later, "ready for war." [I was curious that he survived the raid so I checked Wikipedia which disagreed about the date he died.] Osborne Perry Anderson From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Osborne Perry Anderson (1830–1871) was an African-American abolitionist and the only surviving African-American member of John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry, and later a soldier in the Union army of the American Civil War. Early life In 1830 Anderson was born a free African-American in Chester County, Pennsylvania. He completed basic schooling and later attended Oberlin College in Ohio, after which he moved to Chatham, Ontario, CANADA in 1850 and opened shop as a printer. This skill served him later as an abolitionist. John Brown and the raid on Harper's Ferry In the spring of 1858 Anderson met John Brown and learned of the ill-fated revolution that he was planning. Because of his writing skills Anderson was appointed as the recording secretary at several of the meetings and was eventually promoted to a member of Brown's provisional congress. During the raid, Col. Lewis Washington, great grand-nephew of George Washington, who had been taken hostage by the raiders, surrendered Frederick the Great's sword and pistols presented by General Lafayette, to Anderson. John Brown later used these to command his men at Harpers Ferry. During the infamous raid on Harper's Ferry Anderson was stationed with Albert Hazlett, and once it became apparent to them that the raid was a failure they both retreated to Pennsylvania. Hazlett was later captured and put to death.
25. HARPJB_171226_105.JPG: Lewis Leary, John Copeland and Dangerfield Newby all lived for some time in the abolitionist community of Oberlin, Ohio. Copeland attended Oberlin College and, with Leary, participated in the local anti-slavery society.
26. HARPJB_171226_107.JPG: Osborne Anderson attended a secret meeting with John Brown and 44 others at Chatham, Ontario, in 1858. Known as the Chatham Convention, the group met in this small schoolhouse to ratify a "Provisional Constitution" for a United States free of slavery. Anderson became a member of the new revolutionary government's congress.
27. HARPJB_171226_110.JPG: Shields Green and Frederick Douglass met John Brown at an isolated quarry in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, in August 1859. At this secret meeting, Brown revealed his plan to capture the federal armory and arsenal at Harpers Ferry. Douglass classed it "a perfect steel trap." Green simply said, "I b'lieve I'll go wid de ole man."
28. HARPJB_171226_113.JPG: Throughout the summer and fall of 1859, John Brown's followed traveled quietly to the rented Kennedy farm in Maryland, five miles from Harpers Ferry. To avoid discovery, the men hid in the attic each day studying military tactics and writing letters home. "The colored men were never allowed to be see by daylight outside of the dining room," wrote Brown's daughter Annie.
29. HARPJB_171226_117.JPG: The 21 men we know today as John Brown's raiders all shared a hatred of slavery and a conviction to act. Five of these men were black. Three were born free at a time when one drop of African blood separated them from citizenship. Their freedom was incomplete. Two were born as slaves at a time when four million were held in bondage. They returned to face the institution they had left behind. Having known some measure of freedom, did these five men have nothing to gain, and everything to lose? What compelled them to risk their lives against tremendous odds? Discover the contributions of these five allies to the struggle for freedom.
30. HARPJB_171226_120.JPG: Dangerfield Newby abandoned his position on the Maryland side of the Potomac River bridge when local militia attacked. The first of Brown's men to die, he was shot and killed before he could reach his comrades in the armory. Someone took Harriet Newby's letters from her husband's pocket before enraged townspeople mutilated his body and dumped the corpse in nearby Hog Alley.
31. HARPJB_171226_123.JPG: A group of raiders including Shields Green, Lewis Leary and Osborne Anderson took slave owners hostage. They captured Colonel Lewis Washington and forced him to surrender the sword of his great grand uncle, George. Slaveholder John Allstadt and son were also taken from their home.
32. HARPJB_171226_136.JPG: John Copeland and Lewis Leary held the US Rifle Works on Halls Island for 16 hours before attempting escape. "The whole fire of at least fifty men was then turned upon poor Leary and myself," John Copeland later wrote. "(Leary) was shot through the body but did not die until ten hours afterwards." Copeland was captured and barely escaped lynching by an angry mob.
33. HARPJB_171226_139.JPG: While guarding the arsenal buildings, Osborne Anderson saw the trap closing on John Brown at the armory fire engine house. "With feelings of intense sadness, that we could be of no further avail to our commander," Anderson took advantage of the mayhem and confusion to escape across the river and flee north.
34. HARPJB_171226_142.JPG: Shields Green, along with John Brown and five other raiders, were barricaded in the armory fire engine house when United States Marines stormed the building. "The old hero and his men were hacked and wounded with indecent rage," wrote Osborne Anderson. "Of the four prisoners taken at the engine house, (there was) Shields Green, the most (relentless) of all our party in his hatred against the stealers of men."
35. HARPJB_171226_145.JPG: Allies for Freedom: The Aftermath "I am dying for freedom. I could not fie for a better cause. I had rather die than be a slave." -- John Anthony Copeland, Jr., December 16, 1859, the day of his execution
36. HARPJB_171226_148.JPG: Immediately after the raid, Dangerfield Newby, Lewis Leary, and five other raiders were buried in an unmarked grave along the Shenandoah River. Forty years later, under cover of darkness, a small group of sympathizers exhumed the bodies for reburial beside John Brown in North Elba, New York.
37. HARPJB_171226_153.JPG: Shields Green and John Copeland faced trial at the Charles Town courthouse in November 1859. Both were found guilty of murder and inciting slaves to rebel. The court dismissed the charge of treason on the grounds that black men, denied citizenship by the Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision, were incapable of treason.
38. HARPJB_171226_155.JPG: Unlike John Brown, Shields Green and John Copeland had little to say publicly while imprisoned in Charles Town, Virginia. However, Copeland wrote eloquent letters to his family and friends concerning the raid and his fate.
39. HARPJB_171226_160.JPG: "I am dying for freedom. I could not fie for a better cause. I had rather die than be a slave." -- John Anthony Copeland, Jr., December 16, 1859, the day of his execution
40. HARPJB_171226_163.JPG: Shields Green 1836-1859 "a braver man never lived" Shields Green escaped slavery in South Carolina in 1856. He left behind a young son as he fled north to find freedom. Moving back and forth between Rochester, New York, and Canada, Green worked as a waiter and a servant. While in Rochester he met Frederick Douglass, a former slave and leading black abolitionist. At Douglass' home in January 1858, Green met John Brown. At Brown's request the trio gathered again the following year in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, where the old man revealed his intention to seize the federal armory and arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Douglass counseled against the attack on federal property and refused to join. Twenty-three year old Shields Green, rumored to be the son of an African prince sold into slavery, parted with Douglass and followed John Brown.
41. HARPJB_171226_166.JPG: Dangerfield Newby 1815-1859 "devoted to family" Dangerfield Newby's owner-father freed his son after moving from Fauquier County, Virginia to Ohio. Years later, working as a blacksmith, Newby saved $1,000 to purchase his wife and the youngest of his six children from a Virginia slaveholder. In a series of letters to her husband in 1859, Harriet Newby had written about the children and of her "one bright hope... to be with you." She had pleaded with him to buy her as soon as possible, "for if you do not get me somebody else will." Dangerfield Newby's efforts to free his loved ones failed when the owner of his family increased the price. Newby soon joined the abolitionist John Brown. The oldest of Brown's met at the age of 44, friends described Newby as a "quiet man, quick tempered and devoted to family." Dangerfield Newby arrived at Brown's Maryland hideout in late August 1859, his wife's letters in hand.
42. HARPJB_171226_168.JPG: On December 12, 1859, Shields Green and John Copeland sat on their own coffins as they rode to the gallows. Just before Green was readied for execution and his arms were tied, he extended a hand toward his comrade as in a final goodbye. The trap door opened and the former slave died five minutes later. Copeland, however, struggled for twelve minutes as his body writhed in violent contortions.
43. HARPJB_171226_174.JPG: Less than an hour after Shields Green and John Copeland were buried, Winchester Medical College students dug up the two corpses for dissection and study. Copeland's family enlisted a member of the Ohio Senate to bargain for the release of their son's body, but failed. Union troops burned the Winchester Medical College to the ground three years later.
44. HARPJB_171226_177.JPG: The inscription reads in part, "These colored citizens of Oberlin... gave their lives for the slave." As a tribute to their former neighbors, the people of Oberlin, Ohio, erected a monument to Lewis Leary, John Copeland and Shields Green.
45. HARPJB_171226_180.JPG: Osborne Anderson, the only black raider to survive, returned to Canada and penned "A Voice From Harpers Ferry" in 1860. "John Brown.. dug the mine and laid the train which will eventually dissolve the union between Freedom and Slavery," he wrote. Anderson survived a stint in the Union Army in 1864, but died of consumption in Washington, DC eight years later. Any hope of finding his unmarked grave ended when the Harmony Cemetery was moved. [Harmony Cemetery is the mostly black cemetery that was originally located near what is now the New York Avenue Metro station. When that area was redeveloped in the 1950s, the cemetery was moved to Largo Maryland. 37,000 remains were disinterred and moved but many records had been lost.]
46. HARPJB_171226_188.JPG: On August 30, 1899, a special ceremony honored the reburial of Dangerfield Newby, Lewis Leary and eight other raiders at John Brown's home in North Elba, New York. Lewis Leary's widow sent the following message, "I rejoice that (they) are not forgotten. I remember them with pride and their brave struggle for the liberty of an oppressed race."
47. HARPJB_171226_191.JPG: Original stockade frame and entrance doors to the Charles Town jail, where Brown was held in custody by Virginia authorities.
48. HARPJB_171226_196.JPG: Expressions of a Condemned Man Convicted raider Aaron Dwight Stevens liked to fight. He fought in the Mexican War and served in the US Army until his court-martial for brawling. Stevens escaped from jail and soon joined the fight to make Kansas a free state. He then followed John Brown to Harpers Ferry only to be wounded and captured there. Stevens sketched this charcoal drawing as he awaited executed in the Charles Town jail. Stevens also wrote many letters from his cell. He maintained a steady correspondence with Mrs. Rebecca B. Spring of New Jersey, who had visited him and the other convicted raiders in jail. "The bouquet you sent me is very beautiful. I have hung it up south of the window, over the little table I have to write upon. It always has a smile of love and kindness... I have many letters to write to many dear friends which employ a good part of my time, and the rest is taken up in sleeping, exercise and reading. The chain only gives me room to take a half step, so you will see I cannot walk very fast, but I get some exercise that way; which gives me rest from sitting or lying... I am glad that I did not die of my wounds; for I believe that my execution upon the gallows will be a better testimony for truth and liberty. -- ADS"
49. HARPJB_171226_198.JPG: These pieces of scaffold are believed to be remnants from the gallows on which John Brown was hanged.
50. HARPJB_171226_202.JPG: And the War Came: "I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land; will never be purged away; but with Blood." -- John Brown, December 2, 1859 "You can weigh John Brown's body well enough, But how and in what balance weigh John Brown?" -- "John Brown's Body," Stephen Vincent Benet
51. HARPJB_171226_205.JPG: War and Freedom One year after Brown's unsuccessful raid, Abraham Lincoln, candidate of the recently formed Republican Party, was elected President of the United States. Lincoln, who considered slavery an "injustice" and an evil, carried all the free states, with the exception of New Jersey. He failed to win a single border or southern state. White southerners viewed Lincoln's election as a threat to their political and social system. On April 12, 1861, Confederate batteries in South Carolina opened fire on Fort Sumter, a federal installation. The Civil War had begun. During the next four years, 359,528 Union troops died, and 258,000 Confederate soldiers lost their lives. In 1863, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. Two years later, the Thirteenth Amendment, prohibiting slavery in the United States, was ratified. Approximately 4 million African-Americans gained their freedom as a result of the Civil War. Although the struggle for racial equality was still in an early stage, slavery was no longer legal in American society.
52. HARPJB_171226_209.JPG: Harpers Ferry changed hands eight times during the Civil War. On April 18, 1861, one day after Virginia seceded from the Union, US troops burned the arsenal at Harpers Ferry before abandoning the town to rebel Virginia units. In turn, Confederate forces torched the Harpers Ferry armory and the nearby railroad bridge before they evacuated the town no June 15, 1861. Upon secession, Virginians who had been loyal Americans in 1859 when they seized and executed John Brown for treason were now considered traitors to the Union.
53. HARPJB_171226_214.JPG: In June 1862, Congress gave President Lincoln authority to recruit African-Americans into the Union forces. Approximately 180,000 blacks enlisted and served in the United States Army and Navy during the Civil War. In March 1864, approximately four and a half years after John Brown's raid on the armory, the 19th United States Colored Troops marched through Harpers Ferry. Black Americans who had been slaves when Brown attacked the federal installation were now fighting on behalf of the United States government.
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AAA "Gem": AAA considers this location to be a "must see" point of interest. To see pictures of other areas that AAA considers to be Gems, click here.
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Directly Related Pages: Other pages with content (WV -- Harpers Ferry NHP -- Exhibit: John Brown Museum) directly related to this one: [Display ALL photos on one page]:
- 2020_WV_Harpers_JBrown_Inv: WV -- Harpers Ferry NHP -- Exhibit: John Brown Museum -- Gallery: Invisibles by Peter Cizmadia (32 photos from 2020)
- 2017_WV_Harpers_JBrown_Jex: WV -- Harpers Ferry NHP -- Exhibit: John Brown Museum -- Gallery: Landscape Paintings by Garnet Jex (24 photos from 2017)
- 2012_WV_Harpers_JBrown: WV -- Harpers Ferry NHP -- Exhibit: John Brown Museum (145 photos from 2012)
- 2006_WV_Harpers_JBrown: WV -- Harpers Ferry NHP -- Exhibit: John Brown Museum (3 photos from 2006)
Same Subject: Click on this link to see coverage of items having the same subject: [(NPS) Harpers Ferry Natl Historic Park] [Display ALL (NPS) Harpers Ferry Natl Historic Park photos] [Civil War] [Park (National Park Service)]
2017 photos: Equipment this year: I continued to use my Fuji XS-1 cameras but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000. Trips this year: Civil War Trust conferences in Pensacola, FL, Chattanooga, TN (via sites in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee) and Fredericksburg, VA, a family reunion in The Dells, Wisconsin (via sites in Ohio, Indiana, and Wisconsin), New York City, and my 12th consecutive San Diego Comic Con trip (including sites in Arizona). For some reason, several of my photos have been published in physical books this year which is pretty cool. Ones that I know about: "Tarzan, Jungle King of Popular Culture" (David Lemmo), "The Great Crusade: A Guide to World War I American Expeditionary Forces Battlefields and Sites" (Stephen T. Powers and Kevin Dennehy), "The American Spirit" (David McCullough), "Civil War Battlefields: Walking the Trails of History" (David T. Gilbert), "The Year I Was Peter the Great: 1956 — Khrushchev, Stalin's Ghost, and a Young American in Russia" (Marvin Kalb), and "The Judge: 26 Machiavellian Lessons" (Ron Collins and David Skover). Number of photos taken this year: just below 560,000.
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