BGuthrie Photos: PA -- West Chester -- Brandywine Battlefield -- Visitor Center

PA -- West Chester -- Brandywine Battlefield -- Visitor Center:

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[1] BRAVC_170915_001.JPG	[2] BRAVC_170915_006.JPG	[3] BRAVC_170915_009.JPG
[4] BRAVC_170915_012.JPG	[5] BRAVC_170915_019.JPG	[6] BRAVC_170915_023.JPG
[7] BRAVC_170915_026.JPG	[8] BRAVC_170915_028.JPG	[9] BRAVC_170915_032.JPG
[10] BRAVC_170915_035.JPG	[11] BRAVC_170915_038.JPG	[12] BRAVC_170915_041.JPG
[13] BRAVC_170915_043.JPG	[14] BRAVC_170915_046.JPG	[15] BRAVC_170915_048.JPG
[16] BRAVC_170915_051.JPG	[17] BRAVC_170915_057.JPG	[18] BRAVC_170915_061.JPG
[19] BRAVC_170915_065.JPG	[20] BRAVC_170915_066.JPG	[21] BRAVC_170915_068.JPG
[22] BRAVC_170915_071.JPG	[23] BRAVC_170915_074.JPG	[24] BRAVC_170915_078.JPG
[25] BRAVC_170915_084.JPG	[26] BRAVC_170915_087.JPG	[27] BRAVC_170915_090.JPG
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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. BRAVC_170915_009.JPG: Medicine in the American Revolution
2. BRAVC_170915_012.JPG: Extracting a Musket Ball Amputation Trepanning
3. BRAVC_170915_019.JPG: Diseases in Camp Camp Hospitals Smallpox
4. BRAVC_170915_023.JPG: Other Capital Instruments in the American Revolution
5. BRAVC_170915_041.JPG: "Brandywine Flag"
6. BRAVC_170915_046.JPG: The Campaign of 1777
7. BRAVC_170915_048.JPG: The Battle of Brandywine
8. BRAVC_170915_065.JPG: A Hot Skirmish
9. BRAVC_170915_074.JPG: On the Road Toward Liberty ... the 1777 Campaign
10. BRAVC_170915_084.JPG: December 25, 1776: General Washington Takes the Offensive: With troop morale at an all-time low, Washington led his men across the icy Delaware under cover of darkness to attack the Hessian garrison in Trenton. December 26, 1776: Americans Victorious at Trenton: Catching the enemy by surprise, Washington's army quickly subdued the Hessian garrison. One hundred Hessians died, and close to a thousand were captured in this pivotal battle.
11. BRAVC_170915_087.JPG: January 3, 1777: British Defeated at Princeton: Leaving a small contingent in camp to confuse the British, Washington's troops sneaked up behind the enemy during the night. The following morning, they drove the British from Princeton. August 24, 1777: Washington and Army March Through Philadelphia: General Washington's troops marched through Philadelphia toward the British encampment to the South. They inspired bystanders with their determined air as they passed.
12. BRAVC_170915_090.JPG: September 21, 1777: Paoli Massacre: Just after midnight, Lord Grey's troops surprised Wayne's American encampment at Paoli. Wielding bayonets, they slaughtered 53 Americans and wounded over 100 in the devastating raid. October 4, 1777: American Defeated in Germantown: Washington's forces converged on the British troops camped at Germantown, but became disoriented in thick fog. Although the American army was defeated, it remained intact after the fierce struggle.
13. BRAVC_170915_093.JPG: October 4, 1777: American Defeated in Germantown: Washington's forces converged on the British troops camped at Germantown, but became disoriented in thick fog. Although the American army was defeated, it remained intact after the fierce struggle. November 15, 1777: Delaware River Defenses Fall: Soldiers at Fort Mifflin temporarily stayed the progress of the British warships toward the port of Philadelphia, but ultimately succumbed to the relentless British bombardments on November 15, 1777. December 19, 1777: March to Valley Forge: Washington's battered troops carried the hopes and disappointments of the previous year with them as they began their retreat to Valley Forge on December 19, 1777.
14. BRAVC_170915_095.JPG: British Military Encampment
15. BRAVC_170915_097.JPG: Awful to Behold
16. BRAVC_170915_110.JPG: The Marquis de Lafayette
17. BRAVC_170915_121.JPG: Pennsylvania map by William Scull, 1775 The first large scale map showing nearly all of the present state of Pennsylvania, this map was the most current one available to the Americans and British at the time of the American Revolution. The more densely populated area around Philadelphia, with its many mills, factories and forges, attracted General Howe's interest in 1777 and helped to convince him to direct his army towards Chadds Ford. Both the Ford and John Chads' house are noted on this map.
18. BRAVC_170915_131.JPG: The Ferguson Rifle
19. BRAVC_170915_132.JPG: British light 12 pound cannon Made in 1756 by R. Gilpin These cannon were reputedly captured by the Continental Army at the Battle of Brandywine, slung on wagon wheels and dragged to Chester. One barrel was worn under the muzzle from this treatment. The cannon supposedly were recognized by Lafayette in 1825. These guns were experimental and are the only known survivors.
20. BRAVC_170915_144.JPG: General George Washington
21. BRAVC_170915_155.JPG: Claims Against American Troops
22. BRAVC_170915_164.JPG: Echoes of Brandywine
23. BRAVC_170915_169.JPG: Officer's sash, Revolutionary War period
24. BRAVC_170915_180.JPG: Soldier's Camp Gear
25. BRAVC_170915_192.JPG: Cheval de Frise
26. BRAVC_170915_197.JPG: American Military Equipment
27. BRAVC_170915_211.JPG: British Military Equipment
28. BRAVC_170915_227.JPG: Survivors of the 1777 Campaign
29. BRAVC_170915_259.JPG: Brandywine Battlefield Park
30. BRAVC_170915_290.JPG: Battle of Brandywine On Sept. 11, 1777, an American force of about 11,000 men, commanded by Washington, attempted to halt a British advance into Pennsylvania. The Americans were defeated near Chadds Ford on Brandywine Creek by approximately 18,000 British and Hessian troops under Howe.
Wikipedia Description: Brandywine Battlefield
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Brandywine Battlefield Historic Site is a National Historical Landmark. The historic park was owned and operated by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, on 50 acres (200,000 m2), near Chadds Ford, Delaware County, Pennsylvania in the United States. It is part of the site of the Battle of Brandywine fought on September 11, 1777, during the American Revolution. The Battle of Brandywine covered more than ten square miles, or 35,000 acres. However, the modern park only covers 50 acres which served primarily as the Continental encampment the two days prior to the battle. The battle was a major victory for the British and enabled them to capture the city of Philadelphia. Brandywine Battlefield Park became a Pennsylvania State Park in 1949 and a National Historic Landmark in 1961.

To the north, another part of the battlefield is maintained by Birmingham Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania as "Battlefield of the Brandywine Park," or "Sandy Hollow Heritage Park." Much of the afternoon's fighting took place between Birmingham Friends Meetinghouse and Dilworthtown.

On August 14, 2009, the state closed the battlefield and three other PHMC museums indefinitely due to a lack of funding as part of an ongoing budget crisis. The historic site opened again after 11 days, operating under an interim agreement between the PHMC and Chadds Ford Township with the Brandywine Battlefield Associates, or "Friends of Brandywine Battlefield" who now operate the site with staff and volunteers.

Geography

Brandywine Battlefield Park is about a half-mile east of Brandywine Creek in southeastern Pennsylvania. Its proximity to Philadelphia, about 30 miles, led directly to the land being the location of a major battle of the American Revolution. The creek itself was a major military obstacle during the 1770s. Brandywine Creek served as a "moat" that blocked British access to the Schuylkill River and the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. The British Army sought to seize control of Philadelphia, drive the Congress out of the city and thereby bring an end to the war. The area was also a crossroads of the Thirteen Colonies. Control of the roads was crucial to the supply of both the British and Continental Armies.

Battle

General George Washington moved his troops to the Chadds Ford area to control the high ground, prevent the British Army under the command of General Howe from taking Philadelphia and to avoid being trapped between the British Army on land and the Royal Navy which was positioned on the Delaware River in September 1777. The British had landed at the head of Maryland's Elk River, on the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay near present-day Elkton, approximately 40–50 miles (60–80 km) southwest of Philadelphia and were marching towards Philadelphia.

The British grouped forces at nearby Kennett Square. Howe had no intention of mounting a full-scale attack against the prepared American defenses. He instead employed a flanking maneuver similar to those used in the Battle of Long Island. A portion of the army, about 5,000 men under the command of Wilhelm von Knyphausen, were to advance to meet Washington's troops at Chadds Ford, while the remainder, under the command of Lord Charles Cornwallis, were to march north to Jefferis' Ford, several miles to the north, which Washington had overlooked, and then march south to flank the American forces.

September 11 began with a heavy fog, which provided cover for the British troops. Washington received contradictory reports about the British troop movements and continued to believe that the main force was moving to attack at Chadds Ford. The British appeared on the Americans' right flank at around 2 p.m. With Hazen's brigades outflanked, General John Sullivan, tried to reposition his troops to meet the unexpected British threat to their right flank. But Howe was slow to attack the American troops, which bought time for the Americans to position some of their men on high ground at Birmingham Meeting House, about a mile (2 km) north of Chadds Ford. By 4 p.m., the British attacked and quickly gained the ground from the Continental Army. Sullivan then attacked a group of Hessian troops trying to outflank the Americans near Meeting House Hill and bought some time for most of the men to withdraw. But Sullivan's men were cut down by return British fire, forcing them to retreat. At this point, Washington and Greene arrived with reinforcements to try to hold off the British, who now occupied Meeting House Hill. The remains of Sullivan's men held off the pursuing British for nearly an hour but were eventually forced to retreat. The Americans were also forced to leave behind most of their cannon on Meeting House Hill because most of the artillery horses were killed.

Knyphausen, on the east bank of Brandywine Creek, launched an attack against the weakened American center across Chadds Ford, breaking through and Wayne's division and forcing him to retreat and leave behind most of his cannons. Armstrong's militia, never engaged in the combat, also decided to retreat from their positions. Further north, Greene sent Colonel Weedon's troops to cover the road just outside the town of Dilworth to hold off the British long enough for the rest of the Continental Army to retreat. Darkness brought the British pursuit to a standstill, which then left Weedon's force to retreat. The defeated Americans were forced to retreat to Chester where most of them arrived at midnight, with some stragglers arriving until morning.

The battle cost the British about 89 killed and 487 wounded, while they claimed to have killed 200 Colonials, wounded 750 more, and captured over 400 as well as destroying or capturing 11 of the American artillery guns.

Although Howe had defeated the American army, the unexpected resistance he had met prevented him from destroying it completely. The American morale had not been destroyed; despite losing the battle, the Americans had good spirits hoping to fight the British again another day. But neither commander in the battle had proven themselves. Washington had committed a serious error in leaving his right flank wide open and nearly brought on destruction if it had not been for Sullivan, Sterling, and Stephen's divisions that fought for time. Howe had waited too long to attack the American right flank, showing again his lack of killer instincts because he was still afraid of sustaining heavy casualties since the costly victory at the Battle of Bunker Hill two years earlier, and thus allowed most of the American army to escape.

British and American forces maneuvered around each other for the next several days with only minor encounters such as the Paoli Massacre on the night of September 20–21.

The Continental Congress abandoned Philadelphia, first to Lancaster, Pennsylvania for one day and then to York, Pennsylvania. Military supplies were moved out of the city to Reading, Pennsylvania. On September 26, 1777, British forces marched into Philadelphia unopposed.

Park facilities

Brandywine Battlefield Park was the site of a thriving farming community until just before the battle. Quaker farmers were getting ready to harvest their crops, plant winter wheat, slaughter beef cattle, hogs, shear their sheep and sell their yearling colts and fillies. The pacifist Quakers were thrust into the center of the battle and much of their farmland, livestock, and crops were destroyed.

The American officers seized their farmhouses before the battle and the victorious British officers occupied the Quaker's homes after the battle. These homes have been restored to their 1777 appearance and are open to the public. The Benjamin Ring House is believed to have been used as headquarters by George Washington before the battle. A collection of Quaker style furniture is on display at the house with historical information about the battle and Washington's stay at the house. The Gideon Gilpin Farmhouse is on the opposite side of the park. It too has been restored and furnished with vintage Quaker furniture. It served at the base of operations for Marquis de Lafayette before and during the battle.

Reenactors portray Hessian, Quaker farmers, and British and Continental soldiers during many special events held at the park during the year. Staff and volunteers provided daily guided tours of the park and battlefield. They also guide hands on activities, give speeches, sponsor seminars, and host open houses. Much of the battlefield is preserved but encroaching suburban sprawl is threatening the park. The park is protected by its status as a National Historic Landmark District, designated as such by the United States Congress in 1997, 220 years after the Battle of Brandywine.

Current affairs

The Gideon Gilpin Farmhouse used by Lafayette has been restored to its 1770s appearance. The Benjamin Ring House used by General George Washington, was used on and off until the 1930s, when young local residents accidentally set off a bomb (fire) that destroyed the home. In the 1950s, a new home was built to reflect the time period of the 1770s.
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