DC -- Natl Museum of American History -- Exhibit: Many Voices, One Nation:
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SIAVOI_170628_001.JPG: Many Voices, One Nation
The people of North America came from many cultures and spoke different languages long before the founding of the United States, even before European contact. In creating the new nation, early leaders envisioned a country that promised opportunity and freedom -- but only for some. As the population grew, the people who lived in the United States found ways to negotiate, or work out, what it meant to be American. That negotiation continues. This exhibition explores how the many voices of people in America have shaped our nation.
SIAVOI_170628_006.JPG: Unsettling the Continent, 1492–1776
It was an age of empires. The great European powers competed for wealth, territory, and global influence. That competition brought hundreds of thousands of Europeans and Africans to the North American continent, where Native peoples had lived for millennia.
What happened next was a profound unsettling of long-established societies. The continent's population actually declined in this period, as Old World diseases swept through Native populations that lacked immunity. Beyond that profound tragedy there would be new conflicts, new forms of freedom, new forms of slavery, and new ways of living together.
Our world today grows out of that unsettling history.
SIAVOI_170628_015.JPG: Spanish New Mexico
Spanish conquerors moved north of the Rio Grande in 1598 hoping to find gold and silver. Instead they found modest towns where Native peoples lived in adobe houses and practiced irrigation agriculture. Spain decided to support a colony at Santa Fe to convert Indians to Catholicism and to keep other European powers out of the region. Tewa, Zuni, Hopi, and other groups banded together to develop a new identity as "Pueblo peoples." Although many adopted Spanish as a second language, they came together to resist Spanish demands for labor and to defend their traditional religious practices.
SIAVOI_170628_019.JPG: Soup bowl, before 1680
Hawikuh Ceramics
Pueblo potters forced to work at Spanish missions used their traditional materials and techniques to make European forms such as candlesticks and soup bowls. They also made traditional bowls and storage jars. This pottery, from the Zuni Hawikuh mission, represents this cultural interaction.
SIAVOI_170628_021.JPG: Pecos mission church corbel, after 1692
Pecos Mission Church
This architectural bracket, or corbel, adorned the mission church at Pecos, New Mexico, established by Spanish Franciscans to convert Pueblo peoples in 1621. The church was rebuilt after the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.
SIAVOI_170628_025.JPG: Diego de Vargas
Following the Pueblo revolt, Diego de Vargas led a military return to Santa Fe in 1691 and became governor the next year. The Spanish return was part reconquest and part negotiated agreement. The Spanish were willing to ease their forced labor system and accept some Pueblo religious practices, which allowed for coexistence and mutual defense against other Native peoples.
SIAVOI_170628_028.JPG: The Pueblo Revolt
In 1680 a Jemez Pueblo man named Po'pay led one of the first great revitalization movements created by Native peoples to reclaim their lands and way of life. The successful revolt united people of about twenty-four settlements, speaking six different languages, and spread out over a distance of four hundred miles. Embattled Spanish settlers retreated over three hundred miles south to El Paso. When Spanish forces reconquered the territory in 1692, they agreed to end a forced labor system and allow some Native forms of worship. In the 1700s Pueblo and Spanish people would unite against common enemies.
SIAVOI_170628_037.JPG: Cross, New Mexico, 1850–1900
Hybrid Beliefs
Like many other Native groups, Pueblo peoples resisted efforts to suppress their familiar spiritual beliefs and practices. Yet many Native Americans did find meaning in new Christian teachings. Across the continent, people sometimes joined new and old religious elements to create hybrid beliefs.
SIAVOI_170628_042.JPG: Painted elk hide, 1693–1710
Without access to canvases, Spanish priests and Pueblo artisans adapted traditions of religious painting by using animal hides. This hide depicts St. Anthony of Padua with baby Jesus, and decorated a mission wall in New Mexico.
SIAVOI_170628_054.JPG: Spur, Mexico, 1800s
Horses and riding equipment such as spurs, saddles, and stirrups played a fundamental role in Spanish conquest, exploration, and settlement. In the 1500s the Spanish brought cattle, sheep, and horses into northern Mexico. Spanish settlers and Native peoples developed ranching and grazing economies through much of the Southwest.
SIAVOI_170628_057.JPG: Statue of Po'pay
Po'pay urged Pueblo people to cast off the Spanish in order to work, pray, marry, and live according to their earlier traditions. In 2005 New Mexico donated this statue of Po'pay to the National Statuary Hall in the U.S. Capitol to honor Pueblo resistance and endurance.
SIAVOI_170628_064.JPG: New France
French traders established settlements at Québec and Montreal along the St. Lawrence River in the early 1600s. French Jesuits also traveled to the colony to bring Catholicism to Native peoples. But New France focused primarily on the fur trade. Relatively few immigrants left France to settle in the New World, and some who did were Protestant Huguenots, welcome in British colonies but not in Catholic New France. Despite limited immigration of Europeans, New France laid claim to broad swaths of the continent, based on extensive military and economic alliances with Native peoples.
SIAVOI_170628_068.JPG: New Identities
Some Native people adopted the Christian beliefs taught by Jesuits and learned other French practices. For their part, many Frenchmen hunted alongside Algonquian peoples in the upper country. Such woodsmen often married Algonquian women. They and their children (called Métis) often became effective traders, translators, and diplomats.
SIAVOI_170628_076.JPG: Man's Moccasins, Northern Michigan, around 1790
These two pairs of moccasins came from the Michilimackinac trading post in today's far northern Michigan. The unadorned pair may have been made for trade. The decorated pair, featuring porcupine quills, deer hair, and silk ribbons, may have been made for personal use or as a gift.
SIAVOI_170628_082.JPG: Man's Moccasins, Northern Michigan, around 1790
SIAVOI_170628_087.JPG: Fur Trade
By 1700 France and England competed with each other to profit from the fur trade and win Native allies. Native peoples competed with one another to serve as intermediaries between rival powers. Gifts helped cement key agreements in these new systems of negotiation and alliance.
SIAVOI_170628_094.JPG: Marketing Moccasins in North America
Just as Native Americans adopted European goods, Europeans came to appreciate moccasins. Moccasins could withstand local conditions and be remade regularly using efficient design and readily available materials. European traders, farmers, and priests quickly adopted them. By the mid-1700s European settlers in Detroit were manufacturing them for sale in both French and English towns and cities to the east.
SIAVOI_170628_102.JPG: Columbia figure, 1860s
With her liberty cap and patriotic shield, Columbia was one of many idealized feminine figures that personified the new nation.
SIAVOI_170628_121.JPG: Out of many
... voices
... stories
... lives
we become U.S.
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Description of Subject Matter: Many Voices, One Nation
Opens Summer 2017 – Permanent
At the heart of this nation lies a great search for balance between unity and pluralism. Many Voices, One Nation presents the five-hundred-year journey of how many distinct peoples and cultures met, mingled, and created the culture of the United States. Migrations brought new peoples, new languages, new religions, new ideas, and new technological innovations into the American experience. The result was a dynamic society embodied in cultural and technological innovations. As the people (populus) change, the one (unum) also changes to incorporate the newest members of the nation, including those just arrived and those just born. From its earliest beginnings to the 21st century, this exhibition maps the cultural geography of those unique and complex stories that animate the Latin emblem on the Great Seal and our national ideal: E pluribus unum; Out of many, one.
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Directly Related Pages: Other pages with content (DC -- Natl Museum of American History -- Exhibit: Many Voices, One Nation) directly related to this one:
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2021_DC_SIAH_Many_Voices: DC -- Natl Museum of American History -- Exhibit: Many Voices, One Nation (277 photos from 2021)
2016_DC_SIAH_Many_Voices: DC -- Natl Museum of American History -- Exhibit: Many Voices, One Nation (8 photos from 2016)
2017 photos: Equipment this year: I continued to use my Fuji XS-1 cameras but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000.
Trips this year:
Civil War Trust conferences in Pensacola, FL, Chattanooga, TN (via sites in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee) and Fredericksburg, VA,
a family reunion in The Dells, Wisconsin (via sites in Ohio, Indiana, and Wisconsin),
New York City, and
my 12th consecutive San Diego Comic Con trip (including sites in Arizona).
For some reason, several of my photos have been published in physical books this year which is pretty cool. Ones that I know about:
"Tarzan, Jungle King of Popular Culture" (David Lemmo),
"The Great Crusade: A Guide to World War I American Expeditionary Forces Battlefields and Sites" (Stephen T. Powers and Kevin Dennehy),
"The American Spirit" (David McCullough),
"Civil War Battlefields: Walking the Trails of History" (David T. Gilbert),
"The Year I Was Peter the Great: 1956 — Khrushchev, Stalin's Ghost, and a Young American in Russia" (Marvin Kalb), and
"The Judge: 26 Machiavellian Lessons" (Ron Collins and David Skover).
Number of photos taken this year: just below 560,000.
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