BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Library of Congress -- Exhibit (Mahogany Row): Presidential Inaugurations

DC -- Library of Congress -- Exhibit (Mahogany Row): Presidential Inaugurations:

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Description of Pictures: Presidential Inaugurations
Jan. 23 to Feb. 4, 2017
Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address Will Be on View

A two-week display on inaugurations, at the Library of Congress, will feature presidential treasures—the handwritten speeches of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln—and collections on the lighter side: menus, dance cards and souvenirs. The display will include newspapers, film clips, a demonstration of online resources and a challenging presidential history quiz.

The first stop for visitors will be room 113, where Lincoln’s famous First Inaugural Address (“We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection ...”) will be on display, along with the Bible that Lincoln used at his first inauguration and the pearl necklace worn by Mary Todd Lincoln. Also on view will be the handwritten inaugural speeches delivered by George Washington and Thomas Jefferson and a letter written by Washington voicing trepidation about becoming president. Librarians and archivists will be available to discuss the documents and answer questions.

In the connecting rooms, visitors will find inaugural souvenirs from incoming presidents’ parties and parades. An early newspaper report on an inauguration will be on view, and Library staff will demonstrate Chronicling America, a website providing access to historic newspapers that is maintained by the Library of Congress. Film clips will portray the speeches and parades and there will be demonstrations of the Library’s presidential inaugurations website. The quiz will challenge visitors’ knowledge of inaugural firsts. Sample question: Who was the first president to ride to his inauguration in an automobile?

Library staff members will be located in every room to answer questions and talk with the public.

The Library’s presidential inaugurations website can be viewed at loc.gov/rr/program/bib/inaugurations/. It offers a wide variety of ...More...

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. LOCPRE_170125_005.JPG: Presidential Inauguration Treasures of The Library of Congress
2. LOCPRE_170125_012.JPG: 1st US President George Washington
3. LOCPRE_170125_025.JPG: "The Sacred Fire of Liberty" George Washington, First Inaugural Address, New York, April 30, 1789 The two congressional committees that planned Washington's inauguration made no mention of a speech. But when Washington arrived at New York's Federal Hall for his inauguration on April 30, 1789 he had one with him. He delivered it in the Senate chamber after he took the oath of office outside on the balcony where the people could see him. Washington reminded the assembled Congress, representatives of a "great assemblage of communities and interests" that "the preservation of the sacred fire of liberty, and the destiny of the Republican model of Government," were staked on the political experiment "entrusted to the hands of the American people." [April 30, 1789] Fellow Citizens of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Among the vicissitudes incident to life, no event could have filled me with greater anxieties than that of which the notification was transmitted by your order, and received on the fourteenth day of the present month. On the one hand, I was summoned by my Country, whose voice I can never hear but with veneration and love, from a retreat which I had chosen with the fondest predilection, and, in my flattering hopes, with an immutable decision, as the asylum of my declining years: a retreat which was rendered every day more necessary as well as more dear to me, by the addition of habit to inclination, and of frequent interruptions in my health to the gradual waste committed on it by time. On the other hand, the magnitude and difficulty of the trust to which the voice of my Country called me, being sufficient to awaken in the wisest and most experienced of her citizens, a distrustful scrutiny into his qualifications, could not but overwhelm with dispondence, one, who, inheriting inferior endowments from nature and unpractised in the duties of civil administration, ought to be peculiarly conscious of his own deficiencies. In this conflict of emotions, all I dare aver, is, that it has been my faithful study to collect my duty from a just appreciation of eve ry circumstance, by which it might be affected. All I dare hope, is, that, if in executing this task I have been too much swayed by a grateful remembrance of former instances, or by an affectionate sensibility to this transcendent proof, of the confidence of my fellow-citizens; and have thence too little consulted my incapacity as well as disinclination for the weighty and untried cares before me; my error will be palliated by the motives which misled me, and its consequences be judged by my Country, with some share of the partiality in which they originated. Such being the impressions under which I have, in obedience to the public summons, repaired to the present station; it would be peculiarly improper to omit in this first official Act, my fervent supplications to that Almighty Being who rules over the Universe, who presides in the Councils of Nations, and whose providential aids can supply every human defect, that his benediction may consecrate to the liberties and happiness of the People of the United States, a Government instituted by themselves for these essential purposes: and may enable every instrument employed in its administration to execute with success, the functions allotted to his charge. In tendering this homage to the Great Author of every public and private good I assure myself that it expresses your sentiments not less than my own; nor those of my fellow-citizens at large, less than either. No People can be bound to acknowledge and adore the invisible hand, which conducts the Affairs of men more than the People of the United States. Every step, by which they have advanced to the character of an independent nation, seems to have been distinguished by some token of providential agency. And in the important revolution just accomplished in the system of their United Government, the tranquil deliberations and voluntary consent of so many distinct communities, from which the event has resulted, cannot be compared with the means by which most Governments have been established, without some return of pious gratitude along with an humble anticipation of the future blessings which the past seem to presage. These reflections, arising out of the present crisis, have forced themselves too strongly on my mind to be suppressed. You will join with me I trust in thinking, that there are none under the influence of which, the proceedings of a new and free Government can more auspiciously commence. By the article establishing the Executive Department, it is made the duty of the President "to recommend to your consideration, such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient." The circumstances under which I now meet you, will acquit me from entering into that subject, farther than to refer to the Great Constitutional Charter under which you are assembled; and which, in defining your powers, designates the objects to which your attention is to be given. It will be more consistent with those circumstances, and far more congenial with the feelings which actuate me, to substitute, in place of a recommendation of particular measures, the tribute that is due to the talents, the rectitude, and the patriotism which adorn the characters selected to devise and adopt them. In these honorable qualifications, I behold the surest pledges, that as on one side, no local prejudices, or attachments; no seperate views, nor party animosities, will misdirect the comprehensive and equal eye which ought to watch over this great assemblage of communities and interests: so, on another, that the foundations of our National policy will be laid in the pure and immutable principles of private morality; and the pre-eminence of a free Government, be exemplified by all the attributes which can win the affections of its Citizens, and command the respect of the world. I dwell on this prospect with every satisfaction which an ardent love for my Country can inspire: since there is no truth more thoroughly established, than that there exists in the economy and course of nature, an indissoluble union between virtue and happiness, between duty and advantage, between the genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous policy, and the solid rewards of public prosperity and felicity: Since we ought to be no less persuaded that the propitious smiles of Heaven, can never be expected on a nation that disregards the eternal rules of order and right, which Heaven itself has ordained: And since the preservation of the sacred fire of liberty, and the destiny of the Republican model of Government, are justly considered as deeply, perhaps as finally staked, on the experiment entrusted to the hands of the American people. Besides the ordinary objects submitted to your care, it will remain with your judgment to decide, how far an exercise of the occasional power delegated by the Fifth article of the Constitution is rendered expedient at the present juncture by the nature of objections which have been urged against the System, or by the degree of inquietude which has given birth to them. Instead of undertaking particular recommendations on this subject, in which I could be guided by no lights derived from official opportunities, I shall again give way to my entire confidence in your discernment and pursuit of the public good: For I assure myself that whilst you carefully avoid every alteration which might endanger the benefits of an United and effective Government, or which ought to await the future lessons of experience; a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen, and a regard for the public harmony, will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the question how far the former can be more impregnably fortified, or the latter be safely and advantageously promoted. To the preceeding observations I have one to add, which will be most properly addressed to the House of Representatives. It concerns myself, and will therefore be as brief as possible. When I was first honoured with a call into the Service of my Country, then on the eve of an arduous struggle for its liberties, the light in which I contemplated my duty required that I should renounce every pecuniary compensation. From this resolution I have in no instance departed. And being still under the impressions which produced it, I must decline as inapplicable to myself, any share in the personal emoluments, which may be indispensably included in a permanent provision for the Executive Department; and must accordingly pray that the pecuniary estimates for the Station in which I am placed, may, during my continuance in it, be limited to such actual expenditures as the public good may be thought to require. Having thus imported to you my sentiments, as they have been awakened by the occasion which brings us together, I shall take my present leave; but not without resorting once more to the benign parent of the human race, in humble supplication that since he has been pleased to favour the American people, with opportunities for deliberating in perfect tranquility, and dispositions for deciding with unparellelled unanimity on a form of Government, for the security of their Union, and the advancement of their happiness; so his divine blessing may be equally conspicuous in the enlarged views, the temperate consultations, and the wise measures on which the success of this Government must depend.
4. LOCPRE_170125_036.JPG: "A Culprit Who is Going to the Place of His Execution" George Washington to Henry Knox, April 1, 1789 On March 2, 1789, Secretary of War Henry Knox, in New York, wrote George Washington, in Mount Vernon, to tell him that the quorum needed in Congress to count the votes of the electoral college had still not assembled. In his reply. Washington admitted that for him the delay "may be compared to a reprieve." He explained: "... my movements to the chair of Government will be accompanied with feelings not unlike those of a culprit who is going to the place of his execution: so unwilling am I, in the evening of a life nearly consumed in public cares, to quit a peaceful adobe for an Ocean of difficulties, without the competency of political skill -- abilities & inclination which is necessary to manage the helm."
5. LOCPRE_170125_047.JPG: "The Leveled Cannon or Pointed Musket" William Maclay, Journal, April 30, 1789 William Maclay (1737-1804), senator from Pennsylvania, 1789-1791, was present in Federal Hall on April 30, 1789 when George Washington delivered his inaugural address. He described what he saw in his journal, noting that: "This great man was agitated and embarrassed more than ever he was by the leveled cannon or pointed musket. He trembled, and several times could scarce make out to read, thought it must be supposed he had often read it before."
6. LOCPRE_170125_055.JPG: 3rd US President Thomas Jefferson
7. LOCPRE_170125_072.JPG: Jefferson's Inaugural Address on Satin Speech Delivered at his Installment, March 4, 1801 Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1801
8. LOCPRE_170125_077.JPG: US Capitol was still under construction for the first inauguration in DC (Jefferson) Original watercolor by William Birch, ca 1800
9. LOCPRE_170125_086.JPG: 16th US President Abraham Lincoln
10. LOCPRE_170125_094.JPG: Mary Todd Lincoln's Seed-pearl Jewelry, Worn at Inaugural Ball Made by Tiffany, New York City, 1860
11. LOCPRE_170125_101.JPG: Mary Todd Lincoln Wearing the Pearls, 1860s
12. LOCPRE_170125_107.JPG: Bible Used in Lincoln's Inauguration, March 4, 1861 Lincoln Bible From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Lincoln Bible is the Bible owned by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, and was later used by Barack Obama at his two inaugurations in 2009 and 2013. The Lincoln family donated the Bible to the Library of Congress, which includes it in their collection. Overview The Bible is an Oxford University Press edition of the King James Bible. Published in 1853, it has 1280 pages, and measures approximately 6 inches (150 mm) long by 4 inches (100 mm) wide, and 1.75 inches (44 mm) thick, and is bound in burgundy red velvet with gilt edges. The back flyleaf of the Bible bears the seal of the Supreme Court of the United States along with a record of the 1861 inauguration. The Bible is not a rare edition, and a similar Bible lacking the Lincoln Bible's historical significance would be valued at approximately $30 or $40. History Abraham Lincoln reached Washington, D.C. for his inauguration in 1861. His belongings, including his Bible, had yet to arrive. William Thomas Carroll, the clerk of the U.S. Supreme Court, fetched a Bible that he kept for official use. This became the Lincoln Bible. Although the Bible remained with Carroll for a time, the Lincolns acquired it at an unknown time. The Bible later remained with the Lincoln family up until 1928, at which point Mary Eunice Harlan, the widow of Robert Todd Lincoln, donated it to the Library of Congress. When the Bible was donated, it contained markers at the 31st chapter of the Book of Deuteronomy and the fourth chapter of the Book of Hosea. Barack Obama chose this Bible for his inaugurations in 2009 and 2013. The Bible was on display at the Library of Congress until 2009 in a celebration of the bicentennial of Lincoln's birth. Recently, the Bible was used to swear in Carla Hayden as the 14th Librarian of Congress on September 14, 2016. Donald Trump was sworn in on this Bible and his childhood Bible at his inauguration on January 20, 2017.
13. LOCPRE_170125_126.JPG: Abraham Lincoln's First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861 Revisions to final page of final version
14. LOCPRE_170125_129.JPG: Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln Philadelphia: Jas. B. Rodgers, printer, 1865
15. LOCPRE_170125_154.JPG: Inaugural Parade Route of President Benjamin Harrison, March 4, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison (1833-1901), was inaugurated as the 23rd President of the United States on March 4, 1889. The map shown here was published as a souvenir of the event and depicts the parade route form the United States Capitol to the White House. The parade route left the Senate side of the Capitol and proceeded west along Pennsylvania Avenue past he Peace Monument, the Washington Market (the present site of the National Archives), and the Executive Mansion to Scott Circle. The parade route then returned west along K Street before ending at Mount Vernon Square. Benjamin Harrison was the grandson of William Henry Harrison, the 9th President of the United States. The elder Harrison was inaugurated on march 4, 1841 and died in office on April 4, 1841.
16. LOCPRE_170125_159.JPG: Inaugural Parade Route of Woodrow Wilson, March 4, 1917 President Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) served two four-year terms as the 28th President of the United States. His second inauguration was held at the White House on Sunday, March 4, 1917, the date then specified in the Constitution, with a public inauguration taking place on the East Front of the United States Capitol on Monday, March 5. The parade route began on Capitol Hill with military units and marching bands assembling just east of the Capitol at the times noted on the map. The actual parade route ran west along Pennsylvania Avenue past the Executive Mansion and then split into two separate sections; one turning south and the other heading north to K Street and, eventually, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad sidings near current day Union Station.
17. LOCPRE_170125_173.JPG: Completed U.S. Capitol -- First Used for an Inauguration for Andrew Jackson
18. LOCPRE_170125_185.JPG: View of Washington, 1852
19. LOCPRE_170125_205.JPG: Inaugural Day Pass -- Ulysses S. Grant Washington: Philip & Solomons, 1869
20. LOCPRE_170125_219.JPG: Arrangements for the Lincoln Inauguration Committee of arrangements, Washington, 1861
21. LOCPRE_170125_222.JPG: Dance Card for Lincoln's Inaugural Ball Philip & Solomons, Booksellers, Washington, DC, March 4, 1861
22. LOCPRE_170125_231.JPG: Bill of Fare for a Lincoln Inauguration Ball G.A. Balzer, Washington, DC, March 6, 1865
23. LOCPRE_170125_235.JPG: U.S. Capitol Plan, with Library of Congress of "Grand Vestibule Hall of Inauguration," 1817 Architectural drawing by Benjamin Henry Latrobe. Copy printed for display by the Library. The original drawing is in the Prints & Photographs Division.
24. LOCPRE_170125_241.JPG: U.S. Capitol, east front elevation, ca. 1846 Daguerreotype by John Plumbe. (Copy printed for display by the Library)
25. LOCPRE_170125_244.JPG: Aerial View of the Capitol, Inauguration of Franklin Roosevelt, 1933 Photograph from Architect of the Capitol. (Copy printed for display by the Library.)
26. LOCPRE_170125_251.JPG: First inauguration on the west front of the US Capitol, January 20, 1981 -- Ronald Reagan Photograph from Architect of the Capitol. (Copy printed for display by the Library.)
27. LOCPRE_170125_254.JPG: Aerial view of the US Capitol, ca 2000; Library of Congress in foreground Photograph by Carol M. Highsmith. (Copy printed for display by the Library.)
28. LOCPRE_170125_265.JPG: Second Inauguration of Woodrow Wilson The New York Times (New York, NY) March 11, 1917 "President Wilson delivering his second inaugural address is front of the Capital on last Monday in the presence of 50,000 people." President Wilson was sworn into office for a second term on Sunday, March 4, 1917, making his the first president to be sworn in on a Sunday. The public inauguration ceremonies, held on Monday, March 5th, included President Wilson's wife, Edith Bolling Galt Wilson, and were the first to allow women to participate.
29. LOCPRE_170125_279.JPG: Inauguration of Ronald Reagan on the West Front of the Capitol The Washington Post (Washington, DC) January 21, 1981 "Freed Americans Land in W. Germany; Reagan Sworn in as the 40th President" Front page news of Ronald Reagan's first inauguration was shared with the news of the release of 52 American hostages freed by Iran after 444 days of captivity. In addition to being the first inauguration held on the West Front of the Capitol, this was the first one broadcast with closed-captioning for the hearing impaired. President Reagan spoke about the new location of the inauguration in his address: "Standing here, one faces a magnificent vista, opening up on this city's special beauty and history. At the end of this open mall are those shrines to the giants on whose shoulders we stand."
30. LOCPRE_170130_014.JPG: Michelle Krowl
31. LOCPRE_170130_029.JPG: "The Requisite Preparations Cannot Probably by Made Before Thursday Next" Two committees, one from the House and one from the Senate, worked together to plan George Washington's inauguration at Federal Hall in New York, the first ever inauguration of a president of the United States. They had very little time. Congress had been in existence for only a few weeks when the committees submitted these reports on Saturday, April 25, just six weeks before Thursday, April 30, when the inauguration was to take place. Reports of the Committees of Congress Respecting the Time of the Inauguration of the President, in the House of Representatives and the Senate of the United States, April 25, 1789.
32. LOCPRE_170130_033.JPG: Presidential Oath of Office "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." -- Source: US Constitution (Article II, Section 1)
33. LOCPRE_170130_036.JPG: Presidential Oath of Office "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." -- Source: US Constitution (Article II, Section 1)
34. LOCPRE_170130_040.JPG: "The Requisite Preparations Cannot Probably be Made Before Thursday Next" Reports of the House and Senate Committees of Congress Respecting the Time of teh Inauguration of the President, April 25, 1789
35. LOCPRE_170130_090.JPG: "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists" Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address, Washington, March 4, 1801 Thomas Jefferson's first inauguration as president on March 4, 1801 was also the first to be held in Washington DC. As a shift in power from the Federalists to Jefferson's Democratic-Republican party, it was also an occasion for considerable bitterness. Jefferson told the Congress assembled in the still incomplete Capitol building: "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it." Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address, Delivered March 4, 1801, First Known Draft, Undated. With annotations.
36. LOCPRE_170130_145.JPG: Mary Todd Lincoln's Seed-pearl Jewelry, Worn at Inaugural Ball Made by Tiffany, New York City, 1860
37. LOCPRE_170130_161.JPG: Bible Used in Lincoln's Inauguration, March 4, 1861 Lincoln Bible From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Lincoln Bible is the Bible owned by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, and was later used by Barack Obama at his two inaugurations in 2009 and 2013. The Lincoln family donated the Bible to the Library of Congress, which includes it in their collection. Overview The Bible is an Oxford University Press edition of the King James Bible. Published in 1853, it has 1280 pages, and measures approximately 6 inches (150 mm) long by 4 inches (100 mm) wide, and 1.75 inches (44 mm) thick, and is bound in burgundy red velvet with gilt edges. The back flyleaf of the Bible bears the seal of the Supreme Court of the United States along with a record of the 1861 inauguration. The Bible is not a rare edition, and a similar Bible lacking the Lincoln Bible's historical significance would be valued at approximately $30 or $40. History Abraham Lincoln reached Washington, D.C. for his inauguration in 1861. His belongings, including his Bible, had yet to arrive. William Thomas Carroll, the clerk of the U.S. Supreme Court, fetched a Bible that he kept for official use. This became the Lincoln Bible. Although the Bible remained with Carroll for a time, the Lincolns acquired it at an unknown time. The Bible later remained with the Lincoln family up until 1928, at which point Mary Eunice Harlan, the widow of Robert Todd Lincoln, donated it to the Library of Congress. When the Bible was donated, it contained markers at the 31st chapter of the Book of Deuteronomy and the fourth chapter of the Book of Hosea. Barack Obama chose this Bible for his inaugurations in 2009 and 2013. The Bible was on display at the Library of Congress until 2009 in a celebration of the bicentennial of Lincoln's birth. Recently, the Bible was used to swear in Carla Hayden as the 14th Librarian of Congress on September 14, 2016. Donald Trump was sworn in on this Bible and his childhood Bible at his inauguration on January 20, 2017.
38. LOCPRE_170130_165.JPG: "I Therefore Consider that the Union is Unbroken" Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, First Printed Draft, with Revisions in Lincoln's Hand, January-February, 1861, page 4
39. LOCPRE_170130_193.JPG: Lincoln Delivering His Second Inaugural Address Photographed by Alexander Gardner, March 4, 1865
40. LOCPRE_170130_256.JPG: View of Washington, 1852
41. LOCPRE_170130_259.JPG: View of Washington, 1871
42. LOCPRE_170130_265.JPG: View of Washington, 1871 (detail)
43. LOCPRE_170130_278.JPG: View of Washington, 1852 (detail)
44. LOCPRE_170130_295.JPG: View of Washington, 1871 (detail) Notice that a second statue has been added (on the right) and there are now light posts on the lower section.
45. LOCPRE_170130_309.JPG: Martha Kennedy
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Bigger photos? To save server space, the full-sized versions of these images have either not been loaded to the server or have been removed from the server. (Only some pages are loaded with full-sized images and those usually get removed after three months.) I still have them though. If you want me to email them to you, please send an email to guthrie.bruce@gmail.com and I can email them to you, or, depending on the number of images, just repost the page again will the full-sized images.
Directly Related Pages: Other pages with content (DC -- Library of Congress -- Exhibit (Mahogany Row): ) directly related to this one: [Display ALL photos on one page]:
- 2017_DC_LOC_Halloween: DC -- Library of Congress -- Exhibit (Mahogany Row): LOC Halloween: Chambers of Mystery (93 photos from 2017)
- 2017_DC_LOC_Awesome: DC -- Library of Congress -- Exhibit (Mahogany Row): Library of Awesome (68 photos from 2017)
Same Subject: Click on this link to see coverage of items having the same subject: [Libraries] [Library of Congress (Everything)] [Library of Congress (Non-Events)] [US Capitol Complex]
2017 photos: Equipment this year: I continued to use my Fuji XS-1 cameras but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000. Overnight trips this year: Civil War Trust conferences in Pensacola, FL, Chattanooga, TN (via sites in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee) and Fredericksburg, VA, a family reunion in The Dells, Wisconsin (via sites in Ohio, Indiana, and Wisconsin), New York City, and my 12th consecutive San Diego Comic Con trip (including sites in Arizona). For some reason, several of my photos have been published in physical books this year which is pretty cool. Ones that I know about: "Tarzan, Jungle King of Popular Culture" (David Lemmo), "The Great Crusade: A Guide to World War I American Expeditionary Forces Battlefields and Sites" (Stephen T. Powers and Kevin Dennehy), "The American Spirit" (David McCullough), "Civil War Battlefields: Walking the Trails of History" (David T. Gilbert), "The Year I Was Peter the Great: 1956 — Khrushchev, Stalin's Ghost, and a Young American in Russia" (Marvin Kalb), and "The Judge: 26 Machiavellian Lessons" (Ron Collins and David Skover). Number of photos taken this year: just below 560,000.
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Photo Contact: [Email Bruce Guthrie].