BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Library of Congress -- Exhibit: Drawing Justice: The Art of Courtroom Illustration

DC -- Library of Congress -- Exhibit: Drawing Justice: The Art of Courtroom Illustration:

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Description of Pictures: Drawing Justice: The Art of Courtroom Illustration
April 27–October 28, 2017
Drawing Justice: The Art of Courtroom Illustration showcases the Library’s extensive collections of original art by talented artists hired by both newspapers and television to capture the personal dynamics of legal trials. Skilled at quickly conveying both individual likenesses and the atmosphere of the courtroom, these artists reveal, in intimate detail, the dramatic and, at times, mundane aspects of trial proceedings.

The illustrations on display represent court cases dating from 1964 to the present day. These cases influenced how Americans perceive race and race relations, religion, gender issues, political and corporate corruption, international relations, and the role of celebrities in society. The corresponding drawings are poignant images of people from all walks of life during the last fifty years of court history, observed in their most vulnerable moments. While artistic styles vary, each artist brings the theater of the courtroom to life, capturing gestures, appearance, and relationships in a way that humanizes defendants, plaintiffs, lawyers, judges, and witnesses.

This exhibition begins with the work of Howard Brodie who documented the Jack Ruby trial in 1964. Brodie donated his trial drawings to the Library of Congress and spurred the development of its Courtroom Illustration Collection. The collection has expanded to include trial drawings by Marilyn Church, Aggie Kenny, Pat Lopez, Arnold Mesches, Gary Myrick, Joseph Papin, Freda Reiter, Bill Robles, David Rose, Jane Rosenberg, and Elizabeth Williams, among others. These courtroom drawings provide insight into the drama and impact of events in American law during the past fifty years.

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. LOCDJ1_170516_012.JPG: Drawing Justice: The Art of Courtroom Illustration showcases the Library's extensive collections of original art by talented artists hired by both newspapers and television to capture the personal dynamics of legal trials. Skilled at quickly conveying both individual likenesses and the atmosphere of the courtroom, these artists reveal, in intimate detail, the dramatic and, at times, mundane aspects of trial proceedings. The illustrations on display represent court cases dating from 1964 to the present day. These cases influenced how Americans perceive race and race relations, religion, gender issues, political and corporate corruption, international relations, and the role of celebrities in society. The corresponding drawings are poignant images of people from all walks of life during the last fifty years of court history, observed in their most vulnerable moments. While artistic styles vary, each artist brings the theater of the courtroom to life, capturing gestures, appearance, and relationships in a way that humanizes defendants, plaintiffs, lawyers, judges, and witnesses. This exhibition begins with the work of Howard Brodie who documented the Jack Ruby trial in 1964. Brodie donated his trial drawings to the Library of Congress and spurred the development of its Courtroom Illustration Collection. The collection has expanded to include trial drawings by Marilyn Church, Aggie Kenny, Pat Lopez, Arnold Mesches, Gary Myrick, Joseph Papin, Freda Reiter, Bill Robles, David Rose, Jane Rosenberg, and Elizabeth Williams, among others. These courtroom drawings provide insight into the drama and impact of events in American law during the past fifty years
2. LOCDJ1_170516_016.JPG: Cameras Ruled Unfair in the Courtroom After financier Billie Sol Estes was convicted for fraud in 1963, he argued that his Fourteenth Amendment rights under the due process clause were violated by the presence of cameras in the courtroom and the media frenzy that ensued. The Supreme Court, in its final ruling agreed that cameras interfered with Estes receiving a fair trial, Estes v. Texas, 381 U.S. 532 (1965). In a separate court appearance in February 1978, Estes and his wife (shown here) were ordered to pay millions of dollars in back taxes. Gary Myrick. B. Sol Estes & Wife, February 1978. Porous point pen, crayon, colored pencil, and graphite over graphite underdrawing on light blue paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (001.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-50990 � Gary Myrick Gift and purchase, Gary Myrick
3. LOCDJ1_170516_019.JPG: Courtroom Artists The news media -- whether print, television, or digital -- hires artists to cover trials where cameras are forbidden. During the trial of automobile manufacturer John Z. DeLorean for cocaine possession with the intent to sell, artist Elizabeth Williams drew a self-portrait with a row of her artist colleagues covering the trial (from left to right): Walt Stewart, Bill Robles, Bill Lignante, Howard Brodie, David Rose, and Elizabeth Williams. Howard Brodie is shown wearing his signature opera glasses affixed to his eyeglasses, which he donned to get a better view of the proceedings. Elizabeth Williams. Artists at the DeLoren [sic] Trial, August 16, 1984. Porous point pen. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (003.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-50992 � Elizabeth Williams Gift of Tom Girardi
4. LOCDJ1_170516_023.JPG: The Artist's Tools Aggie Kenny, while covering Westmoreland v. CBS, 596 F.Supp. 1170 (1984), in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, found time to draw her paint box in this unfinished sketch. Courtroom artists work in situ, creating fully realized art ready for television or news cameras. Although cameras are increasingly permitted into courtrooms, when they are prohibited, artists use the tools of their trade and are ready to capture an energized moment. While perched in a front row seat to human drama, they look for subtle details of body language -- how a defendant gulps, a lawyer gestures, a family member looks on in sorrow -- sometimes capturing history in the making. Aggie Kenny. Westmoreland Trial with Paint Box, 1984. Watercolor, ink, and graphite. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (002.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-50991 � Aggie Kenny Gift of Tom Girardi
5. LOCDJ1_170516_030.JPG: Political Activists on Trial During the 1960s and 1970s, political activists challenged the status quo, while the government -- whether it was the police force, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or the court system -- pushed back. When protestors outside the 1968 Democratic Convention, known as the "Chicago Seven," and Vietnam Veterans protesting the war outside the 1972 Republican Convention, called the "Gainesville Eight," were arrested and tried, courtroom illustrators were witness to the legal upheaval. The months-long Chicago Seven trial was widely covered by the media who relied on artists on site. At the Gainesville Eight trial, after the presiding judge forbade Aggie Whelan (now Aggie Kenny) from drawing in his courtroom, CBS sued and reaffirmed the right of courtroom artists to document the justice system.
6. LOCDJ1_170516_038.JPG: The Chicago Seven Court Room Having been arrested after several days of protests during the Democratic Party National Convention in Chicago in August 1968, the Chicago Eight faced their trial with the same aplomb with which they had demonstrated. Many had belonged to the National Mobilization Committee (MOBE). In this two-sheet panorama, artist Howard Brodie sets the stage, showing the twelve jurors and two alternates. They sit behind the prosecution team led by Thomas A. Foran and Richard G. Schultz. Brodie also focuses on the marshal -- likely Ronald Dobroski -- court reporter Dorothy Rasoul, defense attorney William Kunstler, Judge Julius Hoffman, and an unidentified witness. The eight defendants were reduced to seven when Hoffman ordered that Bobby Seale be tried separately. Howard Brodie. [Chicago Seven conspiracy trial in Chicago, Illinois, showing left-half of two-part drawing of the entire courtroom, with the jury and prosecution team shown in this half], 1969 or 1970. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (037.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51013 � Estate of Howard Brodie Gift of Howard Brodie
7. LOCDJ1_170516_039.JPG: The Harrisburg Seven A group of priests and nuns led by Father Philip Berrigan from the New Catholic Left, along with Pakistani-American journalist Eqbal Ahmad, faced trial for plotting to kidnap Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in an effort to end the Vietnam War. Judge R. Dixon Herman presided over the U.S. District Court in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The lead defense attorney, Ramsey Clark, sensing that the jury would be sympathetic to priests and nuns, did not call anyone to the stand and said only, "Your Honor, the defendants shall always seek peace. They continue to proclaim their innocence. The defense rests." His ploy paid off for the defendants; their trial ended with a hung jury. Howard Brodie. [Harrisburg Seven Trial -- Overall Court Scene], 1972. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (044.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51108 � Estate of Howard Brodie Gift of Howard Brodie
8. LOCDJ1_170516_045.JPG: Black Panthers on Trial In 1970, twenty-one members of the New York Black Panther Party faced charges of conspiracy to bomb several sites in New York City. Their lawyers found it difficult to prepare for their trial before the New York Supreme Court because the defendants were purposefully separated and placed into solitary confinement in seven different jails. Their lead lawyer, Gerald Lefcourt, sued to have them brought together in Queens and ultimately thirteen defendants faced trial together. Justice John M. Murtagh, having knowledge of the Chicago Seven trial, intended to avoid Judge Hoffman's handling of that politically charged courtroom. The jury ultimately acquitted the Panthers of all 156 charges on May 12, 1971. Howard Brodie. N.Y. Panther Trial, 1970. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (043.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51107 � Estate of Howard Brodie Gift of Howard Brodie
9. LOCDJ1_170516_049.JPG: Vietnam Veterans Against the War Eight members of Vietnam Veterans Against the War argued intended to demonstrate peacefully at the 1972 Republican National Convention but were lured into more violent behavior by government infiltrators. During the trial, two FBI agents were caught using electronic surveillance to listen to a private defense team conversation -- perhaps helping the defense, as the veterans were acquitted on August 31, 1973. Aggie Whelan had been sent by CBS to cover the trial. During the pre-trial hearing, Federal Judge Winston Arnow told the court illustrators they were not permitted to draw in his courtroom or from memory. Whelan, though outside the courtroom, sketched anyway and the government found CBS guilty of violating its orders. On appeal, the decision United States of America v. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc., 497 F.2d 102 (1974) reaffirmed the right of courtroom illustrators to work during trials. Aggie Whelan [Kenny]. Gainsville [sic] 8, 1973. Pastel and charcoal on blue-green paper laid paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (045.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51109 � Aggie Kenny Gift of Tom Girardi
10. LOCDJ1_170516_054.JPG: Bobby Seale, Bound and Gagged Bobby Seale had not participated in the advance planning for the demonstration, but was arrested and tried with the MOBE members. A co-founder of the Black Panthers, Seale had gone to Chicago as a last-minute replacement for Eldridge Cleaver. Seale, whose lawyer was unavailable due to hospitalization, was denied both a continuance and self-representation. Seale verbally lashed out, interrupting the proceedings. On October 29, 1969, in an extraordinary move, Judge Julius Hoffman ordered Bobby Seale bound and gagged. His trial was severed from the Chicago Eight on November 5, 1969. Finding him in contempt, Hoffman sentenced Seale to four years in prison, appealed at, U.S. v. Seale, 461 F.2d 345 (1972). As he was led from the courtroom, spectators shouted "Free Bobby!" Howard Brodie. [Bobby Seale attempting to write notes on a legal pad while bound and gagged in the courtroom during the Chicago Eight conspiracy trial in Chicago, Illinois], between October 29 and November 5, 1969. Color crayon and on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (039.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51015 � Estate of Howard Brodie Gift of Howard Brodie
11. LOCDJ1_170516_061.JPG: Abbie Hoffman's Tug-Of-War with a Marshall Abbie Hoffman was a founder of the Youth International Party, also known as the Yippies. He joined the National Mobilization Committee and helped organize the demonstration in Chicago during the Democratic National Convention in 1968. Full of theatrics during the course of the trial, he brought a Viet Cong flag into the courtroom on the day of the Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam, November 15, 1969, and proceeded to wrestle over it with deputy marshal Ronald Dobroski. Howard Brodie. NLF Flag Tug of War, Enemy Flag, 1969. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (040.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51106 � Estate of Howard Brodie Gift of Howard Brodie
12. LOCDJ1_170516_068.JPG: Disorder in the Court of Public Opinion Unfolding in the wake of the chaotic 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago, the trial popularly known as the Chicago Seven case, U.S. v. Dellinger, et al, appealed at 472 F.2d 340 (1972), mirrored both the sensationalism of the convention and the larger cultural issues taking place within American society. U.S. Federal District Court judge Julius Hoffman presided over the case and was often at odds with the original eight political activists on trial and their defense team. These two letters encapsulate opposing viewpoints on the issues and principals at the heart of the case, between which an ocean of public opinion and debate ebbed and flowed. Mr. and Mrs. J. Allen to Justice Hugo Black. Manuscript letter, March 4, 1970. Hugo Black Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (041.00.00)
13. LOCDJ1_170516_075.JPG: Wallace W. Sherwood to Justice Hugo Black. Typescript Letter, February 17, 1970. Hugo Black Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (042.00.00)
14. LOCDJ1_170516_089.JPG: Mother of Slain African American Child Testifies On April 28, 1973, Thomas Shea, a plainclothes New York City police officer, shot ten-year-old Clifford Glover in the back as the child ran away from him. Glover was walking with his stepfather Add Armstead when the unmarked police car pulled up, and thinking it was a robbery, the two ran. Unaware he had shot a child, Shea stated Clifford had turned to fire a gun. Ballistics tests showed Shea's bullet hit Clifford's body from the back. Because Shea had fired at a fleeing suspect whose supposed weapon was not found, he was charged with murder. The jury, eleven white men and one African American woman, found Shea not guilty. However, a police proceeding led to Shea's dismissal for firing his weapon "wrongfully and without just cause." In this drawing, Eloise Glover testifies in a later hearing. In 1979 the city settled with the family for $115,000. Marilyn Church. Police Officer Thomas Shea Listens as Ms. Glover Testifies about Son Whom He Shot, April 11, 1975. Color water-soluble crayon on tan laid paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (061.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51570 � Marilyn Church Gift of the family of Marilyn Church
15. LOCDJ1_170516_095.JPG: Separatists on Trial The Black Liberation Army, in an attempt to build a utopian black republic, enlisted separatists who belonged to the radical Weather Underground to help rob a Brink's armored car in Nyack, New York, on October 20, 1981. They murdered one guard and injured the other. During their preliminary hearing, on September 20, 1982, Judith Clark, Sekou Odinga, Kuwasi Balagoon, and David Gilbert shouted "Long live Palestine!" before they were escorted from the courtroom. Balagoon, Clark, and Gilbert, were tried in state court in nearby Goshen, New York, while Odinga was tried on federal charges in Manhattan. Balagoon died of AIDS a few years after the trial, Odinga was released in 2014, and Clark and Gilbert remain incarcerated. Marilyn Church. [Defendants in the Brink's Robbery Case . . . Being Removed from the New City, New York, Courtroom by Police Officers], September 20, 1982. Colored pencil, graphite, and water-soluble crayon on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (062.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-31189 � Marilyn Church Gift of the family of Marilyn Church
16. LOCDJ1_170516_102.JPG: Vernon Dahmer's Family at Klan Wizard's Trial On January 10, 1966, Ku Klux Klan members firebombed the house and country store of local NAACP leader Vernon Dahmer, sending his family members fleeing into the night. While defending his home, Dahmer succumbed to smoke inhalation just hours after the attack. Dahmer had been urging African Americans to register to vote and had offered to help pay their poll tax. Although local Klan Wizard Sam Bowers had won acquittal in several trials, the family asked Lindsay Carter, District Attorney of Forrest County, Mississippi, and his assistant Bob Helfrich to reopen the case. On August 17, 1998, Bowers faced trial for the fifth time and was sentenced to life in prison. Here, Dahmer's widow, Ellie Dahmer, and some of his children and grandchildren sit in the "old colored section" of the Hattiesburg Court House. Pat Lopez. Vernon Dahmer Trial -- Sam Bowers Trial -- Family Sits in Old 'Colored' Section in Hattiesburg Courthouse, 1998. Colored pencil and graphite on lavender paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (060.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51120 � Pat Lopez Gift and purchase, Pat Lopez
17. LOCDJ1_170516_121.JPG: Race-Based Crimes For most of the twentieth century, trials involving vicious attacks on African Americans exposed virulent racism in the United States. Courtroom artists have been on hand to capture seminal moments from various trials where biased juries either acquitted the accused or handed out lenient sentences for heinous crimes. Two trials typifying questionable justice were those for the murder of voting rights activist and NAACP leader Vernon Dahmer by members of the Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi and the trial of white vigilante, subway shooter Bernhard Goetz in New York City. By the 1990s, attitudes began to shift and community leaders called for stiffer sentences -- as in the case of James Byrd, Jr., an African American who was dragged behind a truck to his death by white supremacists. The case contributed to the creation of the 2009 Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr., Hate Crimes Prevention Act.
18. LOCDJ1_170516_125.JPG: All White Jury Frees Klan Members Civil rights activist Viola Liuzzo was shot and killed on March 25, 1965, as she drove African American civil rights marcher Leroy Moton in her car from Montgomery to Selma, Alabama. Four Ku Klux Klan members, Eugene Thomas, William Eaton, Collie Leroy Wilkins, Jr., and Thomas Rowe, Jr., were arrested and tried. Artist Howard Brodie drew the all-white, all-male jury that served at one of the multiple trials. While Rowe, an FBI informant, received immunity for his testimony, Thomas, Eaton and Wilkins, were acquitted in state trials. On December 3, 1965, the three men received ten-year sentences on a federal charge of conspiracy to deprive Liuzzo of her civil rights. As a result of Liuzzo's death, President Johnson petitioned Congress to increase the scope of the Federal Conspiracy Act of 1870 to include the death of civil rights workers. Her death also helped raise support for the passage of the Voting Rights Act, Pub. L. 89-110. Howard Brodie. Jury, Hayneville, Alabama, 1965. Crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (055.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51118 � Estate of Howard Brodie Gift of Howard Brodie
19. LOCDJ1_170516_129.JPG: Women Serving on Juries Controversies regarding the composition of juries did not focus solely on race. Beginning in 1961, the issue of women being considered for jury duty became contested legal ground. In justifying the exclusion of their female citizens, several states cited women as the "center of home and family life" who should be relieved of this burden. However, in Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U.S. 522 (1975), the court ruled that systematic exclusion of female jurors failed to meet the "fair cross section" guaranteed by constitutional amendments. Taylor did not settle the law, as other states continued to limit the number of female jurors by allowing exemptions from service. In her last appearance before the Supreme Court as a lawyer for the American Civil Liberties Union, future Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg argued that such exemptions, even if voluntary, devalued women as citizens and violated a defendant's right by "diluting the qual[ity] of community judgment a crim[inal] j[ury] t[ria]l provides." Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Notes for oral arguments in Duren v. Missouri. Typescript with emendations, November 1, 1978. Ruth Bader Ginsburg Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (056.00.00)
20. LOCDJ1_170516_134.JPG: White Men Tried for Killing African American Teenager A wall of bailiffs stand guard as the young men accused of participating in the shooting death of African American teenager Yusuf Hawkins on August 23, 1989, in Bensonhurst, New York, appear before Judge Thaddeus Owens in New York State Supreme Court in Brooklyn. Artist Marilyn Church identifies some of the defendants, who stand with their lawyers, including Joseph Fama, Pasquale Raucci, Joseph Serrano, James Patino, and Steven Curreri. Defendant Keith Mondello towers over the others. While Mondello served eight years in prison for his role, Fama received a much longer sentence and remains in a maximum-security prison in Dannemora, New York. Most of the defendants were acquitted or received community service sentences, an outcome that divided Brooklynites. Marilyn Church. Bensonhurst Pre-Trial, ca. April 1990. Colored pencil, water-soluble crayon and porous point pen on ochre paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (057.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51119 � Marilyn Church
21. LOCDJ1_170516_141.JPG: Fear of a Defendant with AIDS in 1984 Edward Coaxum, wearing a surgical mask, sits while his lawyer, Frank Gould, stands before the jury. Accused of stabbing a man to death in an area of East Harlem where drug addicts gathered, Coaxum faced prejudice as a man stricken with AIDS in his 1984 trial. New York State Supreme Court Justice Arnold G. Fraiman permitted nervous jurors to be excused or wear protective clothing. At a time before there were effective treatments for AIDS, Coaxum died before his case could be heard on appeal. Marilyn Church. 1st AIDS Case, October 26, 1984. Colored pencil, water-soluble crayon, porous point pen, and graphite on olive Canson wove paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (014.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-50998 � Marilyn Church Gift of the family of Marilyn Church
22. LOCDJ1_170516_151.JPG: Judge on Trial In 1985, Judge William C. Brennan, who served on the New York State Supreme Court in Queens, was convicted on twenty-six counts of accepting bribes under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. Shown here, Brennan and his attorney, Daniel P. Hollman, stand before Judge Jack B. Weinstein in the U.S. District Court, Eastern District of New York in Brooklyn. Brennan appealed his case on the grounds that Weinstein had based his conviction on an unreliable witness, but the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit upheld the decision: U.S. v. Brennen, 798 F.2d.581 (1986) He served more than two years at Allenwood Federal Prison in Pennsylvania. Marilyn Church. Brooklyn Judge Brennan Hearing, October 11, 1985. Colored pencil, water-soluble crayon, and porous point pen over graphite underdrawing on olive paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (015.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-50999 � Marilyn Church Gift of the family of Marilyn Church
23. LOCDJ1_170516_156.JPG: Frozen Embryos as Personal Property In 1978, as the first "test tube" baby was born in England, John and Doris Del Zio sued Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, and Dr. Raymond Vande Wiele for emotional damages in the case of Del Zio v. Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, U.S. Dist. Lexis 14550 (1978). Their lawyer Michael Dennis stands before Judge Charles Stewart, arguing that Vande Wiele, by exposing their fertilized embryos to the air in 1973, had destroyed their property and caused emotional distress. The doctors at Columbia Presbyterian encouraged the Del Zios to sue because they wanted to continue in vitro fertilization (IVF) research. While on August 18, 1978, the jury awarded small damages for the emotional distress, it found that the embryos were not the couple's personal property. Marilyn Church. Test Tube Baby, 1978. Colored pencil, porous point pen, and water-soluble crayon on tan laid paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (012.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-50996 � Marilyn Church Gift of the family of Marilyn Church
24. LOCDJ1_170516_162.JPG: Man Who Is Deaf Seeks to Serve on a Jury After threatening to sue for discrimination, Alec Naiman, shown seated in the jury pool, communicates with his signer while Judge Budd G. Goodman in the New York State Supreme Court asks him questions. Hector Guzman, on trial for a narcotics violation, sits next to his attorney, Oscar Finkel. During jury selection, Finkel argued his client would be denied a fair trial under the Sixth Amendment if one of the jurors were deaf. Judge Goodman, sympathetic to Naiman's cause, denied Guzman the right to eliminate him from the jury pool for cause: People v. Guzman, 478 NYS 2d 455 (1984). Finkel then used one of his peremptory challenges to exclude Naiman. With the passage in 1990 of the Americans with Disabilities Act, Pub.L.101-336, deaf citizens obtained the right to serve on juries. Marilyn Church. Deaf Juror, February 17, 1984. Colored pencil, pastel, graphite, and porous point pen on ochre paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (013.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-50997 � Marilyn Church Gift of the family of Marilyn Church
25. LOCDJ1_170516_172.JPG: Death Penalty Argued Before the Supreme Court Lawyer Anthony Amsterdam made a specialty of arguing death penalty cases before the Supreme Court, culminating in the 1972 case Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238. Amsterdam had worked through the NAACP's Legal and Educational Defense Fund, building up a case that death penalty sentences, while rarely carried out, were handed down to disproportionate numbers of African Americans. Instead of focusing on the violation of the Fourteenth Amendment, Amsterdam castigated the flawed procedure of jury selection and instruction. Here in one of his earlier cases, Maxwell v. Bishop, 398 U.S. 262 (1970), Amsterdam demonstrated one of the problems with jury selection. In this case the court found a death sentence cannot be carried out if the jury automatically excluded jurors who voiced general objections to the death penalty. Howard Brodie. Capital Punishment, Lawyer Anthony Amsterdam Arguing, May 4, 1970. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (006.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-50995 � Estate of Howard Brodie Gift of Howard Brodie
26. LOCDJ1_170516_181.JPG: Two Views on Furman v. Georgia In Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972), the court ruled against the death penalty, but the justices in the majority disagreed over the rationale. Here Justice William O. Douglas explains his reasoning by arguing that a law's application needed to be equal across society regardless of race or class in order to pass constitutional muster. The gap between justices in the majority and public opinion is demonstrated in this letter to Justice Douglas after the Furman ruling. The letter's floral border and the writer's initial reference to nightly prayers juxtaposed against the harsh statement that concludes the letter literally and symbolically underscores the ideological gulf. Though many observers believed the ruling had ended capital punishment in America, over ensuing decades executions have increased due to laws passed by state legislatures. William O. Douglas. Memorandum to the Conference. Typescript, June 26, 1972. William O. Douglas Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (007.00.00)
27. LOCDJ1_170516_187.JPG: Ruth Green to William O. Douglas. Manuscript letter, June 29, 1972. William O. Douglas Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (008.00.00)
28. LOCDJ1_170516_194.JPG: Satire Is Protected Free Speech Publisher Larry Flynt provoked a lawsuit for damages for satirizing televangelist Jerry Falwell in a fake Campari ad in Hustler magazine. The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously agreed in Hustler v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46 (1988), that a parody, which no reasonable person expected to be true, was protected free speech. The justices also stated that upholding the lower courts' decisions would put all political satire at risk. Alan Isaacman defended Flynt before eight justices, as Justice Anthony Kennedy recused himself. Flynt (in wheelchair) is isolated due to an outburst during a previous Supreme Court appearance in another libel case. Aggie Kenny. Larry Flynt (Foreground) & Issacman [sic], 1988. Watercolor and graphite on tan paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (004.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-50994 � Aggie Kenny Gift of Tom Girardi
29. LOCDJ1_170516_205.JPG: Public Opinion on Hustler v. Falwell The court received numerous letters in response to the unanimous Hustler v. Falwell opinion. While some applauded the decision, many suggested the justices had abdicated any sense of moral responsibility. In this letter, the writer describes the ruling as "repugnant" to anyone holding Judeo-Christian values. Referencing the Roe v. Wade ruling, the author asserts "in 1973 . . . nine judges decided who should live. In 1988 . . . nine judges decided how society should live." Ruth Ihrig to Justice Harry Blackmun. Typescript letter, March 21, 1988. Harry A. Blackmun Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. (005.00.00)
30. LOCDJ1_170516_211.JPG: Teenager Imprisoned for Crime They Did Not Commit In 1990, teenagers Antron McCray, Yusef Salaam, Raymond Santana, Kevin Richardson, and Kharey Wise stood trial for rape and attempted murder of a female white jogger in Central Park. The defendants were already in police custody for "wilding," or extensive assault, on April 20, 1989, when Trisha Meili was found. In this Marilyn Church drawing, Assistant District Attorney Elizabeth Lederer questioning the arresting officer. While no DNA evidence for any of the teenagers was found, they were sentenced for various crimes, including robbery, assault, and rape. When the actual rapist, Matias Reyes, confessed to the crime in 2002, all of the teenagers had served their time in prison -- between six and thirteen years: order to vacate judgement, People v. Wise, 194 Misc. 2d 481 (2002). Church later wrote, "when they were found to be innocent, I was filled with regret about the way I had drawn them." In 2014, New York City settled a 41-million-dollar lawsuit with them for unlawful imprisonment. Marilyn Church. Central Park Jogger Trial Asst. D.A. Elizabeth Lederer questioning arresting police officer. . . , 1990. Colored pencil, porous point pen, graphite, and water-soluble crayon on ochre paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (063.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-31202 � Marilyn Church Gift of the family of Marilyn Church
31. LOCDJ1_170516_224.JPG: The Chicago Seven Court Room Having been arrested after several days of protests during the Democratic Party National Convention in Chicago in August 1968, the Chicago Eight faced their trial with the same aplomb with which they had demonstrated. Many had belonged to the National Mobilization Committee (MOBE). In this two-sheet panorama, artist Howard Brodie sets the stage, showing the twelve jurors and two alternates. They sit behind the prosecution team led by Thomas A. Foran and Richard G. Schultz. Brodie also focuses on the marshal -- likely Ronald Dobroski -- court reporter Dorothy Rasoul, defense attorney William Kunstler, Judge Julius Hoffman, and an unidentified witness. The eight defendants were reduced to seven when Hoffman ordered that Bobby Seale be tried separately. Howard Brodie. [Chicago Seven conspiracy trial in Chicago, Illinois, showing left-half of two-part drawing of the entire courtroom, with the jury and prosecution team shown in this half], 1969 or 1970. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (037.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51013 � Estate of Howard Brodie Gift of Howard Brodie
32. LOCDJ1_170516_229.JPG: Qualifying Affirmative Action Allan Bakke, after being denied admission to the University of California Medical School at Davis in 1973 and 1974, sued the Regents (Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265, (1978)). He argued that they had violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by reserving spaces for minority applicants who would not have otherwise been accepted. When his case went before the Supreme Court, the justices decided that the University of California had to admit Bakke, but affirmed that universities had the right to use affirmative action to diversify their student bodies. Bakke graduated from medical school and became an anesthesiologist. Marilyn Church. Archibald Cox at Bakke Hearing before the Supreme Court, October 12, 1977. Porous point pen, graphite, and opaque white on paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (009.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-31194 � Marilyn Church
33. LOCDJ1_170516_234.JPG: Thurgood Marshall on Bakke The Bakke case sparked fierce debate among the justices with very little consensus. The court submitted six separate opinions. Justice Thurgood Marshall argued forcefully for affirmative action, stating "I do not believe that anyone can truly look into America's past and still find a remedy for that past impermissible." The seeds of his opinion are evident in his notes and his Memorandum to the Supreme Court Conference displayed here. Thurgood Marshall. Manuscript notes for Memorandum to the Conference, ca. April 1978. Thurgood Marshall Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (010.00.00)
34. LOCDJ1_170516_241.JPG: Thurgood Marshall. Memorandum to the Conference. Typescript, April 13, 1978. Thurgood Marshall Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (011.00.00)
35. LOCDJ1_170516_245.JPG: Celebrity Trials Celebrity trials bring artists into contact with the rich and famous, sometimes at the lowest points in their lives. The resulting drawings offer a vicarious thrill for viewers of these iconic figures as they participate in the real-life drama of the courtroom. The scenes may reveal displays of passion, indifference, or calm. The subject of the trials may be copyright infringement, child custody, or murder. Despite the wide range of reasons that brought the celebrities to court, the drawings have one thing in common -- they do not cross the line into caricature. Courtroom artists know that their audience demands a good recognizable likeness, as well as a crystalizing moment frozen in time.
36. LOCDJ1_170516_249.JPG: "Blind Sheikh" Omar Rahman on Trial In 1993 as part of the investigation of the World Trade Center bombing, the government began to look at Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman's activities and his connection to the bombers. The federal attorneys in the federal district court in Manhattan argued that Omar Rahman, "The Blind Sheikh," sought to undermine the U.S. from his New Jersey mosque: U.S. v. Rahman, 861 F.Supp. 247 allowing evidence gathered under FISA warrants to stand. Emad Ali Salem, who had infiltrated the group on behalf of the FBI, testified during the 1995 trial before Judge Michael Mukasey. Andrew C. McCarthy, assistant U.S. attorney for the Southern District of New York led the prosecution. Rahman, discernable in his darkened glasses sits with ten unidentified defendants: appeal at 189 F.3d 88 (1999). Rahman died on February 18, 2017, from health complications at the Federal Correctional Complex in Butner, North Carolina. The other defendants are scattered among other federal prisons throughout the United States. Marilyn Church. Sheikh Omar Rahman, 11 Terrorists, March 1995. Colored pencil, water-soluble crayon, and pastel on ochre paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (050.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca- 51115 � Marilyn Church Gift of the family of Marilyn Church
37. LOCDJ1_170516_258.JPG: Oklahoma City Bombing Hearing On April 19, 1995, Timothy McVeigh detonated a rental truck filled with explosives outside a federal building in Oklahoma City, killing 168 people, the second largest terrorist attack in the U.S. to date. Dr. Steven Penrod, an expert in eyewitness behavior, testified at the change of venue hearing on February 1, 1996, attended by both McVeigh and his co-conspirator, Terry Nichols. On February 20, 1996, Judge Richard Matsch ordered that the trial be moved from the state of Oklahoma to Denver, Colorado. Matsch is a Denver federal judge who succeeded Oklahoma City District Judge Wayne Alley, whose chambers and courtroom had been destroyed by the bombing. McVeigh was executed by lethal injection on June 11, 2001. Nichols is serving consecutive life sentences at the federal prison in Florence, Colorado. Pat Lopez. Okla [sic] Bomb Trial Venue Hearing, February 1, 1996. Colored pencil on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (049.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51114 � Pat Lopez Gift and purchase, Pat Lopez
38. LOCDJ1_170516_263.JPG: 1993 World Trade Center Bombing Days after the bombing of the World Trade Center, Elizabeth Williams covered the late-night arraignment of Mohammed A. Salameh, in Manhattan Federal Court on March 4, 1993. Seated between his translator Latif Onsi and defense lawyer Robert Precht, Salameh is a Palestinian who had overstayed a tourist visa and the first suspect to be charged with the detonation of explosives in a rented van in the World Trade Center parking garage. A fragment of the vehicle linked Salameh to its rental. The bomb killed five people and injured more than 1,000 others. On May 24, 1994, in the trial United States v. Salameh et al., Salameh, along with three other defendants, received a 240-year sentence: appeal at 152 F.3d 88 (1998). Elizabeth Williams. Salamed [i.e., Salameh], March 4, 1993. Pastel and porous point pen on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (046.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51110 � Elizabeth Williams Gift of Tom Girardi
39. LOCDJ1_170516_266.JPG: Elizabeth Williams. Mohammed Salameh of Jersey City, N.J., seated, is arraigned last night in federal court in Manhattan, 1993. Published cover of New York Newsday, March 5, 1993. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (047.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51111 � Elizabeth Williams
40. LOCDJ1_170516_278.JPG: Al Sharpton Reacts to Bensonhurst Trial Verdict Diane Hawkins, the mother of murder victim Yusuf Hawkins, Al Sharpton, and others react to the verdict that cleared Keith Mondello of second-degree murder and manslaughter charges. After the verdict was announced on May 19, 1990, one member of the Hawkins family reportedly shouted, "You'll get yours." On the previous day, Joseph Fama was found guilty by a separate jury: judgement affirmed at People v. Fama, 212 A.D.2d 542 (1995). Al Sharpton threatened that, "We intend to move this city like it's never been moved before" and led marches into Bensonhurst and other New York neighborhoods clamoring for racial justice. Marilyn Church. [Bensonhurst Murder Trial], May 1990. Colored pencil, charcoal, porous point pen, and water-soluble crayon on brown paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (058.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-38536 � Marilyn Church
41. LOCDJ1_170516_285.JPG: Somali Pirate Tried as an Adult Fiona Doherty, a federal defense attorney, stands during the trial of Abduwali Abdukhadir Muse, a Somali teenager, who had been brought to the U.S. District Court in Manhattan for his role as a pirate in the attack on the cargo ship Maersk Alabama, under the command of Capt. Richard Phillips. Philip Weinstein and Deirdre von Dornum, his other defense attorneys, sit next to Muse, who was the only survivor among the attackers. Prosecutor Brendan McGuire sits and listens to Doherty. Muse received a thirty-three-year sentence for his role in the attack and two earlier attacks in 2009. He is serving his sentence in the federal facility in Terre Haute, Indiana. Elizabeth Williams. Somali Pirate Sentencing, February 16, 2011. Acrylic paint, pastel, and porous point pen on tan laid paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (052.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51116 � Elizabeth Williams Gift of Tom Girardi
42. LOCDJ1_170516_292.JPG: Terrorism Trials Mass shootings and bombings, whether committed by United States citizens or foreign nationals, motivated by religious fundamentalism or political goals, shocked the country with these sudden acts. Courtroom artists, like journalists, draw the likenesses of those on trial without caricaturing them or demonizing them as monsters for their actions. During the past three decades, reporting on terrorist events and the ensuing trials have been a consistent component of television and print news. The drawings on display represent scenes from hearings and trials for notorious terrorist acts, including the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, the Fort Hood shootings, the Oklahoma City bombing, and the Boston Marathon bombing.
43. LOCDJ1_170516_294.JPG: Boston Marathon Bombing Trial FBI Special Agent Sarah De Lair holds up the shredded remains of a black backpack, which had contained the pressure cooker bomb detonated by defendant Dzhokhar Tsarnaev during the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013. Inspired by anti-American rhetoric, Dzhokhar and his older brother Tamerlan killed three people and injured 260 more. Tamerlan died during a police shoot-out, leaving Dzhokhar Tsarnaev to face trial alone. Judy Clarke, seated next to her client sought a life sentence, rather than the death penalty that Judge George A. O'Toole handed down on June 24, 2015. Tsarnaev is in the U.S. penitentiary in Florence, Colorado, awaiting appeal: motion for a new trial denied, U.S. v. Tsarnaev, 157 F.Supp. 3d 57 (2016). Jane Rosenberg. "Tsarnaev Trial" Boston Federal Court, March 11, 2015. Pastel on ochre paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (054.01.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51597 � Jane Rosenberg Gift of Jane Rosenberg
44. LOCDJ1_170516_301.JPG: Humanizing the Demonized After his extradition from England, Mustafa Kamel Mustafa, known as Abu Hamza al-Masri, faced trial for multiple counts of terrorism, including the taking of hostages and providing material support and resources to terrorists: motion to dismiss charges denied, U.S. v. Mostafa, 965 F.Supp. 2d 451 (2013). The charges included an episode that led to the deaths of two Americans in Yemen, as well as the use of his role as imam at the Finsbury Park Mosque in London to incite acts of terrorism and racial hatred. Elizabeth Williams, while deftly capturing the Egyptian-born leader's mannerisms, prosthetic arms, and stiff relationship with Mayerlin Ulerio, a paralegal on his defense team, portrays a human face on a demonized figure. Mustafa is now serving a life sentence at the federal prison in Florence, Colorado. Elizabeth Williams. Abu Hamza Trial, Manhattan Federal Court, May 7, 2014. Watercolor, pastel, and porous point pen on tan paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (053.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51117 � Elizabeth Williams Gift of Tom Girardi
45. LOCDJ1_170516_309.JPG: Helter Skelter in the Courtroom In the more than nine months that Charles Manson was on trial for the murders of Sharon Tate and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca, he grew increasingly agitated. On October 5, 1970, he quickly leaped from the defense table, pencil in hand, preparing to stab Justice Charles H. Older. Bill Robles captured Manson's frenzied energy, which seemingly required all the might of the burly bailiff to restrain him. The pencil, still in motion, flies through the air toward the judge. By all accounts, Older did not even flinch. Walter Cronkite led off CBS Evening News that night with Robles's drawing. Bill Robles. Manson Leaping at Judge Charles H. Older! October 5, 1970. India ink and watercolor with scratching out on vellum paper mounted on board. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (025.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51006 � Bill Robles Gift of Tom Girardi
46. LOCDJ1_170516_313.JPG: Charles Manson on the Stand In the summer of 1969, Charles Manson brainwashed his followers, whom he called "the family," into committing gruesome murders, including Roman Polanski's pregnant wife, actress Sharon Tate, as well as several others in the Los Angeles area. Courtroom illustrator Bill Robles captured Manson's vacant stare in November 1970, several months after the defendant had carved an "x" into his forehead: People v. Charles Manson, 61 Cal. App. 3d 102 (1976). Deputy District Attorney Vincent Bugliosi later wrote Helter Skelter, a true crime account of Manson and "the family." Bill Robles. [Charles Manson on the witness stand], November 1970. India ink and watercolor with scratching out on vellum paper mounted on board. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (024.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51005 � Bill Robles Gift of Tom Girardi
47. LOCDJ1_170516_317.JPG: Sirhan Reacts Inappropriately Born into an Arab Christian family in Jerusalem's West Bank, Sirhan Sirhan initially blamed Israel for his actions in assassinating New York Senator Robert F. Kennedy on June 5, 1968. Artist Howard Brodie captured his violent outbursts and strange reactions throughout the trial, including the moment when the court security personnel standing watch over him and his lawyer Grant Cooper bowed their heads in prayer at the news of former president Dwight D. Eisenhower's death. Brodie portrays Sirhan's nervous movements in an otherwise still room. Howard Brodie. 1 Minute Prayer Silence in Court with Eisenhower's Death, March 28, 1969. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (021.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51002 � Estate of Howard Brodie Gift of Howard Brodie
48. LOCDJ1_170516_326.JPG: Robert F. Kennedy's Assassin Following his speech the night of his win in the California Democratic presidential primary, Senator Robert F. Kennedy walked through the kitchen of the Ambassador Hotel shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, where Sirhan Sirhan shot him. Although the impact of Sirhan's act cast a large shadow, Arnold Mesches captured his likeness as a slight man entering the courtroom. Despite evidence of psychiatric illness, Sirhan was tried and sentenced to death. Changes in California sentencing have left him serving a life sentence: People v. Sirhan, 497 P.2d 1121 (1972). After parole was denied for the fifteenth time in 2016, he remains in the Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility in San Diego County, California. Arnold Mesches. Sirhan Enters Courtroom, 1968. Graphite on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (020.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51001 Gift of William H. Payne
49. LOCDJ1_170516_331.JPG: Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald's Assassin Just days after President John F. Kennedy was assassinated, Lee Harvey Oswald was apprehended for the crime. As Oswald was being moved from the Dallas police station, Jack Ruby (Jacob Leon Rubenstein) shot him on live television. Howard Brodie, having worked for two decades as a newspaper illustrator, called an army buddy who was a CBS executive to offer his services in covering a trial that forbade filming. He became one of the first courtroom illustrators to work for television. This drawing of the empty courtroom depicts the names and positions of the defendant, defense attorneys, judge, district attorney, assistant district attorneys, bailiff, court reporter, jury, and even the spittoon. Howard Brodie. Diagrammatic view of courtroom used in the Ruby v. Texas trial in Dallas, Texas, 1964. Crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (018.00.00) LC-DIG-ds-04020 � Estate of Howard Brodie Gift of Howard Brodie
50. LOCDJ1_170516_337.JPG: Jack Ruby Gulps at His Verdict Looking haunted in this drawing, Jack Ruby listens to the March 14, 1964, verdict against him. Howard Brodie captures the quiver of his Adam's apple and nervous gulp, saying, "You must pick up little details. And I always had to be objective. I couldn't have preconceived attitudes. I viewed the defendant as just another human being, and I simply drew what I saw." Although he was sentenced to death in the case of the State of Texas v. Jack Ruby for murdering Lee Harvey Oswald, Ruby died of complications from lung cancer while waiting for his new trial to begin. The Texas Court of Appeals had reversed and remanded the case with an order that the trial be moved from Dallas: Rubenstein, alias Ruby, v. State of Texas, 407 S.W. 2d 793 (1966). Howard Brodie. Ruby -- Just before Verdict Was Read, March 14, 1964. Crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (019.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51569 � Estate of Howard Brodie Gift of Howard Brodie
51. LOCDJ1_170516_345.JPG: President Ford's Videotaped Testimony On September 5, 1975, Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme took a gun with her to the California State Capitol grounds in Sacramento, where President Gerald Ford moved through the crowd to meet with the governor. Wanting to speak with him about protecting redwoods, she brandished, but did not fire, her gun. Her attorney John Virga went to Washington, D.C., to depose Ford, whose videotaped testimony was played for the jurors on November 15, 1975, as shown in Howard Brodie's drawing: United States v. Frome, 405 F.Supp. 578 (1975). Fromme, who had been a member of Charles Manson's "family," served a long sentence and did not earn her release from prison until 2009. Howard Brodie. Fromme Trial, Sacremento Ca, President Ford as Witness on TV, November 15, 1975. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (026.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51007 � Estate of Howard Brodie Gift of Howard Brodie
52. LOCDJ1_170516_352.JPG: Puff Daddy and Shyne Plead Not Guilty New York Assistant District Attorney Matthew Bogdanos gestures toward defense attorney Benjamin Brafman, as Judge Charles H. Solomon hears rap artist Jamal Barrow, better known as Shyne, plead "not guilty" in a nightclub shooting that took place on December 27, 1999. Shyne and his mentor Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs had been charged with the crime. Jennifer Lopez, who had been detained with Combs, her then boyfriend, was released an hour later. Standing with Barrow are rapper Combs and his bodyguard Anthony Jones. On March 16, 2001, Combs and Jones were acquitted in New York State Supreme Court in Manhattan, while the jury found his prot�g� Barrow guilty of reckless endangerment and illegal possession of a firearm. Marilyn Church. [Shyne and Puff Daddy with his entourage . . . appear before New York State Supreme Court judge Charles H. Solomon], October 2000. Colored pencil and water-soluble crayon on ochre paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (110.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51158 � Marilyn Church Gift of the family of Marilyn Church
53. LOCDJ1_170516_358.JPG: Mick Jagger in Copyright Infringement Case During the course of a copyright infringement trial, which began on April 18, 1988, in White Plains, New York, Mick Jagger performed for the courtroom. Reggae singer Patrick Alley sued Jagger for seven million dollars over the song "Just Another Night," claiming the chorus's lyrics were similar to his own song. Judge Gerard L. Goettel gave instructions to the jury, saying that Alley had to prove that Jagger had prior access to his song and that the two were substantially similar, stating "accidental similarity is not actionable plagiarism." On April 26, 1988, the six-person jury found Mick Jagger innocent of copyright infringement. Elizabeth Williams. Mick Jagger on Stand "Just Another Night" Trial, April 1988. Watercolor and porous point pen on tan paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (107.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51155 � Elizabeth Williams Gift of Tom Girardi
54. LOCDJ1_170516_370.JPG: Trial of Michael Jackson In 2005, Michael Jackson faced trial in Santa Monica, California, on charges of molesting a teenager. He was found not guilty. After the trial Jackson said, "I haven't been betrayed or deceived by children. Adults have let me down." Artist Bill Robles found drawing at the trial a challenge -- he endured the "Melville diet" named after Judge Rodney Melville who scheduled only three ten-minute breaks and no lunch. Robles had barely enough time to meet the network news truck to film his drawings before returning inside to draw again. Bill Robles. [Michael Jackson], June 15, 2005. Porous point pen and India ink on translucent paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (112.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51160 � Bill Robles Gift of Tom Girardi
55. LOCDJ1_170516_376.JPG: Joanne Woodward and Paul Newman in Court Actor Paul Newman casually sits and reads next to his actress wife Joanne Woodward, who knits. His attorney, W. Patrick Ryan, protects his interests against Westport delicatessen owner Julius Gold, who sued the actor for breach of contract in the manufacture of Newman's Own salad dressing. Gold argued that he had been promised a percentage of the profits, but that Newman had reneged on the deal. Newman claimed no promise had been made and gave all profits to charity. On June 23, 1988, Judge Howard F. Zoarski of Connecticut Superior Court in Bridgeport declared a mistrial when jurors inadvertently saw information not admitted into evidence. The judge denied the plaintiff, Julius Gold, the right to have his case retried. Marilyn Church. Salad Dressing War, June 1988. Colored pencil, water-soluble crayon, and porous point pen on ochre paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (106.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51154 � Marilyn Church Gift of the family of Marilyn Church
56. LOCDJ1_170516_384.JPG: Tom Girardi Represents Victim in Dodgers Lawsuit Paramedic Bryan Stow was beaten senseless in a parking lot after the March 31, 2011, Dodgers opening game, an attack that left him paralyzed. California attorney Thomas V. Girardi took up Bryan Stow's case. In 2014, Girardi appeared in California Superior Court in Los Angeles before Judge Victor E. Chavez and argued successfully that the Dodgers neglected to provide security sufficient to protect Stow. The jury awarded Stow eighteen million dollars in damages from Louie Sanchez and Marvin Norwood -- the fans who had beaten him -- as well as the Dodgers organization. Sanchez and Norwood were charged in both state and Federal courts and received prison sentences for their roles in the attack on Stow. Bill Robles. Tom Girardi with Beating Victim Bryan Stow, 2014. India ink and porous point pen on translucent paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (104.01.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51646 � Bill Robles Gift of Bill Robles
57. LOCDJ1_170516_389.JPG: Jilted Lover Jean Harris On March 10, 1980, in Purchase, New York, police received a call that Dr. Herman Tarnhower, a renowned cardiologist and author of the celebrated The Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet, had been shot. They arrived just as Jean Harris, headmistress of the exclusive Madeira School in Virginia, tried to drive away. On February 6, 1981, several days after her defense attorney, Joel Aurnou, had called her to the stand, she broke down under the cross-examination of prosecutor George Bolen. Rejecting her story that she had intended to commit suicide when she accidently shot her lover, the jury found her guilty of murder on February 24, 1981. She served twelve years at the Bedford Hills Correctional Facility in Westchester County, N.Y. Joseph Papin. Jean Harris Breaks Down on Stand, February 6, 1981. Porous point pen and colored pencil on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (103.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51151 Gift of Jane Papin
58. LOCDJ1_170516_399.JPG: Jackie Onassis and the Paparazzi Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis returned to court in 1982, having already sued paparazzi photographer Ron Galella, arguing he was in contempt of a 1975 court order: Galella v. Onassis, 533 F.Supp. 1076 (1982). Here, Galella's lawyer Marvin Mitchelson interrogates her, while Judge Irving Ben Cooper presides. Cooper argued that Galella was not going to change his behavior voluntarily and it was therefore necessary to "positively and effectively stop Galella's unbridled behavior" by penalizing him for his contempt of the court's 1975 order. Marilyn Church, who drew the former First Lady, wrote, "Oddly, there was little evidence of the high-fashion elegance that she was so famous for. Most days she wore the same brown blouse to court, a garment made of synthetic fibers that had seen better days. . . ." Marilyn Church. Jackie Onassis, 1982. Colored pencil, water-soluble crayon, and porous point pen on olive paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (108.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51156 � Marilyn Church Gift of the family of Marilyn Church
59. LOCDJ1_170516_403.JPG: Deion Sanders at His Divorce Hearing Football and baseball legend Deion Sanders testifies during an acrimonious divorce hearing at the Collin County Courthouse in McKinney, Texas. The case, which included child custody issues, began in 2012 and continued for several years afterward. After an April 23, 2012 scuffle with his estranged wife in their home, State District Judge Ray Wheless ordered Pilar Sanders to keep at least 500 yards away and gave Deion Sanders temporary custody of their children. In signing the drawing for artist Gary Myrick, Sanders ascribed it to Psalm 37.4, which reads: "Take delight in the Lord, and he will give you the desires of your heart." The couple returned later in the year to argue over their pre-nuptial agreement and to finalize their divorce in a messy and public fight. Gary Myrick. Deion Sanders, Psalm 37.4, 2012. Colored pencil and porous point pen on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (115.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51162 � Gary Myrick Gift and purchase, Gary Myrick
60. LOCDJ1_170516_407.JPG: Martha Stewart on Trial for Insider Trading In 2004, Martha Stewart and her former Merrill Lynch stockbroker, Peter Bacanovic, went to trial for securities fraud and obstruction of justice at the U.S. District Court in Manhattan. A former stockbroker herself, Stewart listened to the testimony of Merrill Lynch employee Brian Schimpfhauser as her defense attorney Robert Morvillo stood by. Judge Miriam Goldman Cedarbaum presided over the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York in Manhattan. On March 5, 2004, the jury found Stewart and Bacanovic guilty: acquitted on one charge U.S. v. Stewart, 305 F. Supp. 2d 368 (2004). Stewart served five months in Federal Prison Camp Alderson in West Virginia and an additional two years of supervised release, which allowed her to return to her business empire. Marilyn Church. Martha Stewart Trial, February 1, 2004. Colored pencil and water-soluble crayon on ochre paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (111.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51159 � Marilyn Church
61. LOCDJ1_170516_418.JPG: Brutal Killing Spurs Hate Crime Legislation Lieutenant Dennis Adler and Prosecutor Cal Rerucha stretch out the chain used in the murder of Matthew Shepard while defendant Russell Arthur Henderson, seated, watches in the Albany County District Court in Laramie, Wyoming. Henderson, along with Aaron James McKinney, lured Shepard to a field on October 6, 1998, savagely beat him, tied him to a fence, and left him for dead. He died of his wounds six days later. Along with the murder of James Byrd, Jr., by white supremacists around the same time, this crime led to passage of the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr., Hate Crimes Prevention Act in 2009, 18 U.S.C. �249. Pat Lopez. Mathew Shepherd [sic] Murder, 1999. Colored pencil on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (017.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-39837 � Pat Lopez Purchase and gift, Pat Lopez
62. LOCDJ1_170516_429.JPG: Path to Law Suits against Cigarette Manufacturers Donald J. Cohn of Webster & Sheffield, a cigarette manufacturer's counsel, is shown speaking to the jury in Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., 683 F.Supp. 1487 (1988), in U.S. District Court D in New Jersey. Presiding Judge H. Lee Sarokin agreed with the defendants that affixing to their product the Surgeon General's warning that cigarette smoking is dangerous to one's health fulfilled the minimum requirement for cigarette manufacturers and that the plaintiff's lawyers could not argue based on the advertiser's implications that lower nicotine content is safer. Rose Cipollone had died but her family argued it up to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Cipollones lost their case, but the justices ruled during litigation that smokers might have other grounds to pursue claims against cigarette manufacturers under state laws. Marilyn Church. Cippolone [sic] Tobacco Trial, 1988. Water-soluble crayon, colored pencil, and porous point pen over graphite underdrawing on ochre Canson paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (016.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51000 � Marilyn Church Gift of the family of Marilyn Church
63. LOCDJ1_170516_439.JPG: The Citadel Shannon Richey Faulkner had won coveted admission to the Citadel in 1993, but after the elite all-male military college discovered she was female, it withdrew her acceptance. She fought in court for two years, eventually winning the right to be admitted as a day student, until the appeals process was completed: Faulkner v. Jones, 585 F.Supp. 552 (1994). In 1994, Pat Lopez drew her sitting next to one of her lawyers, Robert Black, as well as an unidentified lawyer. Judge C. Weston Houck presided over the U.S. District Court in Charleston, South Carolina. In August 1995, Faulkner was admitted as a cadet but quit after just one week as a result of harassment. Nevertheless, other women have pursued admission and today comprise eight percent of the cadets. Pat Lopez. Citadel Fed Court Charleston, S.C., August 16, 1994. Colored pencil over graphite underdrawing on lavender paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (101.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51150 � Pat Lopez Gift and purchase, Pat Lopez
64. LOCDJ1_170516_440.JPG: The U.S. Supreme Court Although the nomination of a U.S. Supreme Court justice does not take place in the courtroom, it is newsworthy. Aggie Kenny and Howard Brodie were sent to cover the nomination hearings of John Paul Stevens and William Rehnquist. Confirmation hearings offer artists something the courtroom does not -- intimacy. Aggie Kenny wrote of her day in the Dirksen Building to document the hearings, "I was seated close to them and so relieved not to be struggling with distant figures." The proximity Kenny described is also apparent in the works by other artists who cover the Supreme Court for news broadcasts.
65. LOCDJ1_170516_443.JPG: Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall received his education at the historically black Lincoln College and Howard University before going into private practice in his native Baltimore. He volunteered with the NAACP, for which he argued before the Supreme Court, most notably in Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). In 1967, President Lyndon Johnson appointed him to the Supreme Court, on which he served until his retirement in 1991 and was succeeded by Clarence Thomas. Marshall's philosophy was unabashedly liberal and his judicial record shows his consistent support of an individual's rights. Howard Brodie. Assoc. Justice Thurgood Marshall, between 1967 and 1978. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (035.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51013 � Estate of Howard Brodie Gift of Howard Brodie
66. LOCDJ1_170516_454.JPG: Sonia Sotomayor Saves Baseball As a federal district court judge in Manhattan, Sonia Sotomayor ruled on the baseball player salary cap on March 31, 1995. By restoring the terms of the previous labor agreement, she ended the 1994–1995 Major League Baseball strike by opening day. Sotomayor had initially been an assistant district attorney and worked in private practice before President George H. W. Bush nominated her to the Federal district court in New York in 1991. President Barack Obama, in announcing her nomination to the Supreme Court in 2009, stated, "Some say Judge Sotomayor saved baseball." Her nomination was confirmed by the Senate on August 6, 2009. Marilyn Church. Baseball Judge Sonia Sotomayor, March 31, 1995. Colored pencil, ink, and water-soluble crayon on ochre paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (036.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51014 � Marilyn Church Gift of the family of Marilyn Church
67. LOCDJ1_170516_465.JPG: John Paul Stevens at His Senate Confirmation Hearing Nominated by President Gerald Ford, John Paul Stevens appeared before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary in December 1975. Aggie Kenny drew the Dirksen Building hearing, where Stevens faced John McClellan (D-AR), Edward M. "Ted" Kennedy (D-MA), Philip A. Hart (D-MI), Strom Thurmond (R-SC), Chairman James O. Eastland (D-MS), Roman L. Hruska (R-NE), and Hugh Doggett Scott, Jr. (R-PA). The Senate unanimously confirmed his appointment on December 17, 1975. Stevens was generally considered a leader on the court's liberal side, serving until his retirement in 2010. On June 13, 2011, the Law Library of Congress presented Justice Stevens with the Wickersham Award, given for exceptional public service and dedication to the legal profession. Aggie Kenny. Justice John Paul Stevens Confirmation Hearing/Supreme Court, December 1975. Pastel on blue laid paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (033.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51011 � Aggie Kenny Gift of Tom Girardi
68. LOCDJ1_170516_471.JPG: William Rehnquist at His Senate Confirmation Hearing William Rehnquist, appointed by President Richard Nixon, appeared before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary in November 1971. Howard Brodie depicts him with senators Birch Bayh (D-IN) and Edward M. "Ted" Kennedy (D-MA). Succeeding John M. Harlan, he was confirmed by the Senate on December 10, 1971. Ronald Reagan appointed Rehnquist Chief Justice in 1986. Although part of the court's conservative wing, he was successful as a chief justice in building consensus among the justices. He remained on the bench until his death on September 3, 2005. Howard Brodie. William Rehnquist Questioned by Senators of Judiciary Committee, 1971. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (034.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51012 � Estate of Howard Brodie Gift of Howard Brodie
69. LOCDJ1_170516_477.JPG: "I realized that you really have to stay removed from what you're hearing. You cannot let your emotions run away with you." -- Marilyn Church "It is critical to get the visual picture of a major case. People are depending on you at home. Even if it is up there for only six seconds, it is important for people to see and understand the feeling in that courtroom, what is taking place and how important it is to judicial decisions." -- Pat Lopez "Who what the greatest face for me to draw? The next one." -- Howard Brodie
70. LOCDJ1_170516_481.JPG: Iranian Immigrants Check Visa Status Gathered around a table before Judge William Strasser of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), Iranian students and non-student visitors check on their visa status, fearing deportation. When Iranian students took over the United States embassy in Iran, President Jimmy Carter retaliated by issuing Executive Order 12172 on November 26, 1979 (shown here), limiting the entry of Iranians holding non-immigrant visas into the United States. All Iranian students were ordered to appear before the INS by December 31, 1979. Iranian students protested that they were being singled out because of the Iranian Revolution. Non-student visitors who had received an extension on their visas after the Shah fled Iran suffered the same treatment as the students. After he retired in 2006, Judge William Strasser joined a New York immigration law firm. Marilyn Church. Immigration Iranians Newark, January 10, 1980. Water-soluble crayon, porous point pen, and pastel over graphite underdrawing on tan laid paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (097.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51144 � Marilyn Church Gift of the family of Marilyn Church
71. LOCDJ1_170516_486.JPG: Code of Federal Regulations, Title 3 -- The President. Washington, D.C.: Government Publishing Office, 1980. (098.00.00)
72. LOCDJ1_170516_494.JPG: Pueblo Affair Naval Court of Inquiry An American surveillance ship, the USS Pueblo, was captured by North Korea in the Sea of Japan on January 23, 1968. Believing that he lacked the necessary defensive equipment, Capt. Lloyd M. Bucher surrendered the ship after one crew member was killed and ten were wounded. Following eleven months of imprisonment in North Korea, the captain and crew were released and faced Vice Admiral Harold G. Bowen Jr., president of a naval court of inquiry, who, along with four other admirals, heard testimony from 104 witnesses during two months of hearings. While Bowen recommended a general court martial trial for Bucher for failing to destroy sensitive documents and scuttle his ship, Navy Secretary John H. Chafee overruled him, arguing that the men had endured enough punishment. The ship remains on display in North Korea. Arnold Mesches. [Naval court of inquiry about the capture of the USS Pueblo], 1969. Graphite and porous point pen on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (088.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51138
73. LOCDJ1_170516_500.JPG: USS Pueblo Capt. Lloyd M. Bucher Emaciated from months of torture, Lloyd M. Bucher, captain of the USS Pueblo, testifies at the court of naval inquiry. The public was sympathetic to him as a result of his well-publicized torture and imprisonment in North Korea. Before the ill-fated voyage, Bucher had put in a request to the Navy for a quick destruct system. The request was denied; instead Bucher purchased a fuel incinerator. Despite using delaying tactics before seizure, Bucher made it clear that the volume of documents and equipment that required destruction was too much for the incinerator to handle. During the court of naval inquiry, he was defended by Capt. James E. Keyes as well as a civilian attorney, E. Miles Harvey. Arnold Mesches. Pueblo, Bucher, 2 lawyers, 1969. India ink on white layered paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (089.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51139
74. LOCDJ1_170516_505.JPG: Only One Officer Found Guilty of My Lai Attrocities Lt. William L. Calley, Jr., flanked by George W. Latimer, his civilian lawyer and an unidentified officer, saluted the president of the six-officer jury. He had just received his sentence to a lifetime of hard labor for his role in the murder of twenty-two My Lai villagers in Vietnam on March 16, 1968: appeal at U.S. v. Calley, 46 C.M.R. 1131. Ultimately President Richard Nixon commuted his sentence to house arrest at Fort Benning. Calley was released to a federal parole officer on September 10, 1975. Of the fifteen officers who were charged, only Calley was found guilty of the massacre. Howard Brodie. [Lieutenant William L. Calley, Jr., saluting the president of the six-officer jury after the verdict was announced in his court martial trial at Ft. Benning, Georgia], March 31, 1971. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (090.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51140 � Estate of Howard Brodie Gift of Howard Brodie
75. LOCDJ1_170516_514.JPG: Capt. Medina Testifies at Calley's Court Martial Relaxed and self-assured, Capt. Ernest L. Medina testifies before Judge Reid W. Kennedy and the six-officer jury during the trial of his subordinate Lt. William L. Calley, Jr., for the massacre of civilians at My Lai in Vietnam. Medina oversaw Company C, First Battalion, 20th Infantry of the 11th Brigade (also known as Charlie Company). According to witnesses, he had never liked Lt. Calley and undermined his command of his platoon. Medina was later to face his own court martial for his role in the atrocities. The Manual for Courts-Martial, shown here, includes the Rules for Courts-Martial, the Military Rules of Evidence, and the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Howard Brodie. Captain Ernest L. Medina testifying, 1971. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (091.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51141 � Estate of Howard Brodie Gift of Howard Brodie
76. LOCDJ1_170516_522.JPG: Medina Found Not Guilty Tried by the military for failing to stop the atrocities at My Lai, Capt. Ernest L. Medina, hired famous defense lawyer F. Lee Bailey, who wears a suit and leans back in his chair. In the heat of August in Georgia, the Army officers wore short-sleeved uniforms, but notably the judge, Col. Kenneth A. Howard, and civilian lawyer Bailey, did not. Witnesses corroborated Medina's testimony that he was not present when the slaughter began. On September 22, 1971, Col. William D. Proctor, the president of the court announced that Medina was not guilty of involuntary manslaughter of more than 100 civilians and not guilty of premeditated murder of the wounded woman he had admitted to killing. Denied a promotion to major, Medina received an honorable discharge on October 15, 1971. Howard Brodie. [Capt. Ernest L. Medina My Lai Massacre court martial trial at Ft. McPherson, Georgia, courtroom scene], 1971. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (092.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51142 � Estate of Howard Brodie
77. LOCDJ1_170516_531.JPG: Manual for Courts-Martial, United States. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2012. Law Library, Library of Congress (093.00.00)
78. LOCDJ2_170516_005.JPG: Tenants and Landlords in Housing Court Artist Joseph Papin depicts the crowded conditions in Brooklyn's Housing Court. The City of New York maintains Housing Courts in each of its five boroughs to oversee residential landlord-tenant civil cases. Established in 1973, tenants seeking repairs or landlords seeking the ability to evict have converged on the court. Many tenants lack legal representation and attempt to navigate the system on their own, while landlords often bring lawyers with them. Joseph Papin. Housing Court. Second Floor, 141 Livingston Street, between 1973 and 1992. Porous point pen, India ink, and opaque white on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (096.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51148 Gift of Jane Papin
79. LOCDJ2_170516_010.JPG: Rikers Island Prisoners Sue for Better Conditions In Fisher v. Koehler, 692 F.Supp. 1519 (1988), Judge Morris Lasker heard a case about the culture of violence at Rikers Island prison. The hearing on the preliminary injunction began on October 23, 1986. Dale A. Wilker, who worked for the Legal Aid Society, represented the prisoners, including James Crosby who is shown testifying in court. Crosby had been arrested for shoplifting and during the three months he spent at Rikers for parole violations was stabbed twice. The prisoners argued that their Eighth Amendment rights against cruel and unusual punishment had been violated. Diane J. Morgenroth, represented the city of New York. Judge Lasker believed the judicial system had to intervene in the prison system "when either the legislature, or the executive, or both, are failing in their duties to assure constitutionally adequate conditions." Marilyn Church. Prison Conditions Hearing, October 23, 1986. Colored pencil, water-soluble crayon, and porous point pen on ochre paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (099.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51145 � Marilyn Church Gift of the family of Marilyn Church
80. LOCDJ2_170516_020.JPG: Abu Ghraib Court Martial Lynndie England, the female soldier who participated in the violation of prisoners in Iraq's Abu Ghraib prison, sits between her private and military lawyers, Rick Hernandez and Capt. Jonathan Crisp. England entered a guilty plea on May 3, 2005, at the Fort Hood military base in Texas. Col. James Pohl declared a mistrial in May due to conflicting testimony. The charges against her were reduced for her second trial in September 2005, when she was sentenced to three years in prison and given a dishonorable discharge. She ultimately spent less than two years in prison. Pat Lopez. Defense Table Abu Ghirab [sic] England Court Martial Prosecution Table, May 3, 2005. Colored pencil on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (102.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-39838 � Pat Lopez Gift and purchase, Pat Lopez
81. LOCDJ2_170516_036.JPG: United States Code. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2012. Law Library, Library of Congress (087.00.00)
82. LOCDJ2_170516_042.JPG: Bernie Madoff in Handcuffs Elizabeth Williams, an artist whose skills were honed by decades in the courtroom, showed her journalist's sense in U.S. District Court for Southern District of New York in Manhattan. After Bernard Madoff had entered his plea, she lingered long enough to see him handcuffed and led away by officers. Madoff had taken more than $64 billion in assets from investors through his Ponzi scheme. Williams later said of the drawing. " . . . I knew that was what everybody wanted to see. It wasn't a great drawing or anything; it was more like a great moment." Elizabeth Williams. Bernard Madoff, Going to Jail Post Plea, March 12, 2009. Pastel and watercolor on tan paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (085.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51137 � Elizabeth Williams Gift of Tom Girardi
83. LOCDJ2_170516_046.JPG: Victims of Bernie Madoff's Ponzi Scheme Bernard Madoff's Ponzi scheme that defrauded investors of billions of dollars unraveled in late 2008. After he entered a guilty plea to eleven federal crimes, Madoff listened to the testimony of many people, some of whom had considered him a friend. Dominic and Ronnie Sue Ambrosino, shown here, stand and testify on June 29, 2009, about the loss of their home sale profits and retirement funds to Bernard Madoff's scheme. He was sentenced to 150 years in prison. He serves his time in the Federal Correctional Facility in Butner, North Carolina. Aggie Kenny. Bernie Madoff Sentencing; Victims: Dominic + Ronnie Sue Ambrosino Speak, June 29, 2009. Watercolor and ink on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (084.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51136 � Aggie Kenny Gift of Tom Girardi
84. LOCDJ2_170516_054.JPG: A Nervous Kenneth Lay at Enron Trial As Mark Koenig, Enron's head of investor relations, testifies, nervous CEO Ken Lay appears to bite his fingernails. The government had charged Lay and Skilling with conspiracy to commit securities and wire fraud at Enron, a natural gas pipeline company. Daniel Petrocelli led the defense team. The company's former president, Jeffrey Skilling, who sits to Lay's immediate left, looks over his shoulder. Lay died of a heart attack while vacationing in Aspen, Colorado. Koenig served an 18-month sentence and Jeffrey Skilling may be released in 2017: appeal at U.S. v. Jeffrey Skilling, 554 F.3d 529 and 561 U.S. 358. Pat Lopez. Enron Defense Table, Koenig Witness, January 2, 2006. Colored pencil on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (083.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-39834 � Pat Lopez Gift and purchase, Pat Lopez
85. LOCDJ2_170516_060.JPG: Tax Evader Defends Herself Invoking her Sixth Amendment right not to accept an attorney, Lesliedawn Clark defended herself during her trial and that of seven other defendants of the Pilot Connection Society. The defendants, part of the Freemen movement, purposely evaded taxes, declaring the Internal Revenue Service "domestic enemy number one." On June 7, 1995, the judge ruled that the defendants had conspired to defraud the United States in creating and selling their "Untax" packages. Clark, in her local prison uniform, questions Special Agent Sanders, whom the IRS had called to calculate tax losses as a result of the defendants' actions. Her sum affected the length of their sentences. The defendants appealed their convictions and lost. Gary Myrick. Anti-IRS Group Leader (Clark) Acts As Her Own Attorney, 1995. Colored pencil on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (082.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51135 � Gary Myrick Gift and purchase, Gary Myrick
86. LOCDJ2_170516_076.JPG: Diane Giacalone Making Statement to Jury U.S. Assistant District Attorney Diane F. Giacalone addressed the jury during the trial of John Gotti, then leader of the Gambino organized crime family, in the Brooklyn Federal Court as Judge Eugene Nickerson presided in March 1987. Immediately to the right of the judge are John Gotti, Anthony Rampino (a.k.a. Tony Roach), and defense attorney Barry Slotnick. Behind them are Gotti's defense attorney Bruce Cutler, informant Wilfred Johnson, and his lawyer, Richard A. Rehbock. This jury acquitted Gotti, but the "Dapper Don" ultimately went to prison. Aggie Kenny. John Gotti, March 1987. Colored pencil, porous point pen, and watercolor on tan paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (078.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51127 � Aggie Kenny Gift of Tom Girardi
87. LOCDJ2_170516_080.JPG: The Iran-Contra Trial Artist Aggie Kenny traveled to Washington, D.C., to cover a criminal case arising out of the Iran-Contra hearings on the secret sale of arms to Iran during the Reagan administration. Here, Oliver North's chief defense attorney, Brendan V. Sullivan, addresses the jury, while Judge Gerhard Gesell listens. In the foreground, chief prosecutor John W. Keker sits pensively between Michael R. Bromwich to his right and David M. Zornow to his left. Oliver North, on the extreme right, sits with his hands clasped beside defense attorney Barry S. Simon. Although found guilty on three counts, North's convictions were later overturned. Aggie Kenny. Oliver North, 1989. Watercolor, charcoal, and graphite on tan paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (079.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51133 � Aggie Kenny Gift of Tom Girardi
88. LOCDJ2_170516_087.JPG: Manuel Noriega on Trial After a seven-month trial, Miami federal judge William M. Hoeveler sentenced deposed Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega to forty years in prison on eight counts of drug trafficking, money laundering, and racketeering. Noriega's rule had ended with the invasion of Panama under President George H. W. Bush on December 20, 1989. After American forces used psychological tactics, including a constant barrage of loud rock music, Noriega surrendered from the Vatican embassy in Panama City on January 3, 1990, and was extradited to Florida. The judge initially denied Noriega prisoner of war status, but his lawyer Frank A. Rubino eventually won the argument, which meant he was incarcerated in a minimum security prison. After two decades, Noriega was briefly extradited to France to face trial before returning to Panama in 2011, where he remains imprisoned. Aggie Kenny. Manuel Antonio Noriega -- Judge William M. Hoeveler, 1991. Watercolor, colored pencil, and graphite on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (080.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51134 � Aggie Kenny Gift of Tom Girardi
89. LOCDJ2_170516_094.JPG: James Earl Ray Attempts to Throw Out His Previous Plea In October 1974, James Earl Ray attempted to recant his confession for the murder of Martin Luther King, Jr., in Memphis, Tennessee. Aggie Kenny who traveled to Memphis to cover the hearing, drew Ray as he attempted to argue that he was not well-served by his previous attorney, Percy Foreman. Ray argued that his lawyer profited from a book contract with William Bradford Huie, author of He Slew the Dreamer, and had misled him about the consequences of his pleading guilty. In 1975, Judge Robert McRae rejected Ray's claim, and with the exception of a brief escape in 1977, Ray remained in prison for the rest of his life. Aggie Kenny. James Earl Ray, October 29, 1974. Charcoal and pastel on blue paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (023.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51004 � Aggie Kenny Gift of Tom Girardi
90. LOCDJ2_170516_099.JPG: Jury for Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Assassin When James Earl Ray confessed to the assassination of Nobel laureate and civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., nearly one year after King was murdered on April 4, 1968, Judge W. Preston Battle empaneled a jury that included two African American men. Under Tennessee law, even when Ray entered a guilty plea, a jury still had to hear the outline of the case and accept the judge's sentence of ninety-nine years in prison. Ray died of organ failure in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1998 maintaining, despite his confession, that he was innocent: Ray v. State, 451 S.W.2d 854 (1970). Howard Brodie. Ray Trial Jury, March 10, 1969. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (022.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51003 � Estate of Howard Brodie Gift of Howard Brodie
91. LOCDJ2_170516_105.JPG: Peter Fleming Addresses the Jury John Mitchell's defense attorney, Peter E. Fleming, along with assistant counsel John Sprizzo, successfully defended their client. Mitchell had already been indicted for perjury in the Watergate scandal when United States v. John Mitchell et al. began. The defendants were on trial for unethical handling of funds by the Committee to Re-Elect the President. Fleming emphasized during the course of the trial that Mitchell worked to see Nixon re-elected, not to enrich himself. The jury found Mitchell and Stans not guilty. However, Mitchell served nineteen months in prison for his role in Watergate. Joseph Papin. Peter E. Fleming Reads Documents to Jury, April 8, 1974. India ink and blue pencil on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (074.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca- 51567 Gift of Jane Papin
92. LOCDJ2_170516_111.JPG: John Mitchell is Relaxed While Court Clamors Courtroom artist Joseph Papin captures the movement of the lawyers arguing motions before Judge Lee P. Gagliardi during the corruption trial, United States v. John Mitchell et al. Walter Bonner, standing to Mitchell's left, was Maurice Stans's attorney, while John E. Sprizzo and Peter E. Fleming, Jr., John Mitchell's attorneys, stand to his right. The district attorney, John Wing stands in front of their table. Only the defendant, John Mitchell, seems relaxed and unperturbed as he sits back in his chair. Mitchell and Stans were acquitted on April 28, 1974. Joseph Papin. Various Motions Argued, from left Bonner, Mitchel [sic], Sprizzo, Fleming, D.A. Wing in Front, 1974. India ink on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (075.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51125 Gift of Jane Papin
93. LOCDJ2_170516_118.JPG: Hearing for Elliot Richardson to Be Attorney General Archibald Cox and Elliot L. Richardson appeared before the Senate Judiciary Committee in Richardson's nomination hearing for U.S. Attorney General. Richardson previously held two cabinet posts: Secretary of Health Education and Welfare in the first Nixon administration, and Secretary of Defense at the beginning of the second administration. Nixon nominated him for attorney general after the resignation of Richard G. Kleindienst. Richardson immediately appointed Archibald Cox as special prosecutor in the Watergate scandal. Neither appointment lasted long. On October 20, 1973, in what became known as the "Saturday Night Massacre," Richardson and Deputy Attorney General Ruckelhaus resigned when President Richard Nixon ordered them to fire Cox, who tried to obtain Nixon's secret Oval Office recordings. Robert H. Bork, solicitor general and third in command at the Justice Department, fired Cox. Howard Brodie. Elliot Richardson before Sen. Judiciary, May 22, 1973. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (072.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51123 � Estate of Howard Brodie Gift of Howard Brodie
94. LOCDJ2_170516_131.JPG: En Banc Appellate Court Hearing From 1973 to 1975 the city of Baltimore and the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) negotiated the desegregation of schools. In reaction to the slow pace, the federal government threatened to suspend aid to the city's schools in 1975. During this time, discussions between HEW and the state of Maryland on integrating higher education had also stalemated. In 1976 Baltimore and the state of Maryland filed separate actions against HEW in Federal district court. The cases were joined when HEW appealed the matter to the U.S. Fourth Circuit Court in Richmond, Virginia. The Fourth Circuit heard the case "en banc," meaning all seven judges attended, Mayor and City of Baltimore v. Mathews, 562 F.2d 914, (1977). Only six are shown in the drawing because Judge James Braxton Craven, Jr., died before the opinion was issued. A footnote in the court's decision states he had concurred with the majority opinion, which found the state was entitled to proceed with the action, but the city was not. Howard Brodie. Baltimore Busing Court, August 19, 1977. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (094.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51143 � Estate of Howard Brodie Gift of Howard Brodie
95. LOCDJ2_170516_137.JPG: School Desegregation in Dallas Between 1970 and 1994, African Americans fought for the Dallas Independent School District to make legitimate attempts at desegregation. Frustrated with the lack of progress sixteen years after the Brown v. Board of Education decision, Sam Tasby filed a lawsuit so that his sons could attend a nearby "white" school. Tasby v. Estes, 412 F.Supp. 1192 (1976), defined the terms of desegregation in Dallas for decades. The Tasby case was also filed on behalf of Mexican Americans and Judge William Taylor decreed the creation of a tri-ethnic committee to implement desegregation of Dallas schools. In 1981, when Dr. Davis (shown here) testified in the court, Judge Barefoot Sanders had succeeded Taylor in administering the trial for the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas. The court oversaw the school district until 2003. Gary Myrick. Dr. Davis, 1981. Colored pencil on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (095.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51146 � Gary Myrick Gift and purchase, Gary Myrick
96. LOCDJ2_170516_142.JPG: Federal and Special Courts There are many types of courts in the United States, each with its own rules, customs, and traditions. A court may follow relevant local, state, and federal statutes, as well as procedural rules. The U.S. military has its own judicial system. While a naval court of inquiry is overseen by five admirals, an army court martial has a judge and a six-officer jury. State and federal appellate courts traditionally have a three-judge system. New York City created a separate residential housing court system rather than have tenant-landlord relationships clog up city courts. Immigration courts, run by the Department of Justice, separate the issues of deportation from the local and state governments. In some cases, numerous illustrators are hired to cover these special courts, but increasingly, especially for military courts, only one artist is permitted into the courtroom and multiple print, broadcast, and internet media must acquire rights to use the single set of drawings.
97. LOCDJ2_170516_147.JPG: Crime, Corruption, and Cover-Ups Whether exposing or participating in government corruption, defrauding the Internal Revenue Service, demanding bribes, manipulating money, or spying, United States District Attorneys take on both notorious and mundane criminals. Artists create more than a record -- they document meaningful moments during trials. Aggie Kenny proved that she was as much a journalist as an artist when she focused on Mark Felt and his red power tie during the Mitchell Stans trial, thirty-one years before his role in disclosing information on the Watergate cover-up to reporters was revealed. Artists often focus on particular elements of a trial and the theater of the court, sometimes capturing moments that are particularly poignant. When Elizabeth Williams drew Bernard Madoff being led away in handcuffs, she created an image that would allow thousands to feel vindicated.
98. LOCDJ2_170516_150.JPG: "Deep Throat" Testifies at Mitchell Stans Trial FBI Deputy Director Mark Felt was not considered the most important witness in the Watergate trial of John N. Mitchell and Maurice H. Stans, who were accused of accepting secret cash donations on behalf of President Richard Nixon's re-election committee. As Felt answered questions posed by U.S. Attorney John R. Wing on March 15, 1974, courtroom illustrator Aggie Kenny captured his likeness, taking time to note his power tie. In 1974 Kenny, who has had a long career as a courtroom illustrator, won an Emmy for her trial coverage for CBS news, including the Mitchell Stans trial. Not until 2005 did Felt admit to his role as "Deep Throat," the anonymous source of information about the Watergate cover-up to the Washington Post, and his role in revealing evidence that led to Nixon's resignation. Aggie Kenny. Mark Felt, Atty John Wing, Mitchell Stans Trial, 1974. Pastel, watercolor, and graphite on blue paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (073.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51124 � Aggie Whelan Kenny Gift of Tom Girardi
99. LOCDJ2_170516_160.JPG: Taiwanese Gang on Trial in New York Taiwanese defendants were indicted on conspiracy charges for operating as part of the international gang, United Bamboo, for involvement in gambling, drug trafficking, and prostitution under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. The group was also charged with the death of journalist Henry Liu. On August 4, 1986, Houston-based attorney Jan W. Fox questioned Detective Robert Chung, who had infiltrated the gang. Believing they were expanding their narcotics operation in several cities, the gang unwittingly recruited FBI agent Steven Wong and other law enforcement officers, including Chung, into their fold. Ultimately eight members of United Bamboo received sentences ranging from ten to twenty-five years from Judge Robert L. Carter of the U.S. District Court for the South District of New York: appeal at United States v. Chang An-Lo, aka White Wolf, 851 F.2d 547 (1988). Joseph Papin. Bamboo Union Trial, Federal Court, Judge Robert Carter Presiding, August 4, 1986. Porous point pen, blue ink, and opaque white on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (077.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51132 Gift of Jane Papin
100. LOCDJ2_170516_168.JPG: An Attorney General Faces Trial Jim Mattox, Texas attorney general from 1983 to 1991, sits on the right, facing trial on charges that he abused the power of his office. He was charged with commercial bribery when he let Wiley Caldwell of law firm Fulbright & Jaworski know that the state would not approve its tax-exempt bond practice unless the firm stopped trying to subpoena Mattox's sister in a case against Mobil Oil. After a five-week trial, on March 14, 1985, the jury found Mattox not guilty. Gary Myrick. [Texas Attorney General Jim Mattox on trial], 1985. Colored pencil on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (076.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51126 � Gary Myrick Gift and purchase, Gary Myrick
101. LOCDJ2_170516_173.JPG: Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers Daniel Ellsberg was as an analyst for Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara's classified study of the war in Vietnam, a report which became known as the Pentagon Papers. Believing that the war was unwinnable and immoral, Ellsberg and his co-defendant Anthony Russo secretly copied the 7000-page report and provided it to the New York Times and Washington Post. After articles about the papers were published, Ellsberg surrendered to the authorities on June 28, 1971. When the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the newspapers' right to publish the articles, the Nixon administration brought criminal charges against Ellsberg and Russo. After a lengthy break in the proceedings while the Supreme Court considered the implications of the wiretapping of one of the defendants and his lawyer by the government, the trial court judge Matthew Byrne declared a mistrial. David Rose. Ellsberg Trial -- July 14–72 -- Los Angeles. Prospective Jurors Fill Spectator Section of Federal Court Room. Three F.B.I. Agents in Front Center Row Take Notes, July 14, 1972. Porous point pen on white paper mounted on gray board. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (066.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51571 � Estate of David Rose Gift of David Rose
102. LOCDJ2_170516_179.JPG: Daniel Ellsberg Completes His Testimony Daniel Ellsberg and Anthony Russo's second trial began January 17, 1973, in Los Angeles in the same court with the same judge as the first trial. At issue was the report to which Ellsberg had access as a military analyst working for the Rand Corporation in Santa Monica, California. Ellsberg testified for several days during the week of April 20, arguing "I knew that not a page of those exhibits could injure the national defense if disclosed to anyone." Coinciding with the beginning of this trial, evidence was growing about a possible cover-up of the Nixon administration's involvement in a break-in at the Democratic National Committee Headquarters in the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C., prior to the 1972 re-election of President Richard Nixon. The scandal surrounding the break-in added to an atmosphere of questioning the validity of government secrecy. David Rose. Daniel Ellsberg Completes Testimony Leaves Witness Box Passing Jury, 4/20/73. Porous point pen, crayon, colored pencil and graphite on translucent paper mounted on to gray board. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (067.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51572 � Estate of David Rose Gift of David Rose
103. LOCDJ2_170516_186.JPG: Daniel Ellsberg and the Public On the heels of the mistrial, Daniel Ellsberg appeared on a May 20, 1973, broadcast of Meet the Press. Ellsberg served as a lightning rod for public opinion regarding patriotism amidst an unpopular war, the role of citizens in supporting or protesting U.S. policy, and the legitimacy of government secrecy. As these letters reveal, some Americans believed he had acted with a courage that was "rare anymore in the U.S." Others viewed Ellsberg as a "thief, coward, [and] stool pigeon." Donna Denton to Meet the Press. Manuscript letter, May 1973. Lawrence E. Spivak Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (070.00.00)
104. LOCDJ2_170516_198.JPG: Edith M. Power to Meet the Press. Manuscript letter, May 29, 1973. Lawrence E. Spivak Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (071.00.00)
105. LOCDJ2_170516_200.JPG: Court Reporters Work Next to a Pile of Transcripts "The first time I found out about the break-in," Daniel Ellsberg later said, "was when government prosecutors revealed it to the judge, and he told my lawyers." As evidence emerged indicating White House involvement in the break-in, grounds for a mistrial grew. On May 11, 1973, the judge granted the defense's motion for a mistrial citing government misconduct and dismissed all charges." As Judge Matthew Byrne declared a mistrial he said, "We may have been given only a glimpse of what this special unit did." The truth of his statement was confirmed as investigations into the Watergate break-in developed. David Rose. The End of the "Pentagon Papers" Trial -- May 11, 1973 Lasting over 4 1/2 Months with 25,000 Pages of Transcripts . . . , May 11, 1973. Porous point pen and graphite on illustration board. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (068.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51122 � Estate of David Rose Gift of David Rose
106. LOCDJ2_170516_210.JPG: Office of Ellsberg's Psychiatrist Burglarized President Richard Nixon, realizing that he could not stop the publication of the Pentagon Papers, feared that Daniel Ellsberg would leak additional important information. Nixon wanted to publicly discredit Ellsberg. Ordering "plumbers," David Young, Howard Hunt, and G. Gordon Liddy, to break into the Los Angeles office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist, Dr. Lewis Fielding, Nixon hoped they would locate damaging or embarrassing information about Ellsberg. Photographs on the desk of deputy clerk James Haggarty provide evidence of the government's "gross misconduct" toward Ellsberg. David Rose. "Pentagon Papers" Trial. The Bombshell Evidence -- Photographs Showing that White House Operatives Had Burglurized [sic] the Office of Ellsberg's Psychiatrist, April 27, 1973. Porous point pen, crayon, pastel, opaque white, and ink wash on illustration board. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (069.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51573 � Estate of David Rose Gift of David Rose
107. LOCDJ2_170516_222.JPG: Son of Sam Breaks Down in Courtroom David Berkowitz had terrorized New York City for a year, killing and injuring young couples out late at night and sending letters from the "Son of Sam" to New York Daily News columnist Jimmy Breslin before he was captured. Appearing in court on May 22, 1978, for sentencing, Berkowitz exploded in the courtroom, shouting, "I'll kill them all," as guards escorted him out. The judge delayed his sentencing until June 12, when he was much calmer. Rather than face a jury trial, Berkowitz pled guilty. Joseph Papin's drawing, which captured the criminal's anguished mental breakdown so vividly, appeared on the cover of the New York Daily News. Joseph Papin. [David Berkowitz screams obscenities as guards struggle to drag him from courtroom], May 22, 1978. Porous point pen, blue ink, and opaque white on gray paper. Published on front cover of New York Daily News, May 23, 1978. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (027.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51598 Gift of Jane Papin
108. LOCDJ2_170516_232.JPG: Hearings Outside the Courtroom Not all hearings take place in courtrooms. On October 20, 1977, Aggie Kenny recorded proceedings in the David Berkowitz trial, which was held in the psychiatric ward of King's County Hospital in Brooklyn, New York: Judge's ruling against a closed hearing, People v. Berkowitz, 93 Misc. 2d 873 (1978). Berkowitz is shown with his attorney Ira Jultak, listening to psychiatrist Dr. Daniel Schwarz. Kenny heard Berkowitz respond to the doctor, and later noted, "In as much as we artists are not cameras and are unable to capture events frame by frame, I try to record moments that tell the story." Berkowitz received a 365-year sentence after pleading guilty to the Son of Sam murders. After being denied parole in 2016, he was transferred to the Shawangunk Correctional Facility in Wallkill, New York. Aggie Kenny. King's County Hospital, "Son of Sam" (David Berkowitz), Hearing on His Ability to Stand Trial, October 20, 1977. Watercolor and ink on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (029.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51008 � Aggie Kenny Gift of Tom Girardi
109. LOCDJ2_170516_239.JPG: President Ronald Reagan and John Hinckley After the attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan on March 30, 1981, by John Hinckley, his lawyer Vince Fuller used the insanity defense for his client: ruling on pretrial motions, U.S. v. Hinckley, 525 F.Supp. 1342 (1981). Hinckley refused to participate unless the actress with whom he was obsessed, Jodie Foster, testified. On March 30, 1982, Hinckley in his characteristic slump, shown by artist Freda Reiter, was present for Foster's testimony as it was videotaped, and again on May 12, 1982, when it was replayed during the trial. On June 21, 1982, Hinckley was found not guilty by reason of insanity, and was transferred to St. Elizabeth's hospital in Washington, D.C., where he remained until he was released to his mother in September 2016. Freda Reiter. John Hinckley with Jodie Foster on Television, May 12, 1982. Pastel on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (031.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51568 � Estate of Freda Reiter Gift of the Roger M. Adelman Estate
110. LOCDJ2_170516_247.JPG: Jury Sorts out Murder-for-Hire of a Judge Wealthy Texas industrialist T. Cullen Davis was tried for attempted murder of Joe Eidson, the judge overseeing his divorce. This drawing shows the Houston jury listening to FBI tapes in which Davis's friend-turned-informant, David McCrory, in collusion with the FBI, attempted to incriminate Davis. In a case with more twists than a made-for-TV movie, Eidson had faked his own death for the FBI in the unsuccessful move to trap Davis. His lawyer, Richard "Racehorse" Haynes, worked hard to understand the jury which, ended up deadlocked on the solicitation for a capital murder charge. Haynes said, "A jury is like a computer. Twelve components working together, scanning, observing, sworn to pay attention -- a formidable machine!" Gary Myrick. Jurors View Tapes, 1979. Colored pencil and porous point pen over graphite underdrawing on light blue wove paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (030.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51009 � Gary Myrick Purchase and gift, Gary Myrick
111. LOCDJ2_170516_254.JPG: Jury Troubled During Robert Chambers Trial Nicknamed the "Preppy Killer," even though his mother, a private-duty nurse worked extra shifts to send him to the best private schools, Robert Chambers choked Jennifer Levin to death in Central Park on August 26, 1986. During the course of deliberations, the jury returned to the courtroom several times to hear the court reporter re-read points of testimony to aid in their decision. On March 26, 1988, fearful of a mistrial, the prosecuting attorney, Linda Fairstein, called for a lesser charge, to which Chambers agreed. He committed enough infractions in prison to serve his entire fifteen-year sentence until his release in 2003. He is back in prison serving a nineteen-year sentence on an unrelated drug charge. Marilyn Church. The Robert Chambers trial jury listening to a court reporter reading the transcript of the trial, March 1988. Watercolor and porous point pen over graphite underdrawing on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (032.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51010 � Marilyn Church Gift of the family of Marilyn Church
112. LOCDJ2_170516_264.JPG: Jilted Lover Jean Harris On March 10, 1980, in Purchase, New York, police received a call that Dr. Herman Tarnhower, a renowned cardiologist and author of the celebrated The Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet, had been shot. They arrived just as Jean Harris, headmistress of the exclusive Madeira School in Virginia, tried to drive away. On February 6, 1981, several days after her defense attorney, Joel Aurnou, had called her to the stand, she broke down under the cross-examination of prosecutor George Bolen. Rejecting her story that she had intended to commit suicide when she accidently shot her lover, the jury found her guilty of murder on February 24, 1981. She served twelve years at the Bedford Hills Correctional Facility in Westchester County, N.Y. Joseph Papin. Jean Harris Breaks Down on Stand, February 6, 1981. Porous point pen and colored pencil on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (103.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51151 Gift of Jane Papin
113. LOCDJ2_170516_272.JPG: J. K. Rowling and The Harry Potter Lexicon J. K. Rowling's successful Harry Potter books led to an explosion of fan-based web sites, including Stephen Vander Ark's The Harry Potter Lexicon. In 2008, Rowling sat impassively in court as Vander Ark sobbed on the witness stand. Rowling and Warner Brothers had sued Vander Ark after RDR Books published the print version of his popular Web site. Judge Robert P. Patterson had to balance fair use against copyright infringement in Warner Brothers and J. K. Rowling v. RDR Books, 575 F.Supp.2d 513 (2008). Behind Rowling is an unidentified man, lawyer for RDR Books David Hammer, and Rowling's lawyer Dale Cendali. Publication of the book was blocked, as shown in the court order on display, but RDR later released a version which omitted the infringed material. Marilyn Church. [J. K. Rowling], 2008. Colored pencil and water-soluble crayon on ochre paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (113.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51161 � Marilyn Church Gift of the family of Marilyn Church
114. LOCDJ2_170516_279.JPG: Federal Supplement Reporter, 2d Series. Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. and J.K. Rowling v. RDR, St. Paul: West Group, 2008. (114.00.00)
115. LOCDJ2_170516_283.JPG: O. J. Simpson Faces His Civil Trial Unlike his well-publicized criminal trial, which was broadcast on television, O.J. Simpson's civil trial was a quieter affair. Bill Robles drew the former football star during the civil court case on a day in which several witnesses elaborated on his late ex-wife's attempts to end his stalking. When Simpson was ordered to pay $33.5 million to the families of Nicole Simpson and Ron Goldman, he claimed to be broke and so they received comparatively little. Bill Robles. [O. J. Simpson during his 1996 civil trial], December 6, 1996. Watercolor and India ink on translucent paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (109.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51157 � Bill Robles Gift of Tom Girardi
116. LOCDJ2_170516_290.JPG: Sydney Biddle Barrows, the "Mayflower Madame" In a ten-minute hearing on July 19, 1985, in the New York State Supreme Court in Manhattan, Sydney Biddle Barrows, dubbed the "Mayflower Madame" for her patrician bloodline, pled guilty to a misdemeanor charge of promoting prostitution. This plea followed a week of negotiations between Barrows's lawyers and the prosecutors after an order by Judge Brenda Soloff would have required information about each charge to be made public. Barrows was fined $5,000 for the crime. Aggie Kenny. "Mayflower Madame," July 2, 1985. Watercolor, colored pencil, and graphite on tan paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (105.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51153 � Aggie Kenny Gift of Tom Girardi
117. LOCDJ2_170516_307.JPG: Fort Hood Shooter Major Nidal Malik Hasan Army psychiatrist Major Nidal Malik Hasan, known as the "Fort Hood shooter," faced his Article 32 Hearing -- the military equivalent of a preliminary hearing -- for thirteen counts of premeditated murders and thirty-two counts of attempted murder. Retired Army Colonel John Galligan, a former military judge who led his defense, looks spirited in comparison to the wan Hasan, who had received a spinal cord injury as a result of gunfire exchanged during his attack on the military base at Fort Hood on November 5, 2009. The Virginia-born Hasan is currently awaiting execution at the United States Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas. The United States Army never characterized his attack as an act of terrorism. Pat Lopez. Defense Team Table (Galligan), Hasan Article 32, October 18, 2010. Colored pencil on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (051.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-39830 � Pat Lopez Gift and purchase, Pat Lopez
118. LOCDJ2_170516_313.JPG: Branch Davidian on Trial When the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms agents came to arrest Branch Davidian leader David Koresh for firearms violations, members of his group engaged in an exchange of gunfire that led to the deaths of four agents. A six-week standoff between agents and Branch Davidian members ended with the compound engulfed in flames. On March 30, 1993, Kevin A. Whitecliff, depicted here, was indicted of conspiracy to murder a federal official and using a firearm during a violent crime. Eleven defendants were indicted for conspiring to murder federal agents and faced trial in 1994. Seven of the defendants were found guilty on the lesser charges of voluntary manslaughter and weapons possession. They received long prison sentences that were later reduced: appeal for rehearing denied at 91 F.3d 699 (1996). Whitecliff was released from prison in 2006. Gary Myrick. Branch Davidian Cult Hearings -- Waco -- Whitecliff, 1993. Crayon and colored pencil on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (048.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51112 � Gary Myrick Gift and purchase, Gary Myrick
119. LOCDJ2_170516_318.JPG: Racist Tatoos Cover James Byrd, Jr.'s, Murderer During the trial of John William King, tattoo artist Johnny Mosley testified about the racist imagery with which King had covered his body while in prison on burglary charges. King had also joined the Confederate Knights of America, a Klan-based group. Out of prison, he recruited Shawn Allen Berry and Lawrence Russell Brewer to what he hoped would be the Jasper, Texas, chapter of the group. The victim, James Byrd, Jr., had been hitchhiking home from a party on June 7, 1998, when Berry, Brewer, and King kidnapped him. After beating him, they chained him to the back of their truck and dragged him to his death. Selecting its only African American juror to serve as foreman, the jury returned a guilty verdict of capital murder. Pat Lopez. James Bird [sic] Murder Trial, January 1999. Colored pencil on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (064.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51121 � Pat Lopez Gift and purchase, Pat Lopez
120. LOCDJ2_170516_323.JPG: John William King's Death Sentence Appealed Sentenced to death for the murder of James Byrd, Jr., John William King has repeatedly appealed his conviction: King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556 (2000). As shown in this Southwest Reporter, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, in 2000, affirmed the judgement of the trial court. King's accomplices Lawrence Russell Brewer died by lethal injection in 2011 and Shawn Allen Berry is serving a life sentence with a possibility of parole in Texas. John William King v. The State of Texas, 2000, Southwestern Reporter, St. Paul: West Group, 2001. Law Library, Library of Congress (065.00.00)
121. LOCDJ2_170516_328.JPG: Subway Shooter Bernhard Goetz on Trial Defendant Bernhard Goetz, who shot and injured four African American teenagers on a New York City subway in December 1984, sits during his trial before Judge Stephen Crane. Dubbed the "Subway Vigilante," Goetz found sympathy with the jury who were receptive to his self-defense plea. They found him not guilty of attempted murder and assault. He spent eight months in prison for his unregistered handgun. One teenager who was paralyzed in the shooting, Darrell Cabey, later sued Goetz for damages and the court awarded him ten percent of Goetz's income. Marilyn Church. Bernard [sic] Goetz Trial, 1985. Colored pencil, porous point pen, and water-soluble crayon on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (059.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-31214 � Marilyn Church
122. LOCDJ2_170516_352.JPG: Significant and Landmark Cases Whether a case is heard in a county district court or the U.S. Supreme Court, courtroom artists capture moments in case law that affect Americans' lives. Legal issues from significant cases argued before the Supreme Court that are depicted in drawings on exhibit include the protection of the first amendment right of free speech, the debate on capital punishment, and affirmative action. Courtroom artists also covered trials that ran the gamut from the property status of embryos to the rights of the deaf to sit on juries; from a courtroom filled with people wearing masks fearing an early victim of AIDS to a smoker's right to sue the tobacco industry. Some of the trials represented in this exhibition led to significant changes in the law.
123. LOCDJ2_170516_420.JPG: Russian Spies Look Like Americans Anna Chapman (aka Anna Kushchenko), Peruvian journalist Vicky Palaez, Richard Murphy (aka Vladimir Guryev), Cynthia Murphy (aka Lydia Guryev), and Juan Lazaro (aka Mikhail Anatonoljevich Vasenkov) are shown in U.S. District Court for Southern District of New York in Manhattan on June 28, 2010, the day after their arrest by the FBI. They were Russian sleeper agents accused of passing encrypted information to Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service. The "Agents of Foreign Governments," 18 U.S.C. �951, covers the penalties for acting as an agent of a foreign government, including fines or imprisonment of up to ten years. Instead of serving a prison sentence, Judge Kimba Wood ordered Chapman and nine other spies deported. They were exchanged for four Western agents on the tarmac of the Vienna International Airport in Austria. Elizabeth Williams. Russian Spies Arraignment, Manhattan Federal Court, June 28, 2010. Color pastel, acrylic paint, crayon, and porous point pen on cream laid paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (086.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-51574 � Elizabeth Williams Gift of Tom Girardi
124. LOCDJ2_170516_429.JPG: The Dapper Don on Trial Flamboyant crime boss John Gotti, "the Dapper Don," faced trial on several occasions. In 1992 he appeared in United States v. John Gotti et al., in the U.S. District Court in Brooklyn. Gotti, sporting a red tie and handkerchief, sits next to his attorney, Ken Kukec. Defense attorney Albert Krieger hands Anthony M. Cardinale, another defense attorney, papers, while Murray Appleman, the sole witness for the defense, testifies. Judge I. Leo Glasser leans forward to listen. When his second in command, Salvatore "The Bull" Gravano, turned on him and became a government witness, Gotti was convicted on charges of murder, racketeering, obstruction of justice, illegal gambling, tax evasion and loan sharking. He died of throat cancer in 2002, while serving a life sentence in prison in Springfield, Missouri. Marilyn Church. John Gotti Trial, March 25, 1992. Colored pencil, graphite, porous point pen, and water-soluble crayon on ochre paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (081.00.00) LC-DIG-ppmsca-31210 � Marilyn Church
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