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![Courtroom Artists
The news media—whether print, television, or digital—hires artists to cover trials where cameras are forbidden. During the trial of automobile manufacturer John Z. DeLorean for cocaine possession with the intent to sell, artist Elizabeth Williams drew a self-portrait with a row of her artist colleagues covering the trial (from left to right): Walt Stewart, Bill Robles, Bill Lignante, Howard Brodie, David Rose, and Elizabeth Williams. Howard Brodie is shown wearing his signature opera glasses affixed to his eyeglasses, which he donned to get a better view of the proceedings.
Elizabeth Williams. Artists at the DeLoren [sic] Trial, August 16, 1984. Porous point pen. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (003.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-50992 © Elizabeth Williams
Gift of Tom Girardi](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ1_170516_019.JPG) |
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![The Chicago Seven Court Room
Having been arrested after several days of protests during the Democratic Party National Convention in Chicago in August 1968, the Chicago Eight faced their trial with the same aplomb with which they had demonstrated. Many had belonged to the National Mobilization Committee (MOBE). In this two-sheet panorama, artist Howard Brodie sets the stage, showing the twelve jurors and two alternates. They sit behind the prosecution team led by Thomas A. Foran and Richard G. Schultz. Brodie also focuses on the marshal —likely Ronald Dobroski—court reporter Dorothy Rasoul, defense attorney William Kunstler, Judge Julius Hoffman, and an unidentified witness. The eight defendants were reduced to seven when Hoffman ordered that Bobby Seale be tried separately.
Howard Brodie. [Chicago Seven conspiracy trial in Chicago, Illinois, showing left-half of two-part drawing of the entire courtroom, with the jury and prosecution team shown in this half], 1969 or 1970. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (037.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51013 © Estate of Howard Brodie
Gift of Howard Brodie](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ1_170516_038.JPG) |
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![The Harrisburg Seven
A group of priests and nuns led by Father Philip Berrigan from the New Catholic Left, along with Pakistani-American journalist Eqbal Ahmad, faced trial for plotting to kidnap Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in an effort to end the Vietnam War. Judge R. Dixon Herman presided over the U.S. District Court in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The lead defense attorney, Ramsey Clark, sensing that the jury would be sympathetic to priests and nuns, did not call anyone to the stand and said only, "Your Honor, the defendants shall always seek peace. They continue to proclaim their innocence. The defense rests." His ploy paid off for the defendants; their trial ended with a hung jury.
Howard Brodie. [Harrisburg Seven Trial—Overall Court Scene], 1972. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (044.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51108 © Estate of Howard Brodie
Gift of Howard Brodie](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ1_170516_039.JPG) |
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![Vietnam Veterans Against the War
Eight members of Vietnam Veterans Against the War argued intended to demonstrate peacefully at the 1972 Republican National Convention but were lured into more violent behavior by government infiltrators. During the trial, two FBI agents were caught using electronic surveillance to listen to a private defense team conversation— perhaps helping the defense, as the veterans were acquitted on August 31, 1973. Aggie Whelan had been sent by CBS to cover the trial. During the pre-trial hearing, Federal Judge Winston Arnow told the court illustrators they were not permitted to draw in his courtroom or from memory. Whelan, though outside the courtroom, sketched anyway and the government found CBS guilty of violating its orders. On appeal, the decision United States of America v. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc., 497 F.2d 102 (1974) reaffirmed the right of courtroom illustrators to work during trials.
Aggie Whelan [Kenny]. Gainsville [sic] 8, 1973. Pastel and charcoal on blue-green paper laid paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (045.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51109 © Aggie Kenny
Gift of Tom Girardi](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ1_170516_049.JPG) |
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![Bobby Seale, Bound and Gagged
Bobby Seale had not participated in the advance planning for the demonstration, but was arrested and tried with the MOBE members. A co-founder of the Black Panthers, Seale had gone to Chicago as a last-minute replacement for Eldridge Cleaver. Seale, whose lawyer was unavailable due to hospitalization, was denied both a continuance and self-representation. Seale verbally lashed out, interrupting the proceedings. On October 29, 1969, in an extraordinary move, Judge Julius Hoffman ordered Bobby Seale bound and gagged. His trial was severed from the Chicago Eight on November 5, 1969. Finding him in contempt, Hoffman sentenced Seale to four years in prison, appealed at, U.S. v. Seale, 461 F.2d 345 (1972). As he was led from the courtroom, spectators shouted "Free Bobby!"
Howard Brodie. [Bobby Seale attempting to write notes on a legal pad while bound and gagged in the courtroom during the Chicago Eight conspiracy trial in Chicago, Illinois], between October 29 and November 5, 1969. Color crayon and on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (039.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51015 © Estate of Howard Brodie
Gift of Howard Brodie](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ1_170516_054.JPG) |
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![Separatists on Trial
The Black Liberation Army, in an attempt to build a utopian black republic, enlisted separatists who belonged to the radical Weather Underground to help rob a Brink's armored car in Nyack, New York, on October 20, 1981. They murdered one guard and injured the other. During their preliminary hearing, on September 20, 1982, Judith Clark, Sekou Odinga, Kuwasi Balagoon, and David Gilbert shouted "Long live Palestine!" before they were escorted from the courtroom. Balagoon, Clark, and Gilbert, were tried in state court in nearby Goshen, New York, while Odinga was tried on federal charges in Manhattan. Balagoon died of AIDS a few years after the trial, Odinga was released in 2014, and Clark and Gilbert remain incarcerated.
Marilyn Church. [Defendants in the Brink's Robbery Case . . . Being Removed from the New City, New York, Courtroom by Police Officers], September 20, 1982. Colored pencil, graphite, and water-soluble crayon on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (062.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-31189 © Marilyn Church
Gift of the family of Marilyn Church](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ1_170516_095.JPG) |
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![Women Serving on Juries
Controversies regarding the composition of juries did not focus solely on race. Beginning in 1961, the issue of women being considered for jury duty became contested legal ground. In justifying the exclusion of their female citizens, several states cited women as the "center of home and family life" who should be relieved of this burden. However, in Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U.S. 522 (1975), the court ruled that systematic exclusion of female jurors failed to meet the "fair cross section" guaranteed by constitutional amendments. Taylor did not settle the law, as other states continued to limit the number of female jurors by allowing exemptions from service. In her last appearance before the Supreme Court as a lawyer for the American Civil Liberties Union, future Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg argued that such exemptions, even if voluntary, devalued women as citizens and violated a defendant's right by "diluting the qual[ity] of community judgment a crim[inal] j[ury] t[ria]l provides."
Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Notes for oral arguments in Duren v. Missouri. Typescript with emendations, November 1, 1978. Ruth Bader Ginsburg Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (056.00.00)](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ1_170516_129.JPG) |
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![Satire Is Protected Free Speech
Publisher Larry Flynt provoked a lawsuit for damages for satirizing televangelist Jerry Falwell in a fake Campari ad in Hustler magazine. The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously agreed in Hustler v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46 (1988), that a parody, which no reasonable person expected to be true, was protected free speech. The justices also stated that upholding the lower courts' decisions would put all political satire at risk. Alan Isaacman defended Flynt before eight justices, as Justice Anthony Kennedy recused himself. Flynt (in wheelchair) is isolated due to an outburst during a previous Supreme Court appearance in another libel case.
Aggie Kenny. Larry Flynt (Foreground) & Issacman [sic], 1988. Watercolor and graphite on tan paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (004.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-50994 © Aggie Kenny
Gift of Tom Girardi](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ1_170516_194.JPG) |
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![The Chicago Seven Court Room
Having been arrested after several days of protests during the Democratic Party National Convention in Chicago in August 1968, the Chicago Eight faced their trial with the same aplomb with which they had demonstrated. Many had belonged to the National Mobilization Committee (MOBE). In this two-sheet panorama, artist Howard Brodie sets the stage, showing the twelve jurors and two alternates. They sit behind the prosecution team led by Thomas A. Foran and Richard G. Schultz. Brodie also focuses on the marshal —likely Ronald Dobroski—court reporter Dorothy Rasoul, defense attorney William Kunstler, Judge Julius Hoffman, and an unidentified witness. The eight defendants were reduced to seven when Hoffman ordered that Bobby Seale be tried separately.
Howard Brodie. [Chicago Seven conspiracy trial in Chicago, Illinois, showing left-half of two-part drawing of the entire courtroom, with the jury and prosecution team shown in this half], 1969 or 1970. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (037.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51013 © Estate of Howard Brodie
Gift of Howard Brodie](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ1_170516_224.JPG) |
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![Oklahoma City Bombing Hearing
On April 19, 1995, Timothy McVeigh detonated a rental truck filled with explosives outside a federal building in Oklahoma City, killing 168 people, the second largest terrorist attack in the U.S. to date. Dr. Steven Penrod, an expert in eyewitness behavior, testified at the change of venue hearing on February 1, 1996, attended by both McVeigh and his co-conspirator, Terry Nichols. On February 20, 1996, Judge Richard Matsch ordered that the trial be moved from the state of Oklahoma to Denver, Colorado. Matsch is a Denver federal judge who succeeded Oklahoma City District Judge Wayne Alley, whose chambers and courtroom had been destroyed by the bombing. McVeigh was executed by lethal injection on June 11, 2001. Nichols is serving consecutive life sentences at the federal prison in Florence, Colorado.
Pat Lopez. Okla [sic] Bomb Trial Venue Hearing, February 1, 1996. Colored pencil on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (049.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51114 © Pat Lopez
Gift and purchase, Pat Lopez](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ1_170516_258.JPG) |
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![1993 World Trade Center Bombing
Days after the bombing of the World Trade Center, Elizabeth Williams covered the late-night arraignment of Mohammed A. Salameh, in Manhattan Federal Court on March 4, 1993. Seated between his translator Latif Onsi and defense lawyer Robert Precht, Salameh is a Palestinian who had overstayed a tourist visa and the first suspect to be charged with the detonation of explosives in a rented van in the World Trade Center parking garage. A fragment of the vehicle linked Salameh to its rental. The bomb killed five people and injured more than 1,000 others. On May 24, 1994, in the trial United States v. Salameh et al., Salameh, along with three other defendants, received a 240-year sentence: appeal at 152 F.3d 88 (1998).
Elizabeth Williams. Salamed [i.e., Salameh], March 4, 1993. Pastel and porous point pen on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (046.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51110 © Elizabeth Williams
Gift of Tom Girardi](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ1_170516_263.JPG) |
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![Al Sharpton Reacts to Bensonhurst Trial Verdict
Diane Hawkins, the mother of murder victim Yusuf Hawkins, Al Sharpton, and others react to the verdict that cleared Keith Mondello of second-degree murder and manslaughter charges. After the verdict was announced on May 19, 1990, one member of the Hawkins family reportedly shouted, "You'll get yours." On the previous day, Joseph Fama was found guilty by a separate jury: judgement affirmed at People v. Fama, 212 A.D.2d 542 (1995). Al Sharpton threatened that, "We intend to move this city like it's never been moved before" and led marches into Bensonhurst and other New York neighborhoods clamoring for racial justice.
Marilyn Church. [Bensonhurst Murder Trial], May 1990. Colored pencil, charcoal, porous point pen, and water-soluble crayon on brown paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (058.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-38536 © Marilyn Church](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ1_170516_278.JPG) |
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![Charles Manson on the Stand
In the summer of 1969, Charles Manson brainwashed his followers, whom he called "the family," into committing gruesome murders, including Roman Polanski's pregnant wife, actress Sharon Tate, as well as several others in the Los Angeles area. Courtroom illustrator Bill Robles captured Manson's vacant stare in November 1970, several months after the defendant had carved an "x" into his forehead: People v. Charles Manson, 61 Cal. App. 3d 102 (1976). Deputy District Attorney Vincent Bugliosi later wrote Helter Skelter, a true crime account of Manson and "the family."
Bill Robles. [Charles Manson on the witness stand], November 1970. India ink and watercolor with scratching out on vellum paper mounted on board. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (024.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51005 © Bill Robles
Gift of Tom Girardi](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ1_170516_313.JPG) |
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![Puff Daddy and Shyne Plead Not Guilty
New York Assistant District Attorney Matthew Bogdanos gestures toward defense attorney Benjamin Brafman, as Judge Charles H. Solomon hears rap artist Jamal Barrow, better known as Shyne, plead "not guilty" in a nightclub shooting that took place on December 27, 1999. Shyne and his mentor Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs had been charged with the crime. Jennifer Lopez, who had been detained with Combs, her then boyfriend, was released an hour later. Standing with Barrow are rapper Combs and his bodyguard Anthony Jones. On March 16, 2001, Combs and Jones were acquitted in New York State Supreme Court in Manhattan, while the jury found his protégé Barrow guilty of reckless endangerment and illegal possession of a firearm.
Marilyn Church. [Shyne and Puff Daddy with his entourage . . . appear before New York State Supreme Court judge Charles H. Solomon], October 2000. Colored pencil and water-soluble crayon on ochre paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (110.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51158 © Marilyn Church
Gift of the family of Marilyn Church](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ1_170516_352.JPG) |
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![Trial of Michael Jackson
In 2005, Michael Jackson faced trial in Santa Monica, California, on charges of molesting a teenager. He was found not guilty. After the trial Jackson said, "I haven't been betrayed or deceived by children. Adults have let me down." Artist Bill Robles found drawing at the trial a challenge—he endured the "Melville diet" named after Judge Rodney Melville who scheduled only three ten-minute breaks and no lunch. Robles had barely enough time to meet the network news truck to film his drawings before returning inside to draw again.
Bill Robles. [Michael Jackson], June 15, 2005. Porous point pen and India ink on translucent paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (112.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51160 © Bill Robles
Gift of Tom Girardi](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ1_170516_370.JPG) |
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![Brutal Killing Spurs Hate Crime Legislation
Lieutenant Dennis Adler and Prosecutor Cal Rerucha stretch out the chain used in the murder of Matthew Shepard while defendant Russell Arthur Henderson, seated, watches in the Albany County District Court in Laramie, Wyoming. Henderson, along with Aaron James McKinney, lured Shepard to a field on October 6, 1998, savagely beat him, tied him to a fence, and left him for dead. He died of his wounds six days later. Along with the murder of James Byrd, Jr., by white supremacists around the same time, this crime led to passage of the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr., Hate Crimes Prevention Act in 2009, 18 U.S.C. §249.
Pat Lopez. Mathew Shepherd [sic] Murder, 1999. Colored pencil on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (017.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-39837 © Pat Lopez
Purchase and gift, Pat Lopez](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ1_170516_418.JPG) |
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![Path to Law Suits against Cigarette Manufacturers
Donald J. Cohn of Webster & Sheffield, a cigarette manufacturer's counsel, is shown speaking to the jury in Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., 683 F.Supp. 1487 (1988), in U.S. District Court D in New Jersey. Presiding Judge H. Lee Sarokin agreed with the defendants that affixing to their product the Surgeon General's warning that cigarette smoking is dangerous to one's health fulfilled the minimum requirement for cigarette manufacturers and that the plaintiff's lawyers could not argue based on the advertiser's implications that lower nicotine content is safer. Rose Cipollone had died but her family argued it up to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Cipollones lost their case, but the justices ruled during litigation that smokers might have other grounds to pursue claims against cigarette manufacturers under state laws.
Marilyn Church. Cippolone [sic] Tobacco Trial, 1988. Water-soluble crayon, colored pencil, and porous point pen over graphite underdrawing on ochre Canson paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (016.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51000 © Marilyn Church
Gift of the family of Marilyn Church](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ1_170516_429.JPG) |
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![Pueblo Affair Naval Court of Inquiry
An American surveillance ship, the USS Pueblo, was captured by North Korea in the Sea of Japan on January 23, 1968. Believing that he lacked the necessary defensive equipment, Capt. Lloyd M. Bucher surrendered the ship after one crew member was killed and ten were wounded. Following eleven months of imprisonment in North Korea, the captain and crew were released and faced Vice Admiral Harold G. Bowen Jr., president of a naval court of inquiry, who, along with four other admirals, heard testimony from 104 witnesses during two months of hearings. While Bowen recommended a general court martial trial for Bucher for failing to destroy sensitive documents and scuttle his ship, Navy Secretary John H. Chafee overruled him, arguing that the men had endured enough punishment. The ship remains on display in North Korea.
Arnold Mesches. [Naval court of inquiry about the capture of the USS Pueblo], 1969. Graphite and porous point pen on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (088.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51138](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ1_170516_494.JPG) |
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![Only One Officer Found Guilty of My Lai Attrocities
Lt. William L. Calley, Jr., flanked by George W. Latimer, his civilian lawyer and an unidentified officer, saluted the president of the six-officer jury. He had just received his sentence to a lifetime of hard labor for his role in the murder of twenty-two My Lai villagers in Vietnam on March 16, 1968: appeal at U.S. v. Calley, 46 C.M.R. 1131. Ultimately President Richard Nixon commuted his sentence to house arrest at Fort Benning. Calley was released to a federal parole officer on September 10, 1975. Of the fifteen officers who were charged, only Calley was found guilty of the massacre.
Howard Brodie. [Lieutenant William L. Calley, Jr., saluting the president of the six-officer jury after the verdict was announced in his court martial trial at Ft. Benning, Georgia], March 31, 1971. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (090.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51140 © Estate of Howard Brodie
Gift of Howard Brodie](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ1_170516_505.JPG) |
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![Medina Found Not Guilty
Tried by the military for failing to stop the atrocities at My Lai, Capt. Ernest L. Medina, hired famous defense lawyer F. Lee Bailey, who wears a suit and leans back in his chair. In the heat of August in Georgia, the Army officers wore short-sleeved uniforms, but notably the judge, Col. Kenneth A. Howard, and civilian lawyer Bailey, did not. Witnesses corroborated Medina's testimony that he was not present when the slaughter began. On September 22, 1971, Col. William D. Proctor, the president of the court announced that Medina was not guilty of involuntary manslaughter of more than 100 civilians and not guilty of premeditated murder of the wounded woman he had admitted to killing. Denied a promotion to major, Medina received an honorable discharge on October 15, 1971.
Howard Brodie. [Capt. Ernest L. Medina My Lai Massacre court martial trial at Ft. McPherson, Georgia, courtroom scene], 1971. Color crayon on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (092.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51142 © Estate of Howard Brodie](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ1_170516_522.JPG) |
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![Abu Ghraib Court Martial
Lynndie England, the female soldier who participated in the violation of prisoners in Iraq's Abu Ghraib prison, sits between her private and military lawyers, Rick Hernandez and Capt. Jonathan Crisp. England entered a guilty plea on May 3, 2005, at the Fort Hood military base in Texas. Col. James Pohl declared a mistrial in May due to conflicting testimony. The charges against her were reduced for her second trial in September 2005, when she was sentenced to three years in prison and given a dishonorable discharge. She ultimately spent less than two years in prison.
Pat Lopez. Defense Table Abu Ghirab [sic] England Court Martial Prosecution Table, May 3, 2005. Colored pencil on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (102.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-39838 © Pat Lopez
Gift and purchase, Pat Lopez](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ2_170516_020.JPG) |
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![John Mitchell is Relaxed While Court Clamors
Courtroom artist Joseph Papin captures the movement of the lawyers arguing motions before Judge Lee P. Gagliardi during the corruption trial, United States v. John Mitchell et al. Walter Bonner, standing to Mitchell's left, was Maurice Stans's attorney, while John E. Sprizzo and Peter E. Fleming, Jr., John Mitchell's attorneys, stand to his right. The district attorney, John Wing stands in front of their table. Only the defendant, John Mitchell, seems relaxed and unperturbed as he sits back in his chair. Mitchell and Stans were acquitted on April 28, 1974.
Joseph Papin. Various Motions Argued, from left Bonner, Mitchel [sic], Sprizzo, Fleming, D.A. Wing in Front, 1974. India ink on white paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (075.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51125
Gift of Jane Papin](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ2_170516_111.JPG) |
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![An Attorney General Faces Trial
Jim Mattox, Texas attorney general from 1983 to 1991, sits on the right, facing trial on charges that he abused the power of his office. He was charged with commercial bribery when he let Wiley Caldwell of law firm Fulbright & Jaworski know that the state would not approve its tax-exempt bond practice unless the firm stopped trying to subpoena Mattox's sister in a case against Mobil Oil. After a five-week trial, on March 14, 1985, the jury found Mattox not guilty.
Gary Myrick. [Texas Attorney General Jim Mattox on trial], 1985. Colored pencil on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (076.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51126 © Gary Myrick
Gift and purchase, Gary Myrick](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ2_170516_168.JPG) |
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![Daniel Ellsberg and the Public
On the heels of the mistrial, Daniel Ellsberg appeared on a May 20, 1973, broadcast of Meet the Press. Ellsberg served as a lightning rod for public opinion regarding patriotism amidst an unpopular war, the role of citizens in supporting or protesting U.S. policy, and the legitimacy of government secrecy. As these letters reveal, some Americans believed he had acted with a courage that was "rare anymore in the U.S." Others viewed Ellsberg as a "thief, coward, [and] stool pigeon."
Donna Denton to Meet the Press. Manuscript letter, May 1973. Lawrence E. Spivak Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (070.00.00)](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ2_170516_186.JPG) |
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![Office of Ellsberg's Psychiatrist Burglarized
President Richard Nixon, realizing that he could not stop the publication of the Pentagon Papers, feared that Daniel Ellsberg would leak additional important information. Nixon wanted to publicly discredit Ellsberg. Ordering "plumbers," David Young, Howard Hunt, and G. Gordon Liddy, to break into the Los Angeles office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist, Dr. Lewis Fielding, Nixon hoped they would locate damaging or embarrassing information about Ellsberg. Photographs on the desk of deputy clerk James Haggarty provide evidence of the government's "gross misconduct" toward Ellsberg.
David Rose. "Pentagon Papers" Trial. The Bombshell Evidence—Photographs Showing that White House Operatives Had Burglurized [sic] the Office of Ellsberg's Psychiatrist, April 27, 1973. Porous point pen, crayon, pastel, opaque white, and ink wash on illustration board. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (069.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51573 © Estate of David Rose
Gift of David Rose](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ2_170516_210.JPG) |
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![Son of Sam Breaks Down in Courtroom
David Berkowitz had terrorized New York City for a year, killing and injuring young couples out late at night and sending letters from the "Son of Sam" to New York Daily News columnist Jimmy Breslin before he was captured. Appearing in court on May 22, 1978, for sentencing, Berkowitz exploded in the courtroom, shouting, "I'll kill them all," as guards escorted him out. The judge delayed his sentencing until June 12, when he was much calmer. Rather than face a jury trial, Berkowitz pled guilty. Joseph Papin's drawing, which captured the criminal's anguished mental breakdown so vividly, appeared on the cover of the New York Daily News.
Joseph Papin. [David Berkowitz screams obscenities as guards struggle to drag him from courtroom], May 22, 1978. Porous point pen, blue ink, and opaque white on gray paper. Published on front cover of New York Daily News, May 23, 1978. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (027.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51598
Gift of Jane Papin](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ2_170516_222.JPG) |
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![J. K. Rowling and The Harry Potter Lexicon
J. K. Rowling's successful Harry Potter books led to an explosion of fan-based web sites, including Stephen Vander Ark's The Harry Potter Lexicon. In 2008, Rowling sat impassively in court as Vander Ark sobbed on the witness stand. Rowling and Warner Brothers had sued Vander Ark after RDR Books published the print version of his popular Web site. Judge Robert P. Patterson had to balance fair use against copyright infringement in Warner Brothers and J. K. Rowling v. RDR Books, 575 F.Supp.2d 513 (2008). Behind Rowling is an unidentified man, lawyer for RDR Books David Hammer, and Rowling's lawyer Dale Cendali. Publication of the book was blocked, as shown in the court order on display, but RDR later released a version which omitted the infringed material.
Marilyn Church. [J. K. Rowling], 2008. Colored pencil and water-soluble crayon on ochre paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (113.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51161 © Marilyn Church
Gift of the family of Marilyn Church](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ2_170516_272.JPG) |
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![O. J. Simpson Faces His Civil Trial
Unlike his well-publicized criminal trial, which was broadcast on television, O.J. Simpson's civil trial was a quieter affair. Bill Robles drew the former football star during the civil court case on a day in which several witnesses elaborated on his late ex-wife's attempts to end his stalking. When Simpson was ordered to pay $33.5 million to the families of Nicole Simpson and Ron Goldman, he claimed to be broke and so they received comparatively little.
Bill Robles. [O. J. Simpson during his 1996 civil trial], December 6, 1996. Watercolor and India ink on translucent paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (109.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51157 © Bill Robles
Gift of Tom Girardi](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ2_170516_283.JPG) |
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![Racist Tatoos Cover James Byrd, Jr.'s, Murderer
During the trial of John William King, tattoo artist Johnny Mosley testified about the racist imagery with which King had covered his body while in prison on burglary charges. King had also joined the Confederate Knights of America, a Klan-based group. Out of prison, he recruited Shawn Allen Berry and Lawrence Russell Brewer to what he hoped would be the Jasper, Texas, chapter of the group. The victim, James Byrd, Jr., had been hitchhiking home from a party on June 7, 1998, when Berry, Brewer, and King kidnapped him. After beating him, they chained him to the back of their truck and dragged him to his death. Selecting its only African American juror to serve as foreman, the jury returned a guilty verdict of capital murder.
Pat Lopez. James Bird [sic] Murder Trial, January 1999. Colored pencil on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (064.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-51121 © Pat Lopez
Gift and purchase, Pat Lopez](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ2_170516_318.JPG) |
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![Subway Shooter Bernhard Goetz on Trial
Defendant Bernhard Goetz, who shot and injured four African American teenagers on a New York City subway in December 1984, sits during his trial before Judge Stephen Crane. Dubbed the "Subway Vigilante," Goetz found sympathy with the jury who were receptive to his self-defense plea. They found him not guilty of attempted murder and assault. He spent eight months in prison for his unregistered handgun. One teenager who was paralyzed in the shooting, Darrell Cabey, later sued Goetz for damages and the court awarded him ten percent of Goetz's income.
Marilyn Church. Bernard [sic] Goetz Trial, 1985. Colored pencil, porous point pen, and water-soluble crayon on gray paper. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (059.00.00)
LC-DIG-ppmsca-31214 © Marilyn Church](/Graphlib/GraphData17.nsf/Images/2017_DC_LOC_DJustice_0160/$File/LOCDJ2_170516_328.JPG) |
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