BGuthrie Photos: DC -- GWU -- Museum and Textile Museum -- Exhibit: Foundations for a Nation

DC -- GWU -- Museum and Textile Museum -- Exhibit: Foundations for a Nation:

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Description of Pictures: Foundations for a Nation: Architectural Images from the Albert H. Small Washingtoniana Collection
To today’s visitor, the U.S. Capitol and White House buildings are so familiar they feel both permanent and inevitable. In the early nineteenth century, however, the look and use of these symbols of democracy went through many changes. Foundations for a Nation explores how public competitions, the preferences of individual presidents, and unanticipated historical events shaped Washington’s iconic landmarks.

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. GWMFOU_170517_002.JPG: Foundations for a Nation: Architectural Images from the Albert H. Small Washingtoniana Collection
2. GWMFOU_170517_006.JPG: A New Place to Live * Work * Lead
3. GWMFOU_170517_022.JPG: Detail, ELlicott's Version of L'Enfant Plan Map of 1792 printed 1797 The President's House (later called the White House) appears as a series of architectural outlines in the first published version of L'Enfant's Plan for Washington. The scale of the house was exaggerated by the mapmaker to make it easier to see.
4. GWMFOU_170517_034.JPG: Competition Announced
5. GWMFOU_170517_035.JPG: The Master Plan: The L'Enfant Plan placed the three branches of government at some distance from each other in order to foster city development. As completed by Andrew Ellicott, the plan showed a judiciary court, site of today's Judiciary Square. Lack of funds to build a courthouse led the Court to meet inside the Capitol. Today's Supreme Court building was not completed until 1935. Plan of the City of Washington, in the Territory of Columbia, Ceded by the States of Virginia and Maryland to the United States of America and Established as the Seat of Government after the Year 1800. J. Russell, engraver and publisher, London, 1797.
6. GWMFOU_170517_050.JPG: Competing to Design the White House
7. GWMFOU_170517_056.JPG: James Hoban
8. GWMFOU_170517_058.JPG: Competition Design, Presentation Drawing. Front Elevation and Principal Floor Plan for the President's House. James Diamond, 1792. James Diamond was an inventor from Somerset County, Maryland. His submission somewhat resembled Hoban's winning entry until he topped it off with a robust bird.
9. GWMFOU_170517_061.JPG: Proposed Sketch for the President's House, Elevation. Anonymous, 1792. Among the rejected submissions for the White House was a design sent in anonymously. Historians believe Thomas Jefferson asked Richmond, Virginia, builder John Collins to create this adaptation of an Italian Renaissance villa.
10. GWMFOU_170517_065.JPG: Design for the President's House, Elevation. James Hoban, 1793. While Hoban's original winning design has not survived, this version from October 1793 captures what was built, with changes made after President Washington increased its size and added more decoration. Among the final innovations, were two-story Ionic columns, a door pediment with an eagle in high relief, and window pediments alternating between triangles and semi-circles. (The eagle was later omitted.) Hoban's fashionable Italian Renaissance mansion mixed design elements from a range of styles and locations.
11. GWMFOU_170517_071.JPG: North Front of the White House Samuel Blodget Jr., ca 1800. Blodget, a Washington merchant and entrepreneur, recorded the White House around the time the Adams family arrived in November 1800. While Blodget added carved laurel branches just below the triangular pediment, the sketch was otherwise a faithful picture. The picture began referring to the house as the "White House" as early as Jefferson's time there (1801-1809) because of its white-washed walls.
12. GWMFOU_170517_076.JPG: Title Page, The Stranger, In America: The first known publication of the President's House design shows the temporary wooden porch and steps that greeted President John Adams and First Lady Abigail in 1800. Janson was a British lawyer who briefly emigrated to, and lost money investing in, America. He found the new nation and its people entirely unsatisfactory. He wrote this account to warn other would-be emigrants "whose delusive hopes" might similarly end in disappointment. Charles William Janson; published by James Cundee Albion Press, London, 1807
13. GWMFOU_170517_084.JPG: The War of 1812 Catastrophe
14. GWMFOU_170517_089.JPG: After the Fire: The artist captured the blackened shell of the White House after the British burned it. A View of the President's House in the City of Washington after the Conflagration of the 24th August 1814. Engraving by William Strickland, after a painting by C. Munger, 1825.
15. GWMFOU_170517_100.JPG: The President's House: The long-planned South Portico, delayed by a financial panic in 1819, was finally completed in 1824 by James Hoban. Its massive half-ring of Ionic columns gave the White House architectural dignity. Engraving, Fenner Sears and Co., based on painting by H. Brown, for J.H. Hinton, The History of Topography of the United States, published by L.H. Hinton et al. London, 1831.
16. GWMFOU_170517_105.JPG: Piece by Piece
17. GWMFOU_170517_109.JPG: The Familiar Porches: While plans for a portico sheltering the North Front of the White House originated with James Hoban, today's familiar grand porte-cochere (covered porch) was not completed until 1830. The 1826 view shows the relatively flat pediment and columns that marked the front door but did not offer shelter.
18. GWMFOU_170517_122.JPG: The Bucolic Setting
19. GWMFOU_170517_136.JPG: From Palace to House
20. GWMFOU_170517_139.JPG: The Gentleman's Estate: After the Revolutionary War, George Washington became America's first modern celebrity, a man who needed a large hall to receive the crowds who came to see him at Mount Vernon. Like most gentlemen of the era, Washington was a knowledgeable amateur architect who had worked on his own home, and he added a large reception space to Mount Vernon. As the president refined and expanded Hoban's winning design for the President's House, he had the architect include a large reception space, now the East Room. The Home of Washington, Mount Vernon, ca 1860
21. GWMFOU_170517_145.JPG: Phoenix from the Ashes: By the time of this engraving, President John Quincy Adams had succeeded Monroe and moved into a White House that had arisen from the ashes. Hoban has restored his original design plus the low-lying wings added by Thomas Jefferson to accommodate what otherwise would have been a farm's outbuildings (smokehouse and liquor, wood, and coal cellars). President's House, 1826
22. GWMFOU_170517_149.JPG: Progress Report? President Monroe wrote the architect urging him to complete the White House repairs. Hoban's executive mansion had only been finished for three years when it was burned in 1814, and Hoban was hired to rebuild it quickly. Monroe and First Lady Elizabeth spent the first months of their presidency living in a rented house at 2017 I Street NW (today the Arts Club of Washington) before occupying the White House in October. President James Monroe, Albemarle County, VA., to James Hoban, architect, September 26, 1817
23. GWMFOU_170517_154.JPG: Report of the Committee on the Expenditures of the Public Buildings, April 3, 1818: In 1818 the Commissioner of Public Buildings reported that before it was burned by the British, the President's House had cost the US government $333,207.04 to build. After the burning, reconstruction (through February 1818) had already cost $207,970, and the commissioner estimated he would need an additional $91,769 to finish the job. (By the time the White House was declared finished in 1820, more than $800,000 would be spent.)
24. GWMFOU_170517_164.JPG: Freedom and Slavery
25. GWMFOU_170517_176.JPG: Spot the Architectural Feature: Can you find a column? A balustrade? A pediment? Bird's-Eye View of Capitol Dome and the Mall watercolor by Ronald Thompson, ca 1970
26. GWMFOU_170517_189.JPG: New Country New Symbols
27. GWMFOU_170517_197.JPG: Tobacco leaf capitals embellish columns of the small Senate Rotunda
28. GWMFOU_170517_199.JPG: Tobacco leaf capitals in the Hall of Columns
29. GWMFOU_170517_206.JPG: The Labor Force
30. GWMFOU_170517_215.JPG: Please Touch
31. GWMFOU_170517_223.JPG: Elements of the White House
32. GWMFOU_170517_227.JPG: Port Cochere: A roof extending from the entrance of a building over a driveway to shelter those getting in or out of vehicles.
33. GWMFOU_170517_229.JPG: Pediment: The triangular part at the front of a building created by the ends of the sloping roof over a portico, typically resting on columns.
34. GWMFOU_170517_232.JPG: Pediments also are placed above windows, doors, and niches. The White House has alternating curved and triangular pediments over its windows.
35. GWMFOU_170517_235.JPG: Balustrade: A railing along a balcony, bridge, or terrace supported by balusters, or upright, often vase-shaped posts.
36. GWMFOU_170517_240.JPG: Column: A slender, cylindrical post generally used to support the weight of the building exterior, an arch, or other structure.
37. GWMFOU_170517_242.JPG: Portico: A structure composed of a roof, held up by regularly spaced columns, often making a major entrance porch.
38. GWMFOU_170517_245.JPG: Elements of the Capitol
39. GWMFOU_170517_249.JPG: Rotunda: Any building with a circular ground plan, sometimes covered by a dome, such as the Pantheon in Rome, or a round room within a building such as the US Capitol.
40. GWMFOU_170517_251.JPG: Dome: A vault-like roof resembling the hollow, upper half of an empty sphere.
41. GWMFOU_170517_254.JPG: Keystone: The center stone at the top of an arch
42. GWMFOU_170517_256.JPG: Arch: A curved element that is used to span an opening and to support loads from above.
43. GWMFOU_170517_258.JPG: Column: A slender, cylindrical post generally used to support the weight of the building exterior, an arch, or other structure.
44. GWMFOU_170517_260.JPG: Colonnade: A long sequence of columns joined together, either free-standing, or part of a building.
45. GWMFOU_170517_263.JPG: Frieze: Sculpted or painted decoration, especially on a wall near the ceiling.
46. GWMFOU_170517_266.JPG: Wing: Part of a building that is secondary to the main, central structure
47. GWMFOU_170517_268.JPG: Foundations for a Nation Architectural Images from the Albert H. Small Washingtoniana Collection
48. GWMFOU_170517_272.JPG: A House for a Third Branch
49. GWMFOU_170517_276.JPG: The Supreme Court
50. GWMFOU_170517_279.JPG: Chief Justice William Howard Taft Library of Congress
51. GWMFOU_170517_282.JPG: From Prison to Courthouse: Known as the Old Brick Capitol, this building housed Congress from 1815 to 1819 while the Capitol was being rebuilt after the War of 1812. It later served as a prison for Confederate spies during the Civil War. In 1929 it was razed to make way for today's Supreme Court building. Old Brick Capitol Unknown photographer, ca 1862
52. GWMFOU_170517_287.JPG: A New Home for Old Columns: Beginning in 1825, these 22 Corinthian columns supported the east portico of the Capitol. In 1958 an addition to the east front of the Capitol required more durable marble columns, so they were replaced. In storage until 1988, the columns were rescued by the Friends of the National Arboretum and today stand guard two miles from the Capitol in the National Arboretum's Ellipse Meadow.
53. GWMFOU_170517_293.JPG: Competing to Design the Capitol
54. GWMFOU_170517_296.JPG: Elevation of Fourth Design for the Capitol Stephen Hallet, 1793, Library of Congress The fourth of Stephen Hallet's submissions to the Capitol competition, 1793, included a central pediment sculpture of George Washington as Cincinnatus, the Roman patrician and former consul who set aside farming to defend Rome, amid six attendants.
55. GWMFOU_170517_298.JPG: View of the Capitol William Birch, 1860 Birch's watercolor captured the completed north wing, where Congress first met in 1800.
56. GWMFOU_170517_301.JPG: East Front Elevation, Thornton Plan for Capitol, 1792: This is the horizontal view of the east side of Thornton's winning design. The central portico under the dome is meant to resemble an ancient Roman temple, but lacks the temple's typical exterior entry staircase. Late eighteenth-century architects often borrowed elements from antiquity while choosing not to follow their original scale, forms, and settings.
57. GWMFOU_170517_304.JPG: Profile of the length of the Pantheon in Rome
58. GWMFOU_170517_307.JPG: Built in Stages: By the time of this engraving, architects Stephen Hallet, George Hadfield, James Hoban, and Benjamin Henry Latrobe had all left their imprints on the Capitol as superintendents of construction as well as architects. William Thornton oversaw the initial construction of the north, or Senate, wing (at right) during his tenure as one of the three DC Commissioners beginning in 1794, ensuring that later architects were bound to follow his design for the corresponding south, or House wing (left). This engraving lacks the central rotunda because it was yet to be built. The Capitol at Washington, 1808 Engraving, The Country Seats of the United States of North America
59. GWMFOU_170517_311.JPG: Thornton's Intention: This drawing by a visiting British architect captured Charles Bulfinch's version of Thornton's original intention for a central, 8-columned portico atop an arcade. In between Thornton and Bulfinch, many hands had contributed to the design of the Capitol. Bulfinch's design would be modified, but formed the basis for the first completed version of the Capitol (1829). The Capitol at Washington -- Elevation of the Principal [east] Front Engraving, C.A. Busby, London, 1823
60. GWMFOU_170517_315.JPG: Disaster of 1814
61. GWMFOU_170517_318.JPG: The Capitol in Flames: The British set fire to most of the public buildings in the city, but the President's House and Capitol (grouped here in unrealistically close proximity by the artist) were their primary targets. Only a powerful rainstorm saved the outer walls of the Capitol and White House from total destruction. Capture of the City of Washington Engraving by J&J Cundee, for Rapin's History of England, London, 1815
62. GWMFOU_170517_325.JPG: Conquering Admiral: Rear Admiral Cockburn's men, unable to burn the Capitol's stone walls, piled books and papers atop the Capitol's wooden furnishings and set them afire. The Right Hon. Sir George Cockburn, GCB Engraving, Henry Robinson, after a painting by John James Halls, London, ca 1830
63. GWMFOU_170517_333.JPG: After the Flames: Fires set by the British gutted the two wings of the Capitol. Flyglarna af Capitolen i Washington ar 1819 Print, Alex L. Klinckowstrom, Stockholm, Sweden, 1824.
64. GWMFOU_170517_336.JPG: Restoring the Capitol: As contractor in charge of stone carving during the rebuilding of the US Capitol, Hartnett wrote a lukewarm reference for stone carver John McCawley. Col. John Hartnett to William Small, Baltimore July 25, 1818
65. GWMFOU_170517_341.JPG: The Completed Capitol
66. GWMFOU_170517_344.JPG: Bulfinch's Beauty: Architect Charles Bulfinch designed the Capitol as shown. His preferred dome was smaller than the one completed in 1826.
67. GWMFOU_170517_348.JPG: A Dome Too Heavy? The final Bulfinch double dome made of wood, stone, and brick was sheathed in copper. Because it was never glided or painted white, critics declared it looked too heavy for its base. The Capitol from Mr. Eliot's Garden Oil, Russell Smith, 1839
68. GWMFOU_170517_352.JPG: Growing with the Nation
69. GWMFOU_170517_359.JPG: The Capitol in Transition: Early renditions of the planned Capitol additions showed the new extensions with the old Bulfinch Dome. North East View of the Capitol Engraving, J. Steel, after design of Thomas U. Walter Sartain's Magazine, 1851
70. GWMFOU_170517_363.JPG: The Next Phase Begins: The cornerstone carried a somewhat pessimistic message written by Secretary of State Daniel Webster: "If, therefore, it shall hereafter be the will of God that this structure shall fall from its base, that its foundation be upturned and this stone be brought to light, be it known, that on this day the Union of the United States of America stands firm..." Webster's message reflected national tensions over slavery that exploded a decade later in the Civil War. Laying of the Corner Stone at the Capitol Gleason's Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion August 2, 1851
71. GWMFOU_170517_370.JPG: Work Underway: Marble blocks are stored in the foreground as workmen erect the new House and Senate wings of the Capitol to the design of architect Thomas U. Walter. Because the porous sandstone used for the original building had deteriorated, Walter built the expansion in marble. Eventually, most of the original exterior sandstone was covered, but some remains visible on the interior. President State of the Capitol at Washington Illustrated London News, January 8, 1853
72. GWMFOU_170517_379.JPG: Collaborative Design
73. GWMFOU_170517_413.JPG: The Finished Capitol: The Walter Dome and extensions were completed in 1868 under the supervision of his successor, Edward Clark, who modernized the building with electricity and its first elevator in 1873. The publisher of this educational print helpfully listed dimensions of the Capitol's interior spaces, including the Supreme Court chamber, as well as the costs of the sections and some of the decorative elements. Capitol of the United States, Washington DC Courier Lithography Co., Buffalo, 1882
74. GWMFOU_170517_421.JPG: Just Think of the Upkeep! Capitol Dome painting and maintenance is a constant project. When this illustration was made, tourists were free to climb to the top. Washington, DC -- Painting the Dome of the Capitol Wood engraving, Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper July 20, 1894
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Bigger photos? To save server space, the full-sized versions of these images have either not been loaded to the server or have been removed from the server. (Only some pages are loaded with full-sized images and those usually get removed after three months.) I still have them though. If you want me to email them to you, please send an email to guthrie.bruce@gmail.com and I can email them to you, or, depending on the number of images, just repost the page again will the full-sized images.
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Same Subject: Click on this link to see coverage of items having the same subject: [GWU Museum and Textile Museum] [Display ALL GWU Museum and Textile Museum photos] [Museums (Art)] [Museums (History)] [Museums (Other)] [George Washington University] [Display ALL George Washington University photos]
2017 photos: Equipment this year: I continued to use my Fuji XS-1 cameras but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000. Trips this year: Civil War Trust conferences in Pensacola, FL, Chattanooga, TN (via sites in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee) and Fredericksburg, VA, a family reunion in The Dells, Wisconsin (via sites in Ohio, Indiana, and Wisconsin), New York City, and my 12th consecutive San Diego Comic Con trip (including sites in Arizona). For some reason, several of my photos have been published in physical books this year which is pretty cool. Ones that I know about: "Tarzan, Jungle King of Popular Culture" (David Lemmo), "The Great Crusade: A Guide to World War I American Expeditionary Forces Battlefields and Sites" (Stephen T. Powers and Kevin Dennehy), "The American Spirit" (David McCullough), "Civil War Battlefields: Walking the Trails of History" (David T. Gilbert), "The Year I Was Peter the Great: 1956 — Khrushchev, Stalin's Ghost, and a Young American in Russia" (Marvin Kalb), and "The Judge: 26 Machiavellian Lessons" (Ron Collins and David Skover). Number of photos taken this year: just below 560,000.
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Photo Contact: [Email Bruce Guthrie].