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SLAVET_160812_08.JPG: Richmond Slave Trail
Transitions
"A frank and honest effort to face up to the darkest side of our past, to understand the ways in which social evils evolve, should in no way lead to cynicism and despair, or to a repudiation of our heritage. The development of maturity means a capacity to deal with truth."
-- David Brion Davis, Sterling Professor of History Emeritus, Yale University, and pre-eminent scholar of slavery and abolition.
Along the south bank of the James River, the accounts cited and stories told have focused on the brutal experiences of enslaved Africans exported as human cargo to foreign lands. Later accounts recite the noble courage and steely resilience of enslaved Africans in the United States who fought for their freedom in such episodes as the Creole Revolt. Features still visible in the city's landscape recall memories of misery and coercion, but also serve as reminders of strength and devotion. The stories told along the trail as it follows the south and north sides of the river reveal the darkest shadows and the noblest aspirations of the human spirit.
Ahead, various markers along the trail describe the lives of enslaved Africans upon crossing the James River. Beyond the northern banks of the James the community of free and enslaved black people contributed considerable strength to building the capital city through its days of prosperity and peril. Passing sites once occupied by dingy auction houses, the trail recounts the experiences of enslaved men and women who were bought, sold, beaten, maimed and often permanently separated from their loved ones. As the Richmond Slave Trail winds its way through Shockoe Bottom, it follows a path of oppression and revolution, of mournful sorrow and exultant song. A path of resilience. Of strength. Of conviction. The trail follows the path of a heritage that has been challenged and broken by the chains of supreme degradation and yet still found inspiration within itself.
The Reconciliation Statue, an international commemoration of one of the many Transatlantic routes in the Triangular Trade of Enslaved Africans, stands in recognition of Virginia's role in the unimaginable plight of Africans who were sold into lifelong bondage. Nearby, Robert Lumpkin's infamous slave trading jail -- the Devil's Half Acre -- has been excavated and studied by archaeologists so that people can learn about the often lucrative and dangerous domestic slave trade.
Please, walk upon this trail. Continue this journey and accept the history revealed, for it is our history. May every step lead us all to a brighter future.
About the Trail
Designed as a walking path, the Richmond Slave Trail chronicles the history of the trade in enslaved Africans from their homeland to Virginia until 1778, and away from Virginia, especially Richmond, to other locations in the Americas until 1865. The trail begins at the Manchester Docks, which, alongside Rocketts Landing on the north side of the river, operated as a major port in the massive downriver slave trade, making Richmond the largest source of enslaved blacks on the east coast of America from 1830 to 1860. While many of the slaves were shipped on to New Orleans and to other Deep South ports, the trail follows the footsteps of those who remained here and crossed the James River, often chained together in a coffle. Once reaching the northern riverbank, the trail then follows a route through the slave markets and auction houses of Richmond, beside the Reconciliation Statue commemorating the international triangular slave trade and on to the site of the notorious Lumpkin's Slave Jail and leading on to Richmond's African Burial Ground, once called the Burial Ground for Negroes, and the First African Baptist Church, a center of African American life in pre-Civil War Richmond.
Richmond Slave Trail Commission - 2011 -
SLAVET_160812_14.JPG: "A frank and honest effort to face up to the darkest side of our past, to understand the ways in which social evils evolve, should in no way lead to cynicism and despair, or to a repudiation of our heritage. The development of maturity means a capacity to deal with truth."
-- David Brion Davis, Sterling Professor of History Emeritus, Yale University, and pre-eminent scholar of slavery and abolition.
SLAVET_160812_16.JPG: Richmond Slave Trail
Transitions
"A frank and honest effort to face up to the darkest side of our past, to understand the ways in which social evils evolve, should in no way lead to cynicism and despair, or to a repudiation of our heritage. The development of maturity means a capacity to deal with truth."
-- David Brion Davis, Sterling Professor of History Emeritus, Yale University, and pre-eminent scholar of slavery and abolition.
Along the south bank of the James River, the accounts cited and stories told have focused on the brutal experiences of enslaved Africans exported as human cargo to foreign lands. Later accounts recite the noble courage and steely resilience of enslaved Africans in the United States who fought for their freedom in such episodes as the Creole Revolt. Features still visible in the city's landscape recall memories of misery and coercion, but also serve as reminders of strength and devotion. The stories told along the trail as it follows the south and north sides of the river reveal the darkest shadows and the noblest aspirations of the human spirit.
Ahead, various markers along the trail describe the lives of enslaved Africans upon crossing the James River. Beyond the northern banks of the James the community of free and enslaved black people contributed considerable strength to building the capital city through its days of prosperity and peril. Passing sites once occupied by dingy auction houses, the trail recounts the experiences of enslaved men and women who were bought, sold, beaten, maimed and often permanently separated from their loved ones. As the Richmond Slave Trail winds its way through Shockoe Bottom, it follows a path of oppression and revolution, of mournful sorrow and exultant song. A path of resilience. Of strength. Of conviction. The trail follows the path of a heritage that has been challenged and broken by the chains of supreme degradation and yet still found inspiration within itself.
The Reconciliation Statue, an international commemoration of one of the many Transatlantic routes in the Triangular Trade of Enslaved Africans, stands in recognition of Virginia's role in the unimaginable plight of Africans who were sold into lifelong bondage. Nearby, Robert Lumpkin's infamous slave trading jail -- the Devil's Half Acre -- has been excavated and studied by archaeologists so that people can learn about the often lucrative and dangerous domestic slave trade.
Please, walk upon this trail. Continue this journey and accept the history revealed, for it is our history. May every step lead us all to a brighter future.
About the Trail
Designed as a walking path, the Richmond Slave Trail chronicles the history of the trade in enslaved Africans from their homeland to Virginia until 1778, and away from Virginia, especially Richmond, to other locations in the Americas until 1865. The trail begins at the Manchester Docks, which, alongside Rocketts Landing on the north side of the river, operated as a major port in the massive downriver slave trade, making Richmond the largest source of enslaved blacks on the east coast of America from 1830 to 1860. While many of the slaves were shipped on to New Orleans and to other Deep South ports, the trail follows the footsteps of those who remained here and crossed the James River, often chained together in a coffle. Once reaching the northern riverbank, the trail then follows a route through the slave markets and auction houses of Richmond, beside the Reconciliation Statue commemorating the international triangular slave trade and on to the site of the notorious Lumpkin's Slave Jail and leading on to Richmond's African Burial Ground, once called the Burial Ground for Negroes, and the First African Baptist Church, a center of African American life in pre-Civil War Richmond.
Richmond Slave Trail Commission - 2011 -
SLAVET_160812_23.JPG: Richmond Slave Trail
SLAVET_160812_29.JPG: Richmond Slave Trail
Slavery Challenged
"How is it that we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the drivers of negroes?"
-- Samuel Johnson, 1775
"We have the wolf by the ear and we can neither hold him nor safely let him go. Justice is on one scale and self-preservation on the other."
-- Thomas Jefferson, regarding the abolition of slavery
At the time of the American Revolution, chattel slavery was an accepted institution from Canada to South America and practiced by all thirteen American colonies. However, contemporary movements in moral philosophy and literature and changing religious views had already sparked new perspectives on the topic of human bondage; even successful plantation owners whose livelihood depended on enslaved Africans recognized the hypocrisy it posed in light of the impending war for independence. Northern Quakers were the first organized group to take action in abolishing slavery by purging their own sects of slave owners in the middle of the 1700s, and later other denominations including Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists followed.
Despite this growing realization of the inhumanity and degradation of slavery, the culture clash created by the importation of enslaved Africans beginning in the last decades of the 1600s had created a nearly unbreachable racial chasm. Deeply ingrained prejudices towards Africans spurred on a belief among many colonial Americans that once freed, people of African descent would be incapable of integrating into society and instead become an economic burden. At the beginning of the American Revolution Virginia's British governor, Lord Dunmore, played upon these fears as well as the vulnerability of many southern slaveholders by offering the enslaved freedom in exchange for their loyalty in combat. As a result, several hundred enslaved Africans took up arms against the colonial rebels at the Battle of Great Bridge in 1775.
By the turn of the 19th century, most northern states had banned the slave trade an established laws that allowed them to be freed. By 1782, at the persuasion of the Quakers, Virginia passed legislation that removed restrictions on manumission, or the freeing of those in bondage, and over the next decade hundreds of enslaved Africans were freed in Virginia alone. However, many owners chose instead to increase their wealth by selling enslaved blacks "down the river" to plantations in the Deep South.
The Battle of Lexington
For liberty each Freeman strives
As it's a Gift from God
And for it, willing yield their Lives
And Seal in with their Blood.
Twice happy they who thus resign
Into the peaceful Grave
Much better those in Death Consign
Than a Surviving Slave
-- Lemuel Haynes, April 1776
Lemuel Haynes (1753-1833)
Believed to be the first African American ordained by the Protestant church in the United States.
About the Trail
Designed as a walking path, the Richmond Slave Trail chronicles the history of the trade in enslaved Africans from their homeland to Virginia until 1778, and away from Virginia, especially Richmond, to other locations in the Americas until 1865. The trail begins at the Manchester Docks, which, alongside Rocketts Landing on the north side of the river, operated as a major port in the massive downriver slave trade, making Richmond the largest source of enslaved blacks on the east coast of America from 1830 to 1860. While many of the slaves were shipped on to New Orleans and to other Deep South ports, the trail follows the footsteps of those who remained here and crossed the James River, often chained together in a coffle. Once reaching the northern riverbank, the trail then follows a route through the slave markets and auction houses of Richmond, beside the Reconciliation Statue commemorating the international triangular slave trade and on to the site of the notorious Lumpkin's Slave Jail and leading on to Richmond's African Burial Ground, once called the Burial Ground for Negroes, and the First African Baptist Church, a center of African American life in pre-Civil War Richmond.
Richmond Slave Trail Commission - 2011 -
SLAVET_160812_31.JPG: Slavery Challenged
"How is it that we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the drivers of negroes?"
-- Samuel Johnson, 1775
"We have the wolf by the ear and we can neither hold him nor safely let him go. Justice is on one scale and self-preservation on the other."
-- Thomas Jefferson, regarding the abolition of slavery
SLAVET_160812_34.JPG: At the time of the American Revolution, chattel slavery was an accepted institution from Canada to South America and practiced by all thirteen American colonies. However, contemporary movements in moral philosophy and literature and changing religious views had already sparked new perspectives on the topic of human bondage; even successful plantation owners whose livelihood depended on enslaved Africans recognized the hypocrisy it posed in light of the impending war for independence. Northern Quakers were the first organized group to take action in abolishing slavery by purging their own sects of slave owners in the middle of the 1700s, and later other denominations including Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists followed.
Despite this growing realization of the inhumanity and degradation of slavery, the culture clash created by the importation of enslaved Africans beginning in the last decades of the 1600s had created a nearly unbreachable racial chasm. Deeply ingrained prejudices towards Africans spurred on a belief among many colonial Americans that once freed, people of African descent would be incapable of integrating into society and instead become an economic burden. At the beginning of the American Revolution Virginia's British governor, Lord Dunmore, played upon these fears as well as the vulnerability of many southern slaveholders by offering the enslaved freedom in exchange for their loyalty in combat. As a result, several hundred enslaved Africans took up arms against the colonial rebels at the Battle of Great Bridge in 1775.
By the turn of the 19th century, most northern states had banned the slave trade an established laws that allowed them to be freed. By 1782, at the persuasion of the Quakers, Virginia passed legislation that removed restrictions on manumission, or the freeing of those in bondage, and over the next decade hundreds of enslaved Africans were freed in Virginia alone. However, many owners chose instead to increase their wealth by selling enslaved blacks "down the river" to plantations in the Deep South.
The Battle of Lexington
For liberty each Freeman strives
As it's a Gift from God
And for it, willing yield their Lives
And Seal in with their Blood.
Twice happy they who thus resign
Into the peaceful Grave
Much better those in Death Consign
Than a Surviving Slave
-- Lemuel Haynes, April 1776
Lemuel Haynes (1753-1833)
Believed to be the first African American ordained by the Protestant church in the United States.
SLAVET_160812_40.JPG: Richmond Slave Trail
Native Markets
"Virginia will gain by stopping the importations. Her slaves will rise in value, & she has more than she wants."
-- General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina, U.S. Constitutional Convention, 1787
During the more than ninety years of active Trans-Atlantic Trade of enslaved Africans to North America, white Virginian colonists, plantation owners, and traders purchased roughly 114,000 Africans from Atlantic slaving brigs. Most of the early sales took place along the banks of the York, Potomac, and Rappahannock rivers or in nearby towns. A few ships travelled up the James River, but after 1746 forty percent of the enslaved Africans in Virginia where [sic] brought to Bermuda Hundred where the James and the Appomattox River converge and Osborne's Landing a few miles farther up the James River. From there, smaller vessels could navigate nearly thirty miles of twisting waterways to Petersburg and Richmond.
Until the time of the American Revolution, Richmond was a small collection of villages situated at the Falls of the James. The earliest sales and auctions that took place in this area, including Petersburg, were most likely secondary sales of captives that had been purchased elsewhere. Rocky Ridge, now known as Manchester, and Richmond were both advertised points of sale during the 1760s and 1770s and usually sold enslaved Africans who had been born in Virginia or had lived in Virginia for some time.
In an act of defiance against British rule, Virginia's leaders temporarily banned the importation of African captives in 1775. The ban became a Virginia law in 1778 and in 1782 a second law was passed that allowed for private manumission, or the freeing of enslaved people. While some owners released their captives out of justice and compassion, others served their own self-interest and took advantage of the growing demand for labor in the Deep South. Worn out by years of tobacco production, Virginia's fields could no longer support its growing enslaved population; at the same time, the invention of the cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry by introducing a method of harvesting the crop that made it a very profitable -- yet still labor intensive -- commodity. Desperate to work every inch of available land, the Deep South clamored for ready labor and the Old Dominion happily responded. Enslaved Africans were "sold down the river" to plantation owners ready to pay premium prices that allowed traders to amass huge fortunes. As noted by the Richmond Enquirer receipts from slave sales in 1857 approached $3.5 million dollars, an amount that equates to about $100 million in 2010.
About the Trail
Designed as a walking path, the Richmond Slave Trail chronicles the history of the trade in enslaved Africans from their homeland to Virginia until 1778, and away from Virginia, especially Richmond, to other locations in the Americas until 1865. The trail begins at the Manchester Docks, which, alongside Rocketts Landing on the north side of the river, operated as a major port in the massive downriver slave trade, making Richmond the largest source of enslaved blacks on the east coast of America from 1830 to 1860. While many of the slaves were shipped on to New Orleans and to other Deep South ports, the trail follows the footsteps of those who remained here and crossed the James River, often chained together in a coffle. Once reaching the northern riverbank, the trail then follows a route through the slave markets and auction houses of Richmond, beside the Reconciliation Statue commemorating the international triangular slave trade and on to the site of the notorious Lumpkin's Slave Jail and leading on to Richmond's African Burial Ground, once called the Burial Ground for Negroes, and the First African Baptist Church, a center of African American life in pre-Civil War Richmond.
Richmond Slave Trail Commission - 2011 -
SLAVET_160812_49.JPG: Native Markets
"Virginia will gain by stopping the importations. Her slaves will rise in value, & she has more than she wants."
-- General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina, U.S. Constitutional Convention, 1787
SLAVET_160812_52.JPG: During the more than ninety years of active Trans-Atlantic Trade of enslaved Africans to North America, white Virginian colonists, plantation owners, and traders purchased roughly 114,000 Africans from Atlantic slaving brigs. Most of the early sales took place along the banks of the York, Potomac, and Rappahannock rivers or in nearby towns. A few ships travelled up the James River, but after 1746 forty percent of the enslaved Africans in Virginia where [sic] brought to Bermuda Hundred where the James and the Appomattox River converge and Osborne's Landing a few miles farther up the James River. From there, smaller vessels could navigate nearly thirty miles of twisting waterways to Petersburg and Richmond.
Until the time of the American Revolution, Richmond was a small collection of villages situated at the Falls of the James. The earliest sales and auctions that took place in this area, including Petersburg, were most likely secondary sales of captives that had been purchased elsewhere. Rocky Ridge, now known as Manchester, and Richmond were both advertised points of sale during the 1760s and 1770s and usually sold enslaved Africans who had been born in Virginia or had lived in Virginia for some time.
In an act of defiance against British rule, Virginia's leaders temporarily banned the importation of African captives in 1775. The ban became a Virginia law in 1778 and in 1782 a second law was passed that allowed for private manumission, or the freeing of enslaved people. While some owners released their captives out of justice and compassion, others served their own self-interest and took advantage of the growing demand for labor in the Deep South. Worn out by years of tobacco production, Virginia's fields could no longer support its growing enslaved population; at the same time, the invention of the cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry by introducing a method of harvesting the crop that made it a very profitable -- yet still labor intensive -- commodity. Desperate to work every inch of available land, the Deep South clamored for ready labor and the Old Dominion happily responded. Enslaved Africans were "sold down the river" to plantation owners ready to pay premium prices that allowed traders to amass huge fortunes. As noted by the Richmond Enquirer receipts from slave sales in 1857 approached $3.5 million dollars, an amount that equates to about $100 million in 2010.
SLAVET_160812_57.JPG: Richmond Slave Trail
Creole Revolt
In October of 1841, Madison Washington and over 100 other men were sold from Richmond's slave jails and ordered for export to New Orleans. Although the infamous Robert Lumpkin did not own his jail until 1844, he was one of several shippers in Richmond who contracted with the Creole, and some sources suggest that he might have owned anywhere from 41 to 90 of the passengers slated for this particular voyage.
After their purchase by slave traders, Madison Washington and the rest of the enslaved African Americans destined for New Orleans poignantly reversed the walk that had once led tens of thousands of Africans trafficked in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. The future could promise little more than hardship and suffering in strange and foreign lands. For those aboard the Creole, however, a different future awaited. Shortly after leaving the port at Hampton Roads and setting sail on the high seas, Washington rallied 18 of the other enslaved blacks and planned to take control of the ship. Secretly freeing themselves of their shackles and chains, the men surprised the crew on deck, seized hold of their weapons and demanded the Creole set a course for Nassau, a British-governed port in the Bahamas.
Scholars speculate that Washington was one of the many enslaved people who participated in an extensive communication network that had developed over the years. As one captive could be sold and exported several times over the course of his or her life, word of mouth travelled quickly. Through this network enslaved Africans learned of the fate of loved ones from whom they had been separated, compassionate abolitionists willing to help them pursue freedom, or previous revolts that had – or had not – succeeded. It is highly likely that the captives aboard the Creole had heard enough about maritime law and navigation to avoid several pitfalls; for example, they started their mutiny after the ship entered international waters, beyond the jurisdiction of the United States. Secondly, by seeking refuge at a British port, they would be considered free as Great Britain set forth an emancipation decree in 1833. And thirdly, with the story of the Amistad still ringing in their ears, Washington and his crew were able to determine if the ship's course was truly set for Nassau or if they were being deceived by the captain and en route to an American port.
Upon reaching their destination, all of the enslaved people on board the Creole were set free, despite the outcry of American slaveholders, including Robert Lumpkin, who had lost their investment. After a decade of dispute and the issuance of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, assuring that the British would not interfere in similar cases in the future, a joint Anglo-American commission awarded $110,330 to the slave owners, finally closing the case.
About the Trail
Designed as a walking path, the Richmond Slave Trail chronicles the history of the trade in enslaved Africans from their homeland to Virginia until 1778, and away from Virginia, especially Richmond, to other locations in the Americas until 1865. The trail begins at the Manchester Docks, which, alongside Rocketts Landing on the north side of the river, operated as a major port in the massive downriver slave trade, making Richmond the largest source of enslaved blacks on the east coast of America from 1830 to 1860. While many of the slaves were shipped on to New Orleans and to other Deep South ports, the trail follows the footsteps of those who remained here and crossed the James River, often chained together in a coffle. Once reaching the northern riverbank, the trail then follows a route through the slave markets and auction houses of Richmond, beside the Reconciliation Statue commemorating the international triangular slave trade and on to the site of the notorious Lumpkin's Slave Jail and leading on to Richmond's African Burial Ground, once called the Burial Ground for Negroes, and the First African Baptist Church, a center of African American life in pre-Civil War Richmond.
Richmond Slave Trail Commission - 2011 -
SLAVET_160812_60.JPG: Creole Revolt
In October of 1841, Madison Washington and over 100 other men were sold from Richmond's slave jails and ordered for export to New Orleans. Although the infamous Robert Lumpkin did not own his jail until 1844, he was one of several shippers in Richmond who contracted with the Creole, and some sources suggest that he might have owned anywhere from 41 to 90 of the passengers slated for this particular voyage.
SLAVET_160812_66.JPG: After their purchase by slave traders, Madison Washington and the rest of the enslaved African Americans destined for New Orleans poignantly reversed the walk that had once led tens of thousands of Africans trafficked in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. The future could promise little more than hardship and suffering in strange and foreign lands. For those aboard the Creole, however, a different future awaited. Shortly after leaving the port at Hampton Roads and setting sail on the high seas, Washington rallied 18 of the other enslaved blacks and planned to take control of the ship. Secretly freeing themselves of their shackles and chains, the men surprised the crew on deck, seized hold of their weapons and demanded the Creole set a course for Nassau, a British-governed port in the Bahamas.
Scholars speculate that Washington was one of the many enslaved people who participated in an extensive communication network that had developed over the years. As one captive could be sold and exported several times over the course of his or her life, word of mouth travelled quickly. Through this network enslaved Africans learned of the fate of loved ones from whom they had been separated, compassionate abolitionists willing to help them pursue freedom, or previous revolts that had – or had not – succeeded. It is highly likely that the captives aboard the Creole had heard enough about maritime law and navigation to avoid several pitfalls; for example, they started their mutiny after the ship entered international waters, beyond the jurisdiction of the United States. Secondly, by seeking refuge at a British port, they would be considered free as Great Britain set forth an emancipation decree in 1833. And thirdly, with the story of the Amistad still ringing in their ears, Washington and his crew were able to determine if the ship's course was truly set for Nassau or if they were being deceived by the captain and en route to an American port.
Upon reaching their destination, all of the enslaved people on board the Creole were set free, despite the outcry of American slaveholders, including Robert Lumpkin, who had lost their investment. After a decade of dispute and the issuance of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, assuring that the British would not interfere in similar cases in the future, a joint Anglo-American commission awarded $110,330 to the slave owners, finally closing the case.
Description of Subject Matter: Richmond Slave Trail is a walking trail that chronicles the history of the trade of enslaved Africans from Africa to Virginia until 1775, and away from Virginia, especially Richmond, to other locations in the Americas until 1865.
It begins at Manchester Docks, a major port in the massive downriver Slave Trade that made Richmond the largest source of enslaved Africans on the east coast of America from 1830 to 1860. The trail then follows a route through the slave markets of Richmond, beside the Reconciliation Statue commemorating the international triangular slave trade, past Lumpkin's Slave Jail and the Negro Burial Ground to First African Baptist Church, a center of African-American life in pre-Civil War Richmond.
Bigger photos? To save server space, the full-sized versions of these images have either not been loaded to the server or have been removed from the server. (Only some pages are loaded with full-sized images and those usually get removed after three months.)
I still have them though. If you want me to email them to you, please send an email to guthrie.bruce@gmail.com
and I can email them to you, or, depending on the number of images, just repost the page again will the full-sized images.
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