MI -- Dearborn -- The Henry Ford -- Museum -- Exhibit: With Liberty and Justice for All (Civil Rights):
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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
HFMLJ4_160803_016.JPG: Segregated America
Separate but rarely equal
HFMLJ4_160803_018.JPG: Civil Rights
HFMLJ4_160803_022.JPG: An Unequal Nation
The Way Things Have Always Been
HFMLJ4_160803_025.JPG: Ku Klux Klan Robe and Hood, circa 1925
The Ku Klux Klan's robe and hood veiled the organization in secrecy. During the 1920s, the date of this robe, Klansmen hidden behind this regalia could carry out unchecked terror on African Americans, Catholics, Jews and immigrants. The robe and hood instilled fear on its victims and a sense of power to its wearers.
HFMLJ4_160803_028.JPG: Periodical, "Imperial Knight-Hawk," Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, June 25, 1924
The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan published The Imperial Night-Hawk. This periodical kept members apprised of Klan activity throughout the country. Of course, the organization's illegal activities and vigilantism were not found on these pages.
HFMLJ4_160803_030.JPG: Anti-immigrant Ku Klux Klan Creed, circa 1922
Many native-born Americans viewed immigrants with fear at the beginning of the 20th century. Economic instability and social tensions were blamed on foreigners, and the "immigrant problem" became a national focus. This anti-immigrant document released from the Ku Klux Klan announces members' belief in protecting traditional American ideals from immigrants, reflecting the fear that many native-born Americans felt.
HFMLJ4_160803_033.JPG: "Klansman's Manual," Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, 1924
The Ku Klux Klan created this manual for it members in 1924. It laid out the guiding principles of the organization. Their goal was to preserve the supremacy -- or supreme power -- of the "White Race," and stem the perceived threat of non-Protestant and foreign influences to America.
HFMLJ4_160803_035.JPG: Pamphlet, "The Public School Problem in America," 1924
This 1924 Ku Klux Klan-authored pamphlet attacked the problems of the American public educational system -- lack of school funding and high rates of illiteracy. The pamphlet also stirred up fears about immigrants and Catholics -- targets of Klan assaults. These groups, the Klan believed, were not becoming assimilated into an American way of life because of poor schooling or the role of church-dominated institutions.
Pamphlet, "Segregation or Death," circa 1957
White supremacists agitated for continued segregation after the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision. This pamphlet laid out their racist view arguing for the continued separation of whites and blacks. Civil Rights activists urged Americans to reject this mindset and to continue the march toward equality.
HFMLJ4_160803_040.JPG: Poster, "K.K.K. Rally," circa 1950
This broadside from about 1950 announced a Ku Klux Klan rally. The Klan created fear and produced violence and murders with a goal to preserve the supremacy of the "White Race." Their terrorist efforts ultimately failed to deter Americans, both black and white, from seeking equality.
HFMLJ4_160803_042.JPG: Painting of a Lynching
Possibly Alabama, 1936
Although historians have documented more than 3,400 murders of blacks by white mobs between 1882 and 1964, this painting depicts an unconfirmed lynching from 1936. Like the whipping of a slave, lynching sent a message to the entire community that no questioning of white supremacy would be tolerated.
HFMLJ4_160803_046.JPG: The Ku Klux Klan
White Supremacy at all costs
HFMLJ4_160803_056.JPG: Token, "Knights of Ku Klux Klan, Realm of Michigan, Member in Good Standing," 1919
The Ku Klux Klan was reborn in the late 1910s, flourished, but began to decline in the mid-1920s. It never completely disappeared, however. This token from 1919 shows a member's "good standing" in the KKK's Michigan realm. The innocuous figures (the hooded knight and goddess-like woman) belie the hatred, vigilantism, and violence found under the hood of the Klan.
HFMLJ4_160803_058.JPG: "Colored" Drinking Fountain, 1954
From the late 19th through the mid-20th centuries, segregation laws in Southern states separated African Americans and whites in almost every aspect of public life -- from railroad cars and schools to restrooms and drinking fountains. Varying from state to state, these laws were supposed to establish facilities that were "separate but equal." In reality, these were almost never equal.
HFMLJ4_160803_062.JPG: Segregated Waiting Room
HFMLJ4_160803_065.JPG: "Whites Only" Drinking Fountain, 1954
From the late 19th through the mid-20th centuries, segregation laws in Southern states separated African Americans and whites in almost every aspect of public life -- from railroad cars and schools to restrooms and drinking fountains. Varying from state to state, these laws were supposed to establish facilities that were "separate but equal." In reality, these were almost never equal.
HFMLJ4_160803_067.JPG: Segregated
To be set apart from others
HFMLJ4_160803_069.JPG: Broadside, " For the Good of America... You Cannot Escape Your Responsibility," 1923
In 1912, the NAACP began a formal campaign to ban lynching. This 1923 broadside informed Americans about the numbers, causes and brutality of lynching. An anti-lynching bill was first introduced in Congress in 1918. A later version -- and others that followed -- failed to pass in the United States Senate. In June 2005, the Senate finally issued a formal apology for never having outlawed lynching.
HFMLJ4_160803_085.JPG: Fits and Starts
Battling inequality
HFMLJ4_160803_098.JPG: Small Victories
But progress slow
HFMLJ4_160803_102.JPG: Rosa Parks
Determined, proud, gentle
HFMLJ4_160803_104.JPG: "Get Up from There!"
Take a stand
HFMLJ4_160803_106.JPG: "Labor Defender; Free the Scottsboro Negro Boys!" February, 1932
In 1931, nine black youths were unjustly accused of raping two white women in Alabama. White juries quickly convicted and sentenced eight of the defendants to death. This 1932 issue of the Labor Defender urged readers to support the efforts by the International Labor Defense, the legal arm of the Communist Party of the United States, to free the "Scottsboro Boys."
HFMLJ4_160803_110.JPG: Bus Driver's Badge from Montgomery City Bus Lines, circa 1955
This badge was worn in the 1950s by a driver for the Montgomery (Alabama) City Bus Lines. While riding a Montgomery bus in 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man, leading to a widespread bus boycott by African Americans.
HFMLJ4_160803_115.JPG: Rosa Parks Bus
Inside this bus on December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a soft-spoken African-American seamstress, refused to give up her seat to a white man, breaking existing segregation laws. The flawless character and quiet strength she exhibited successfully ignited action in others. For this, many believe Rosa Parks' act was the event that sparked the Civil Rights movement.
Inside this bus on December 1, 1955, a soft-spoken African-American seamstress named Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man, as dictated by existing segregation laws. She was neither the first African American, nor the first woman to challenge the segregation laws within a public transportation system. But her flawless character, her quiet strength, and her moral fortitude caused her act to successfully ignite action in others. She knew that, by making this a test case, she would likely face public humiliation, arrest, and possible threats to her family and home. She was indeed arrested because she had broken the law, but the African-American community knew that, this time, city officials had "messed with the wrong one."
This simple, courageous act of protest by Rosa Parks started a fire in the hearts of African Americans everywhere. It led to an immediate city-wide bus boycott and, for this reason, the act by Rosa Parks is considered by many to be the event that sparked the Civil Rights movement. The arrest of Rosa Parks and the resulting bus boycott also led to the meteoric rise of Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., as the widely recognized leader of this movement. Over time, Rosa Parks came to be known internationally as a symbol for human rights.
HFMLJ4_160803_118.JPG: The Bus
Igniting a Movement
HFMLJ4_160803_121.JPG: American Icon of Change
Rosa Parks
One Woman, One Moment
Her refusal to give up her seat on the bus sparked a movement for freedom and civil rights that changed America.
HFMLJ4_160803_124.JPG: The Soul of Freedom
Singing for Civil Rights
HFMLJ4_160803_126.JPG: Integrated Bus Suggestions
HFMLJ4_160803_129.JPG: A Leader Among Us
Minister for a Movement
HFMLJ4_160803_176.JPG: Refusal to Ride
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
HFMLJ4_160803_184.JPG: Martin Luther King, Jr.
HFMLJ4_160803_186.JPG: Congress of Racial Equality Periodical, "CORE-LATOR," No. 77, Summer, 1959
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), founded in 1942, pioneered nonviolent civil rights activism. Members organized and participated in sit-ins, freedom rides and other nonviolent actions during the Civil Rights era. This newsletter informed members about a sit-in in Miami, Florida.
HFMLJ4_160803_188.JPG: The Reality
Risking their lives
HFMLJ4_160803_194.JPG: Broadside,"Klans Cross Burning and Public Speaking," June 4, 1966
This 1966 broadside urged those who were "WHITE" to attend a Ku Klux Klan cross burning in Georgia. The Klan created fear and produced violence and murders with a goal to preserve the supremacy of the "White Race." Their terrorist efforts ultimately failed to deter Americans, both black and white, from seeking equality.
HFMLJ4_160803_198.JPG: "An Anti-Communist Negro Makes This Appeal: Please Don't Help Glorify Martin Luther King," circa 1960
Some of those opposed to civil rights during the 1960s tried to discredit the movement and its leaders. Mrs. Julia Brown, an anti-Communist, African-American woman and this tract's author, accused Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. of being a communist. This publication was produced by the organization Truth About Civil Turmoil (TACT) -- a front organization for the John Birch Society.
HFMLJ4_160803_202.JPG: The March on Washington
August 1963
HFMLJ4_160803_209.JPG: Record Album, "March on Washington: The Official Album," 1963
More than 250,000 civil rights advocates -- both African American and white -- showed up at this peaceful march on August 28, 1963, to support unity, jobs, and a new Civil Rights bill being proposed by President Kennedy. This LP record includes speeches by ten Civil Rights leaders heard at the Lincoln Memorial that day.
HFMLJ4_160803_217.JPG: Pennant, March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, 1963
More than 250,000 civil rights advocates showed up at this peaceful march to support unity, jobs, and a new Civil Rights bill being proposed by President Kennedy. Television viewers nationwide watched African Americans and whites march together, united behind a common cause. Songs and speeches at this march included Martin Luther King, Jr.'s famous "I Have a Dream" speech.
HFMLJ4_160803_218.JPG: A Movement Grows
King's tactics succeed
HFMLJ4_160803_221.JPG: Ebony Magazine for May 1965, "50,000 March on Montgomery"
Since 1945, Ebony has focused upon issues, personalities, and interests geared to the African-American market. During the civil rights era of the 1950s and 60s, the magazine regularly kept Americans apprised of the movement for equality. This cover features the 1965 March on Montgomery. This nonviolent demonstration helped secure voting rights legislation for all American citizens.
HFMLJ4_160803_223.JPG: Instructions for a Lunch Counter Sit-In
HFMLJ4_160803_225.JPG: Change at Last
"Their cause must be our cause too."
HFMLJ4_160803_227.JPG: Black Power
Demanding, not taking
HFMLJ4_160803_232.JPG: "Nobody can give you freedom. Nobody can give you equality or justice or anything. If you're a man, you take it."
-- Malcolm X
HFMLJ4_160803_233.JPG: August 1969, "Ebony" Magazine, "The Black Revolution"
In 1969, Ebony published this special issue to examine the various facets of Black Revolution and Black Power. A number of authors from Bayard Rustin to Huey Newton offered their visions for African Americans continuing to struggle with inequality in America.
HFMLJ4_160803_235.JPG: Button, "Black Panther Party for Self-Defense," 1967
African Americans suffered from discrimination and economic hardships, even after passage of Civil Rights legislation in the mid-1960s. A new rallying cry became "Black Power" -- demanding that African Americans establish their own place in society, using force if necessary. In 1966, frustration over police brutality led to the formation of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense.
HFMLJ4_160803_237.JPG: The Unfulfilled Dream
HFMLJ4_160803_240.JPG: Always a Struggle
Rights for all
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Wikipedia Description: Henry Ford Museum
Henry Ford Museum began as Henry Ford's personal collection of historic objects, which he began collecting as far back as 1906. Today, the 12 acre (49,000 mē) site is primarily a collection of antique machinery, pop culture items, automobiles, locomotives, aircraft, and other items:
* The museum features a 4K digital projection theater, which shows scientific, natural, or historical documentaries, as well as major feature films.
* A model of the nuclear-powered Ford Nucleon automobile
* An Oscar Mayer Wienermobile
* The 1961 Lincoln Continental, SS-100-X that President John F. Kennedy was riding in when he was assassinated.
* The rocking chair from Ford's Theatre in which President Abraham Lincoln was sitting when he was shot.
* George Washington's camp bed.
* A ten-person safety bicycle made in 1896.
* A collection of several fine 17th- and 18th-century violins including a Stradivarius.
* Thomas Edison's alleged last breath in a sealed tube.
* Buckminster Fuller's prototype Dymaxion house.
* The bus on which Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat, leading to the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
* Igor Sikorsky's prototype helicopter.
* Fokker Trimotor airplane that flew the first flight over the North Pole.
* Bill Elliott's record-breaking race car clocking in at over 212 MPH at Talladega in 1987
* Fairbottom Bobs, the Newcomen engine
* A steam engine from Cobb's Engine House in England.
* The Automotive Hall of Fame, adjacent to the Henry Ford Museum.
* A working fragment of the original Holiday Inn "Great Sign"
* A Chesapeake & Ohio Railway 2-6-6-6 "Allegheny"-class steam locomotive built by Lima Locomotive Works in Lima, Ohio. The Allegheny was the most powerful steam locomotive ever built.
* Behind the scenes, the Benson Ford Research Center uses the resources of The Henry Ford, especially the photographic, manuscript and archival material which is rarely displayed, to allow visitors to gai ...More...
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[Museums (History)]
2016 photos: Equipment this year: I continued to use my Fuji XS-1 cameras but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000.
Seven relatively short trips this year:
two Civil War Trust conference (Gettysburg, PA and West Point, NY, with a side-trip to New York City),
my 11th consecutive San Diego Comic-Con trip (including sites in Utah, Nevada, and California),
a quick trip to Michigan for Uncle Wayne's funeral,
two additional trips to New York City, and
a Civil Rights site trip to Alabama during the November elections. Being in places where people died to preserve the rights of minority voters made the Trumputin election even more depressing.
Number of photos taken this year: just over 610,000.
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