MD -- Silver Spring -- Natl Museum of Health and Medicine (Forest Glen Annex):
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- Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
- NMHM_160508_001.JPG: In memory of LTC Karen J. Wagner
Born February 22, 1961
Washington DC
A dedicated and loyal Army Medical Service Corps officer.
Died September 11, 2001 at the Pentagon serving her country during the terrorist attacks of that day.
Dedicated September 11, 2003
- NMHM_160508_007.JPG: The Sports Center serves as a memorial to LTC Karen J. Wagner and all the victims killed in the 11 September 2011 terrorist attacks. In this most difficult time for our nation and our people, it is important to remember those who we serve and those with whom we serve. Our responsibilities reach beyond professional obligations. We must all, everyone of us, embrace our personal duty to ensure our entire nation's values, and what they all stand for, will never die.
United In Memory
September 11, 2001
- NMHM_160508_011.JPG: This memorial to LTC Karen J. Wagner was previously installed in the gymnasium named in her honor at the former Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, DC. Working with the Surgeon General of the United States Army, NMHM relocated the memorial to the museum of September 11, 2015, the 14th anniversary of the terrorist attack on the Pentagon, at which LTC Wagner was killed.
- NMHM_160508_024.JPG: Advances in Military Medicine
Today, an injured American service member who arrives alive at a military treatment facility is almost certain to survive. That remarkable accomplishment is the result of decades of cumulative innovation by men and women who have devoted their lives to providing combatants with the best medical care in the world.
These ongoing advances prevent and treat disease and injury, relieve suffering, evacuate combatants rapidly and comfortably, restore quality of life, and provide aid at every level through effective organizational planning.
History demonstrates that US military medical personnel will continue to develop ingenious solutions to meet as yet unknown challenges.
- NMHM_160508_031.JPG: Model 1917 Helmet:
World War I soldiers called this helmet the "tin hat." It offered protection primarily from shrapnel or debris falling from above and was therefore well-suited to the conditions of trench warfare.
- NMHM_160508_035.JPG: M-1 Helmet, with Jungle Cover, ca 1966:
Note the damage by artillery fragments. This style of helmet was used during World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War.
- NMHM_160508_041.JPG: Personal Army System for Ground Troops (PASGT) Helmet, 1990s:
Made of multiple layers of Kevlar and hardened with resin, this was the first US Army combat helmet produced in different sizes. Current US combat helmets are refinements of this basic design and construction. This helmet was tested at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology from 1999 to 2001 by Capt. Marlene DeMaio, US Navy.
- NMHM_160508_060.JPG: Protective Armor:
Since the Vietnam War, chest and abdominal injuries among combatants have decreased greatly and survival rates have soared. Due largely to improvements in body army, including expanded body coverage and better deflection properties, protective armor does more to save lives on the battlefield than surgery does.
Body armor does have disadvantages. It is heavy, limits mobility, and traps heat and moisture. In tropical environments, it may increase the risk of heat stroke. Nevertheless, combatants wear their body armor for a simple reason: it works.
- NMHM_160508_068.JPG: Advances: Protection:
The most solemn responsibility of the military medical system is to protect the men and women who risk their lives to defend their fellow citizens. Combatants must be protected not only against the different types of weapons used by opposing forces, but also against infectious diseases, psychological stresses, and environmental forces such as high altitudes and extreme temperatures.
The continuing effort to counter these threats has led to medical innovations that have far-reaching benefits for many people, demonstrating the broad persistent value of military medicine.
- NMHM_160508_072.JPG: During World War I, chemical warfare was waged with munitions such as mustard gas. This innovative French Tissot Mask, with an air canister on the back, provided improved protection. It also was more comfortable than earlier models.
- NMHM_160508_082.JPG: Cold Weather Boots, Korean War:
Early systematic research into cold injury and frostbite was conducted during the Korean War by the Navy Clothing and Textile Research Center. Insulated "Mickey Mouse" or "bunny" boots were issued to soldiers during the second winter. They virtually eliminated frostbite, even when temperatures dropped as low as -30 degrees F.
- NMHM_160508_087.JPG: This World War II soldier likely experienced a concussion when a .30-caliber machine gun bullet pierced his helmet. Due to improved technology and materials, modern helmets are more resistant to bullets and shrapnel; however, non-penetrating head wounds are now more prevalent.
- NMHM_160508_090.JPG: Interceptor Body Army, 2004:
The modular design of this body armor features an outer Kevlar vest to stop fragments from improvised explosive devices and handgun bullets, as well as ceramic plates to stop rifle bullets.
- NMHM_160508_096.JPG: Press-O-Jet Injector, 1955:
By the time of the Vietnam War, injectors distributed vaccines and medications on a large scale. The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research prototyped this example.
- NMHM_160508_102.JPG: Medical Medicine
Challenges and Innovations
During times of war and times of peace, American military medical personnel have cared for service men and women with skill and compassion. But new weapons and new environments bring new injuries, and epidemic disease remains a foe uniting all eras of combat. The unwavering commitment of military personnel to provide the best care in difficult and dire conditions, often on an enormous scale and at a fast pace, has led to major medical breakthroughs, improving the lives of people around the world.
- NMHM_160508_109.JPG: Conjoined twins, thoracopagus
- NMHM_160508_119.JPG: Pandemic, 1918
"The epidemic of influenza, prevalent in Europe during the Great War, was watched with interest everywhere, not only because of its military importance, but also because of the danger of its spreading to other continents. The prediction that this would occur, made months before its realization, was verified on an even larger scale that had been anticipated, for in the autumn of 1918, this acute respiratory infection passed over the United States like a huge wave, taking a tremendous toll in human lives..."
-- "The Pathology of Influenza," MC Witernitz, Isabel Wason, and Frank McNamara (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1920)
In 1918, an exceptionally deadly strain of Influenza killed between 21 and 50 million people worldwide. The pandemic swept through the United States at the height of this country's mobilization for World War I and killed 43,000 American service members, roughly 40 percent of all US war dead. Over 25 percent of the US population contracted the illness and approximately 675,000 civilians died.
The 1918 influenza affected primarily the lungs, which quickly filled with fluid. There was little physicians could do to treat patients except prescribe bed rest and a light, hot diet. They dispensed aspirin to relieve pain and morphine to promote rest. There was no cure. Unlike most flu epidemics, which tend to be most dangerous to children and the elderly, the 1918 influenza was especially lethal to people from ages 20 to 40.
In 1996, Dr. Jeffrey Taubenberger, of the US Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, began to isolate the 1918 influenza genome from archived lung tissue of US Army Private Roscoe Vaughan, one of the first to die of the disease in 1918. The sequencing of the complete genome was accomplished by 2005. In 2009, a new influenza outbreak, identified as H1N1, was caused by a very similar virus. Based on the scientific and historical data from the 1918 pandemic, the vaccination campaign in 2009 was focused on young adults rather than the more traditional risk groups of infants and the elderly. Insights into the structure of the 1918 flu virus continue to inform the development of new 'universal flu' vaccines.
The images in this exhibit have been selected from three photograph collections at the National Museum of Health and Medicine, as well as a scrapbook created by US Army nurse Gertrude Smith, which documents her service during the influenza epidemic at Camp Mills in Long Island, New York. The descriptions of these images are based on their original labels and handwritten notes.
- NMHM_160508_123.JPG: Innoculating troops with new flu and pneumonia serum, Lt. R. H. Chriwell, Medical Corps. Pneumonia prophylaxis being administered, Genicart Embarkation Camp, Genicart, Gironde, France. 2/25/1919
- NMHM_160508_129.JPG: Emergency Hospital during Influenza Epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas, ca 1918.
- NMHM_160508_135.JPG: Unloading hospital train of Influenza patients, attendants wearing gauze masks to prevent infection, Hospital Train 64, Allery, France. World War I.
- NMHM_160508_140.JPG: Interior view of Influenza ward, US Army Field Hospital No. 29. Hollerich, Luxembourg, United States. Army Signal Corps. 12/07/1918
- NMHM_160508_145.JPG: View of auto carrying soldier who died from Influenza. Funeral, 02/22/1919. US Embarkation Camp. Pauillac, Gironde, France.
- NMHM_160508_151.JPG: "Convalescent Pneumoconiosis," circa November 1918 - March 1919, photo by US Army Nurse Gertrude Smith, Camp Mills, Mineola, Long Island, New York.
- NMHM_160508_155.JPG: Preventive treatment against Influenza, spraying the throat. American Red Cross, Love Field, TX. World War I.
- NMHM_160508_160.JPG: USAHS Relief, 1899
Attributed to Antonio Jacobsen, 1850-1921 (Reproduction)
The United States Hospital Ship Relief served the US Army and Navy through four wars: The Spanish-American War (1898-99), the Philippine Insurrection (1899), the Boxer Rebellion (China, 1900) and World War I. Launched in 1896 as a coastal passenger steamer, the ship was purchased by the Army a refit as a hospital ship when war broke out with Spain in 1898. The Relief was one of the most modern hospital ships of its time, with all-electric lighting and ventilation, two X-ray machines, a fully-equipped operating room, and berths for 300 sick or wounded patients. Another 200 berths could be accommodated on the upper deck under awnings if necessary.
This painting represents the ship in the paint scheme worn during the Philippine Insurrection in 1899. The original painting was displayed in the office of Col. Carl R. Darnall, commanding officer of the Army Medical Center in Washington, DC from 1929-1931. Darnall served as chief operating surgeon and pathologist on the Relief in the Philippines in 1899. Darnall Army Medical Center at Fort Hood, Texas is named in his honor.
- NMHM_160508_166.JPG: "Sunset in Flu Village," circa November 1918 - March 1919, photo by US Army Nurse Gertrude Smith, Camp Mills, Mineola, Long Island, New York.
- NMHM_160508_172.JPG: "One of the Tents," circa November 1918 - March 1919, photo by US Army Nurse Gertrude Smith, Camp Mills, Mineola, Long Island, New York.
- NMHM_160508_176.JPG: "Officers' Mess," circa November 1918 - March 1919, photo by US Army Nurse Gertrude Smith, Camp Mills, Mineola, Long Island, New York.
- Wikipedia Description: National Museum of Health and Medicine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM) is a museum in Silver Spring, Maryland, near Washington, D.C. The museum was founded by U.S. Army Surgeon General William A. Hammond as the Army Medical Museum (AMM) in 1862; it became the NMHM in 1989 and relocated to its present site at the Army's Forest Glen Annex in 2011. An element of the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC), the NMHM is a member of the National Health Sciences Consortium.
History:
The Army Medical Museum and Library building housed the Army Medical Museum from 1887 to 1947 — and again from 1962 to 1969, when the building was razed.
19th century:
The AMM was established during the American Civil War as a center for the collection of specimens for research in military medicine and surgery. In 1862, Hammond directed medical officers in the field to collect "specimens of morbid anatomy...together with projectiles and foreign bodies removed" and to forward them to the newly founded museum for study. The AMM's first curator, John H. Brinton, visited mid-Atlantic battlefields and solicited contributions from doctors throughout the Union Army. During and after the war, AMM staff took pictures of wounded soldiers showing effects of gunshot wounds as well as results of amputations and other surgical procedures. The information collected was compiled into six volumes of The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, published between 1870 and 1883.
20th century:
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, AMM staff engaged in various types of medical research. They pioneered in photomicrographic techniques, established a library and cataloging system which later formed the basis for the National Library of Medicine (NLM), and led the AMM into research on infectious diseases while discovering the cause of yellow fever. They contributed to research on vaccinations for typhoid fever, and during World War I, AMM staff were involved in vaccinations and health education campaigns, including major efforts to combat sexually transmissible diseases.
By World War II, research at the AMM focused increasingly on pathology. In 1946 the AMM became a division of the new Army Institute of Pathology (AIP), which became the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) in 1949. The AMM's library and part of its archives were transferred to the National Library of Medicine when that institution was created in 1956. The AMM itself became the Medical Museum of the AFIP in 1949, the Armed Forces Medical Museum in 1974, and finally the NMHM in 1989. During its peak years on the National Mall in the 1960s, every year the Museum saw "as many as 400,000 to 500,000 people coming through". But after its moves to increasingly obscure and out-of-the-way sites, it fell into a period of relative neglect. By the 1990s, it was attracting only between 40,000 and 50,000 visitors a year.
In 1989, C. Everett Koop (in his last year as Surgeon General) commissioned the "National Museum of Health and Medicine Foundation", a private, nonprofit organization to explore avenues for its future development and revitalization, with the aim of ultimately returning its collection to a venue on the National Mall. Proposed was “a site on land that is located east of and adjacent to the Hubert H. Humphrey Building (100 Independence Avenue, Southwest, in the District of Columbia)”. In 1993, a draft bill authored by Sen. Edward Kennedy proposed $21.8 million for moving the existing collection to a new facility to be constructed on that site. That bill, however, was never introduced owing to political difficulties including objections from Constance Breuer—widow of Marcel Breuer, architect of the Humphrey Building—who objected to the view obstruction that would be entailed by the proposed construction. A letter from the Department of Defense to Koop in the mid-1990s, expressed hope that the NMHM exhibits would "one day be provided the appropriate and prominent home they deserve back at the National Mall in the new National Health Museum". But the DoD backed away from contributing to funding a new museum. The Foundation has since been superseded by a new organization, dedicated to creating a new National Health Museum, and which has more ambitious aims and is not dependent on what happens to the existing NMHM.
2011 move:
Due to the closure of WRAMC, NMHM has relocated—for the tenth time—to U.S. Army Garrison-Forest Glen in Silver Spring, Montgomery County, Maryland. Authority over the Forest Glen garrison was transferred from WRAMC to Fort Detrick in October 2008. The NMHM closed its exhibits on April 3, 2011, and reopened in a new building on September 15, 2011.
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