BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Sheridan-Kalorama -- Woodrow Wilson House -- Exhibit: Preparedness, Peace, Prosperity

DC -- Sheridan-Kalorama -- Woodrow Wilson House -- Exhibit: Preparedness, Peace, Prosperity:

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Description of Pictures: Preparedness, Peace, Prosperity is an exploration of the lesser known accomplishments of Woodrow Wilson’s first term as president. From buying Caribbean islands to establishing an 8-hour work day, Wilson helped change many aspects of American life which still affect us today. Exhibition will be on display at the President Woodrow Wilson House through the end of August.

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. WILPPP_160507_004.JPG: Trouble in Mexico Before Wilson took office, Mexico was in turmoil. The Mexican Revolution had begun in 1910 as reformers battled to oust the dictator Porfirio Diaz. The autocrat fled in 1911, but the new democratically elected leader was ousted in a coup in early 1913 by Gen. Victoriano Huerta, who then installed himself as President of Mexico roughly a month before Wilson would be sworn in. Wilson immediately condemned the coup, calling it an illegal regime and stating, "I will not recognize a government of butchers." Though American businesses had invested in Mexico, particularly in oil production, Wilson would not budge. He instead sought a neutral path, forbidding US companies to export munitions to Huerta's forces. In April 1914, before the outbreak of war in Europe, Wilson decided to go a step further in an effort to stop a ship load of German weapons bound for Huerta. On April 21st, American sailors and Marines sailed to the port city of Veracruz, capturing the town after a two-day fight and demonstrating that American words would be followed by American action. Huerta fled into excite later that year, but violence continued to engulf Mexico. On March 9, 1916, Pancho Villa and his Division del Norte attacked the small town of Columbus, New Mexico. Though pushed back by the 13th US Cavalry, the attack caused great outrage and led Wilson to authorize the Punitive Expedition. Led by Gen. John Pershing, the force of nearly 5,000 men marched into Mexico in pursuit of Villa later that month.
2. WILPPP_160507_007.JPG: The US soldiers of the Punitive Expedition making camp in Colonia Dublan, Mexico in 1916. At this time, horses were still the primary transportation used in military campaigns. Pancho Villa, c 1915. Originally aided by the US in the fighting against Huerta, he controlled large areas of northern Mexico and turned against his onetime ally, Venustiano Carranza.
3. WILPPP_160507_010.JPG: General VIctoriano Huerta in 1913. He claimed the title of President of Mexico from February of 1913 to July of 1914.
4. WILPPP_160507_013.JPG: [Wilson attacking Huerta with Army and Navy.] Let us argue this matter further my dear sir!
5. WILPPP_160507_016.JPG: It's your baby now!
6. WILPPP_160507_024.JPG: The Pancho Villa Expedition On March 15, 1916, the first soldiers of Major General John Pershing's expeditionary force began marching into Mexico. Tasked with capturing Pancho Villa and his paramilitary forces, they could spend eleven months in country. While Villa's force would be effectively scattered and destroyed, Villa himself was able to evade capture. US Army Campaign Hat: The campaign hat (also known as Montana Peak hat) was worn by members of the Punitive Expedition. Popularized in the 1880s and 1890s, variations of this hat were used by soldiers in Canada, South Africa, and the UK, as well as in the USA. The cord represents the branch and role of the individual soldier. This hat's cord was once blue, indicating the wearer was an infantryman. Colt 1911 Cartridge Belt: Designed by John Browning, the Colt 1911 began to be developed in the 1890s, as a standard, semi-automatic replacement for the numerous revolver models in use by the US Armed Forces. It was formally adopted by the US Army on March 29, 1911 and is still used by militaries and police forces around the world.
7. WILPPP_160507_035.JPG: The way of the neutral is hard
8. WILPPP_160507_039.JPG: Neutrality: As war began in Europe in July of 1914, Woodrow Wilson pursued the path of the neutral nation, at peace with and unmolested by both warring sides. Such a course was extremely difficult as internal and external forces sought to influence American actions. Many Irish-Americans wished to support the Fatherland. Wilson, whose mother had been born in England, personally leaned backing the British and French, but refused to let America be dragged into a European war. On the high seas, American ships were targeted by both the British and Germans. Wilson protested numerous instances of British vessels stopping and seizing American ships, including the charge that some had illegally used the American flag to disguise themselves as neutrals. With the British Navy restricting most of the German fleet to their home waters, the Imperial German Navy turned to submarine warfare to enforce their own blockade of the British Isles. Following the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915, protests from Wilson (including threats of war) forced Germany to back down and order the U-boats to avoid passenger ships, though this would prove to be only temporary. Concern about Germany also spurred the US to purchase the islands of Saint Croix, Saint John, and Saint Thomas from Denmark. Once a prosperous sugar colony, the Danish Virgin Islands had grown more and more expensive to administer following the abolition of slavery in 1848. Wilson and his cabinet saw the islands as a potential threat, should Germany ever purchase or seize them from the Danes. A German base in the Caribbean was deemed unacceptable, and toward the end of Wilson's first term, the sale of the islands was negotiated for $25,000,000.
9. WILPPP_160507_043.JPG: The Danish flag being lowered over the Danish Virgin Islands for the last time, March 31, 1917 in Charlotte Amalie on St. Thomas. German submarine U-10 in 1915. The RMS Lusitania arrives in New York City on her maiden voyage, September 13, 1907. Her sinking by a German U-Boat in 1914, which caused the deaths of 1,198 people including 128 Americans, led to cried of outrage in the US.
10. WILPPP_160507_050.JPG: The War in Europe While neutrality was debated in the United States, war raged in Europe. Millions of men had been mobilized by both sides and a single battle could leave hundreds of thousands of casualties. The ten month long Battle of Verdun in 1916 was one of the most costly campaigns in human history, with estimates ranging from 740,000 to 970,000 men killed, wounded, or captured. Bayonet and Canteen: French bayonet and German canteen, recovered from the battlefields surrounding Verdun, France. Donated to the Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library and Museum by William Walker. German Helmet: German Pickelhaube (point helmet), worn on the Western Front. When the war began, these helmets were often made of leather, but the inadequate protection they provided in the trenches soon led to a switch to steel, initially maintaining the pointed design. By 1916, this helmet style had been largely phased out across the front. Donated to the Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library and Museum by Robert A. Goshorn.
11. WILPPP_160507_056.JPG: Tariffs and Trusts: Intended to protect growing American industry from overseas competition, the tariffs were taxes on imported goods, but they also often kept prices artificially high for American consumers. The argument over the tariff was not new when Wilson entered office; in fact, it stretched back to the early days of Republic. Wilson and many Democrats wished to lower the rates and open up the markets, but they were opposed by most Republicans, as well as by lobbyists of the specific interests. For example, growing and refining sugar was much cheaper in Cuba and Puerto Rico than in the United States, but many years of tariff protection on importation had created a powerful industry loath to accept competition. When the issues came to a vote in the Senate, the only Democrats to break with Wilson were the two representing Louisiana, the heart of American sugar production. The efforts against the tariff were also part of the much larger fight, raging for decades, against the trusts. Formed by large companies buying up all their competition, these entities effectively controlled the prices in many facets of the economy, including oil, steel, and even the motion pictures. Progressives saw the tariffs as a key to the trusts' power and believed their elimination would lead to lower prices and more efficient business practices. The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 also included enforcement and relief statues [sic], meant to hold such businesses accountable.
12. WILPPP_160507_063.JPG: Sugar harvesting in Louisiana, c 1895. Threatened by the prospect of cheaper sugar from the Caribbean, lobbyists for the sugar planters put up a formidable fight against the tariff laws, but were ultimately defeated. Speaker of the House Champ Clark (top) and House Majority Leader Oscar Underwood (right). Both men were vital to the passage of Woodrow Wilson's progressive agenda.
13. WILPPP_160507_064.JPG: Established in 1914, the Federal Trade Commission was another aspect of Wilson's battle against trusts. It was charged with curbing unfair trade practices like monopolies, as well as working for consumer protection.
14. WILPPP_160507_066.JPG: Wilson cutting down "Excessive Protection" beanstalk and Monopoly giant falling.
15. WILPPP_160507_069.JPG: A Second Yorktown
16. WILPPP_160507_078.JPG: Working for the Railroad In 1916, railroad workers around the nation became the first private employees to receive a federally mandated eight-hour work day. The items you see were all used by workers of the Norfolk & Western Railroad, headquartered in Roanoke, Virginia. All date between 1900 and 1920.
17. WILPPP_160507_080.JPG: Labor Reform The labor politics of the Progressive Movement were an important factor in the election of Woodrow Wilson and thus an important aspect of his domestic agenda. Wilson had campaigned on the idea of an eight-hour work day and by 1916 many unions had achieved that goal on their own, often through striking. In 1916, the threat of a nationwide rail workers strike spurred Congress into action, passing the Adamson Act, the first federal law regulating the hours worked by employees of private companies and requiring interstate railroads to establish an eight-hour work day with paid overtime. Child labor was another issue tackled in Wilson's New Freedom agenda. Horrified by the reports and photographs of children working in factories, mines, and other dangerous occupations, many in the US wished to reform the practice, if not eliminate it altogether. Accordingly, the Keating-Owen Act regulated interstate commerce to prohibit the cross-state sale of goods produced by companies employing children under fourteen. Other actions taken by Wilson's administration included the Kern-McGillicuddy Act, providing worker's compensation to federal employees; the Railroad Inspection Act, mandating the inspection of trains for worker and passenger safety; and the Newlands Labor Act, creating the Board of Mediation and Conciliation and providing impartial arbitration to striking workers.
18. WILPPP_160507_083.JPG: (left) These three 12-year-old girls worked in a cotton mill in Belton, SC, spinning cotton into yarn or producing cloth. (right) Photographed at a 1909 labor parade in New York City, these young protesters wear sashes reading "Abolish Child Slavery!!" in English and Yiddish.
19. WILPPP_160507_086.JPG: "Mr. President, we don't want anything. We just want to grow up."
20. WILPPP_160507_090.JPG: Preparedness, Peace, Prosperity: The First Term of Woodrow Wilson
21. WILPPP_160507_097.JPG: Carter Glass Born in Lynchburg, Va. in 1858, Carter Glass would lead a long career in Virginia and national politics, rising from humble beginnings as an apprentice printer to president pro tempore of the US Senate. At the beginning of Wilson's first term, Glass was serving in the House of Representatives, representing Wilson's hometown. He also served as Chairman of the House Committee on Banking and Currency, ideally placed to help enact the progressive financial legislation desired by President Wilson. Primarily focused on financial affairs, Glass would work with Wilson many times during the first term. The two believed in tariff reduction, and Glass was instrumental in the passage of the Revenue Act, which lowered tariffs and reinstituted an individual income tax. After some early reservations, he also championed the Glass-Owen Federal Reserve Act, which established the national and regional Federal Reserve banks. Glass would later be appointed as Wilson's Secretary of the Treasury from 1918-1920, followed by a return to Congress, serving as Virginia's senator until his death in 1946.
22. WILPPP_160507_106.JPG: (left) Rep. Carter Glass in 1918. (above) Carter Glass (L) and William McAdoo (R). Both would serve as Secretary of the Treasury under Wilson.
23. WILPPP_160507_117.JPG: The Dope-Fiends Dr. Wilson -- Don't be alarmed, gentlemen. We won't take it from you all at once. We'll taper you down gradually, and after a while you'll have confidence enough in yourself to get along without it.
24. WILPPP_160507_127.JPG: The Federal Reserve In 1913, as Wilson entered the White House, the nation was largely united in the desire for banking reform, but sharply divided when it came to the method. Wall Street and many conservatives favored a central, private bank, holding government deposits and serving a reserve role for smaller banks. Progressives and interests in the South and West desired a series of regional banks, free from East Coast control. The final Federal Reserve Act used ideas from both sides, creating the system still in use today; one large central bank with government oversight and twelve regional banks across the country. Crafted and passed only after intense negotiations with both the Senate and House, the bill was signed by the President on December 23, 1913. This painting of the signing of the act was created in 1924 by Wilber [sic] G. Kurtz, Sr. It hung in the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta until 1967, at which time it was purchased by the family of Carter Glass and given to the Woodrow Wilson Museum. Kurtz, a prominent Atlanta artist, was perhaps best known for his works depicting the Civil War. He also served as a technical advisor for the 1939 film, Gone with the Wind.
25. WILPPP_160507_132.JPG: (right) Built in 1937, the Federal Reserve Building in Washington, DC was designed by Paul Philippe Cret and dedicated by Franklin Roosevelt. (top) Sen. Robert L. Owen of Oklahoma served as the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Banking and Currency and helped shepherd the Federal Reserve Act through the Senate. (bottom) Wilbur G. Kurtz, Sr., in his Atlanta studio, c 1960.
26. WILPPP_160507_146.JPG: The Original "Flag Day" Flag In 1885, in the small town of Waubeka, Wisconsin, the first formal observance of Flag Day was organized by Bernard J. Cigrand. Commemorating the adoption of the American flag by the Continental Congress on June 14, 1777, the holiday soon spread around the nation. Cigrand traveled the country for many years, giving speeches on the importance of patriotism and respect for the flag, until in 1916, Woodrow Wilson officially proclaimed the holiday be celebrated nationwide every June 14th. This flag was presented to Cigrand by President Wilson in 1916 as a token of appreciation for his many years of effort toward the holiday's creation. It was donated to the Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library and Museum in Staunton, VA by Cigrand's granddaughter, Dorothy Cigrand Trayer, in 1980.
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