BGuthrie Photos: USA Science & Engineering Festival (2016) (Saturday) -- Program: Time, Einstein and the Coldest Stuff in the Universe

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USA Science & Engineering Festival (2016) (Saturday) -- Program: Time, Einstein and the Coldest Stuff in the Universe:

USA Science and Engineering Festival Home Page: [Click here] to go to the USA Science and Engineering Festival home page.

Bruce Guthrie Photos Home Page: [Click here] to go to Bruce Guthrie Photos home page.

Description of Pictures: Event preceded by opening remarks by the U.S. Department of Defense.
Time, Einstein and the Coldest Stuff in the Universe: Dr. William Phillips, Nobel Prize winning Physicist
How did Einstein view time? What is an atomic clock? Why does it work better when its atoms are incredibly cold? What is the connections between temperature, speed, and Einstein’s theory of relativity?
Join Dr. William Phillips for an exciting journey to the lowest temperatures ever recorded. In a presentation punctuated by amazing demonstrations that fizz, crack, float, and explode, learn why shining light on something can make it incredibly cold.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. USAP01_160416_073.JPG: Mr. Stephen Welby Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
2. USAP01_160416_211.JPG: What is time? Time is what a clock measures
3. USAP01_160416_217.JPG: Clocks "tick" and different clocks have different kinds of tickers
4. USAP01_160416_248.JPG: All of these clocks are imperfect. The length of a pendulum may stretch or shrink. Each quartz crystal is a little different from all others, and may change with heat, humidity... Even the rotation of the earth is slowed by tides and affected by storms and ocean currents.
5. USAP01_160416_258.JPG: The best tickers are atom. Every quartz watch crystal vibrates at a rate different from every other one. Every 133Cs atom is absolutely identical to every other one, and they all "tick" at the same frequency.* * Given by the energy difference between two atomic energy levels.
6. USAP01_160416_277.JPG: How good are these clocks? For less than $100 you get a quartz watch good to better than 10-6, or 30 seconds/year. For around $100,000 you can buy an atomic clock good to 10-12 or 30 seconds/million years.
7. USAP01_160416_291.JPG: My goodness, it's 12:15:093640175. Time for lunch.
8. USAP01_160416_298.JPG: Relax. Help is only 10,000 Miles Away.
9. USAP01_160416_303.JPG: Atomic clocks are the heart of the Global Positioning System (GPS), or satellite navigation (SatNav) system.
10. USAP01_160416_328.JPG: Atomic clocks are the heart of the Global Positioning System (GPS), or satellite navigation (SatNav) system. For improved GPS, communication, scientific research, national security,..., we are always trying to improve atomic clocks
11. USAP01_160416_335.JPG: What do atomic clocks look like?
12. USAP01_160416_336.JPG: Time is money
13. USAP01_160416_340.JPG: Atomic clock (simplified version) When the frequency is just right, the state changes. Quartz-controlled lab microwave clock roughly 9.2 GHz The best of these clocks are accurate to < 10-14, limited by the atoms' velocity; but we need to do better.
14. USAP01_160416_349.JPG: HOT and COLD HOT: fast atoms COLD: slow atoms
15. USAP01_160416_534.JPG: He kept putting fully inflated balloons in this bucket
16. USAP01_160416_563.JPG: Frozen rose is broken up
17. USAP01_160416_634.JPG: The Absolute or "Kelvin" temperature scale 300 K = room temperature 0 K = absolute zero
18. USAP01_160416_683.JPG: The Absolute or "Kelvin" temperature scale 300 K = room temperature 260 K = a snowy day 0 K = absolute zero
19. USAP01_160416_688.JPG: The Absolute or "Kelvin" temperature scale 300 K = room temperature 255 K = ice cream 0 K = absolute zero
20. USAP01_160416_692.JPG: The Absolute or "Kelvin" temperature scale 300 K = room temperature 195 K = dry ice 0 K = absolute zero
21. USAP01_160416_701.JPG: The Absolute or "Kelvin" temperature scale 300 K = room temperature 185 K = a cold day in Antarctica 0 K = absolute zero
22. USAP01_160416_705.JPG: The Absolute or "Kelvin" temperature scale 300 K = room temperature 77 K = liquid nitrogen 0 K = absolute zero
23. USAP01_160416_733.JPG: The balloons come out
24. USAP01_160416_775.JPG: And reflate
25. USAP01_160416_785.JPG: Hot gas -- atoms are free and isolated, but fast. Condensed "gas" -- atoms are frozen, stuck to each other and the container. How do we cool a gas, without putting it in a refrigerated container?
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