BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Dupont Circle -- Sumner School Museum and Archives (1201 17th St NW)

DC -- Dupont Circle -- Sumner School Museum and Archives (1201 17th St NW):

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Description of Pictures: Finally got to tour the inside!

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. SUMNER_160113_011.JPG: African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC Charles Sumner School Museum and Archives 17th and M Streets, NW This school, completed in 1872, was one of three public elementary schools built for DC's black children just after the Civil War. Its name honors U.S. Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, who fought to abolish slavery here, pay black soldiers the same as whites, establish the Freedman's Bureau, and provide education to all children. Designed by Adolf Cluss, Sumner opened as the city's most modern school building. After it closed in 1978, Sumner School was saved from demolition through an organized community effort. Today it serves as a museum on public education and the repository of the DC Public School System's official archives.
2. SUMNER_160113_028.JPG: The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass Anna M. Johnson
3. SUMNER_160113_030.JPG: 1818
4. SUMNER_160113_038.JPG: 1834 Frederick Douglass and Edward Covey Edward Covey From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Edward Covey (December 2, 1805 – May 2, 1875), a farmer of Talbot County, Maryland was an early 19th-century American slaveholder. He is described by Frederick Douglass in My Bondage and My Freedom (published in 1855) as a "first rate hand at breaking young negroes". In The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Douglass writes that "Mr. Covey had acquired a very high reputation for breaking young slaves, and this reputation was of immense value to him. It enabled him to get his farm tilled with much less expense to himself than he could have had it done without such a reputation". In 1833, Douglass was rented to Covey for a year so that Covey would break the teenage slave's spirit. One day, after numerous vicious beatings at Covey's hands, Douglass fought back. He fought off Covey's cousin and his fight with Covey himself, which lasted nearly two hours long, ended with Douglass's victory. Douglass later wrote that "It is, perhaps, not altogether creditable to my natural temper, that, after this conflict with Mr. Covey, I did, at times, purposely aim to provoke him to an attack, by refusing to keep with the other hands in the field, but I could never bully him to another battle."
5. SUMNER_160113_042.JPG: 1845 Douglass family
6. SUMNER_160113_045.JPG: Charles Sumner
7. SUMNER_160113_048.JPG: Frederick Douglass and John Brown
8. SUMNER_160113_051.JPG: 1864 Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln
9. SUMNER_160113_054.JPG: 54th Massachusetts Volunteers Robert Gould Shaw
10. SUMNER_160113_057.JPG: Paul Laurence Dunbar Mary Church Terrell Ida B. Wells-Barnett
11. SUMNER_160113_061.JPG: 1881 Frederick Douglass Joseph Douglass
12. SUMNER_160113_064.JPG: Cedar Hill
13. SUMNER_160113_084.JPG: Walter Fauntroy
14. SUMNER_160113_104.JPG: Dr. Carter Godwin Woodson Founded Negro History Week (in Washington, DC in February, 1926 -- Negro History Week is the precursor of Black History Month) Carter G. Woodson From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Carter Godwin Woodson (December 19, 1875 – April 3, 1950) was an African-American historian, author, journalist and the founder of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History. Woodson was one of the first scholars to study African-American history. A founder of The Journal of Negro History in 1915, Woodson has been cited as the father of black history. In February 1926 he launched the celebration of "Negro History Week"; it was the precursor of Black History Month.
15. SUMNER_160113_126.JPG: In 1928, this L&H Electric Stove was installed in the second floor faculty lounge of the then new John R. Francis Junior High School as a state-of-the-art amenity for staff use.
16. SUMNER_160113_143.JPG: Bill Clinton's sax
17. SUMNER_160113_154.JPG: Charles Sumner From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Charles Sumner (January 6, 1811 – March 11, 1874) was an American politician and senator from Massachusetts. As an academic lawyer and a powerful orator, Sumner was the leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the United States Senate during the American Civil War working to destroy the Confederacy, free all the slaves, and keep on good terms with Europe. During Reconstruction, he fought to minimize the power of the ex-Confederates and guarantee equal rights to the freedmen. Sumner changed his political party several times as anti-slavery coalitions rose and fell in the 1830s and 1840s before coalescing in the 1850s as the Republican Party, the affiliation with which he became best known. He devoted his enormous energies to the destruction of what Republicans called the Slave Power, the influence over the federal government of Southern slave owners who sought the continuation and expansion of slavery. In 1856, a South Carolina Congressman, Democrat Preston Brooks, nearly killed Sumner on the Senate floor two days after Sumner delivered an intensely anti-slavery speech called "The Crime Against Kansas". In the speech, Sumner characterized the attacker's cousin, South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler, a Democrat, as a pimp for slavery. The episode played a major role in the coming of the Civil War. During the war Sumner was a leader of the Radical Republican faction that criticized President Abraham Lincoln for being too moderate on the South. One of the most learned statesmen of the era, he specialized in foreign affairs, and worked closely with Abraham Lincoln to keep the British and the French from intervening on the side of the Confederacy during the Civil War. Sumner's expertise and energy made him a powerful chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. As the chief Radical leader in the Senate during Reconstruction, Sumner fought hard to provide equal civil and voting rights for the freedmen on the grounds that "consent of the governed" was a basic principle of American republicanism, and to block ex-Confederates from power so they would not reverse the gains made from the Union's victory in the Civil War. Sumner, teaming with House leader Thaddeus Stevens, battled Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plans and sought to impose a Radical program on the South. Although Sumner forcefully advocated the annexation of Alaska in the Senate, he was against the annexation of the Dominican Republic, then known by the name of its capital, Santo Domingo. After leading Senators to defeat President Ulysses S. Grant's Santo Domingo Treaty in 1870, Sumner broke with Grant, and denounced him in such terms that reconciliation was impossible. In 1871, President Grant and his Secretary of State Hamilton Fish retaliated; through Grant's supporters in the Senate, Sumner was deposed as head of the Foreign Relations Committee. Sumner had become convinced that Grant was a corrupt despot and that the success of Reconstruction policies called for new national leadership. Sumner bitterly opposed Grant's reelection by supporting the Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley in 1872 and lost his power inside the Republican Party. Less than two years later, he died in office.
18. SUMNER_160113_186.JPG: The Legend of Merv Conn A Documentary by Jeff Krulik
19. SUMNER_160113_193.JPG: Alfred Sao-Ke Sze Cadet Lieutenant at Central High School, 1895 Dr. Sze was twice appointed Chinese Ambassador to the United States. In memory of his English teacher, Miss Ella M. Morgan, he gave his school a room furnished with Chinese artifacts. Memorabilia from this "Morgan Memorial Room" are now housed at the Sumner Museum, on the second floor.
20. SUMNER_160113_271.JPG: Franklin School Cluss experimented with a modern idea when he designed Franklin School. He incorporated functional elements into the exterior design. Parts of the heating and ventilating system are integrated into the octagonal bell towers. Imagine how this building would look without its mansard roof. The roof of the central section of Franklin, with its geometrically patterned, multi-colored slate and fanciful iron cresting, was designed to call attention to the building. The bust of Benjamin Franklin adorned the roof of Franklin School. Many Americans in the 1800s would have associated Franklin with self-improvement, practical education, moral discipline, and scientific advances. The clock emphasized the importance of order and timeliness in life and work. All four walls of Franklin's Great Hall were painted on dry plaster in a pattern of rounded arches with shadows. Some of the pattern remains in the attic above the lower ceiling installed in later years. This floor plan revealed the relatively recent innovation of multiple classrooms in a school building. Different classrooms allowed for the implementation of an age-based curriculum. Teachers no longer had to teach so many different grade levels. The teacher's position on a raised platform reinforced the instructor's authority and dignity. The positioning also improved acoustics and allowed clear sightlines with the students. From the beginning of his career to the end, Cluss was interested in improving acoustics. Each classroom at Franklin was its own little world, entered through cloakrooms that served as a buffer from hallway noise and ensured that clutter and damp clothing would remain outside. Windows on two sides of each room guaranteed good natural lighting.
21. SUMNER_160113_279.JPG: Completed in 1869, Franklin School stood at a high point across 13th Street from Franklin Square Park, not far from the White House. The large and prominently situated school for white children was visible from many points in the city, including Capital Hill. Mayor Richard Wallach wanted to ensure that visitors to Washington and the city's middle-class would take note. Cluss designed a school with architectural features that inspired respect for public education. LOOK... at Franklin School inside and out. How did its architect and the school board design a new school to symbolize the values of a middle class, northern, industrializing society? Italian influence is evident in Cluss's inventive use of brick. Cluss called the design of Franklin School "modern Renaissance." "The expense incurred in decoration exceeds but little the cost of ordinary bricks, but this style of architecture is of the utmost simplicity, yet pleasing to the eye by varied lines at different heights and thicknesses, whether intersecting straight, or curved, producing an outline pictorial and justly pyramidal in its proportion." -- Adolf Cluss, dedication remarks, 1869
22. SUMNER_160113_285.JPG: Franklin School Cluss experimented with a modern idea when he designed Franklin School. He incorporated functional elements into the exterior design. Parts of the heating and ventilating system are integrated into the octagonal bell towers. Imagine how this building would look without its mansard roof. The roof of the central section of Franklin, with its geometrically patterned, multi-colored slate and fanciful iron cresting, was designed to call attention to the building. The bust of Benjamin Franklin adorned the roof of Franklin School. Many Americans in the 1800s would have associated Franklin with self-improvement, practical education, moral discipline, and scientific advances. The clock emphasized the importance of order and timeliness in life and work.
23. SUMNER_160113_288.JPG: All four walls of Franklin's Great Hall were painted on dry plaster in a pattern of rounded arches with shadows. Some of the pattern remains in the attic above the lower ceiling installed in later years. This floor plan revealed the relatively recent innovation of multiple classrooms in a school building. Different classrooms allowed for the implementation of an age-based curriculum. Teachers no longer had to teach so many different grade levels.
24. SUMNER_160113_294.JPG: The teacher's position on a raised platform reinforced the instructor's authority and dignity. The positioning also improved acoustics and allowed clear sightlines with the students. From the beginning of his career to the end, Cluss was interested in improving acoustics. Each classroom at Franklin was its own little world, entered through cloakrooms that served as a buffer from hallway noise and ensured that clutter and damp clothing would remain outside. Windows on two sides of each room guaranteed good natural lighting.
25. SUMNER_160113_302.JPG: Model Schools Adolf Cluss and Josef von Kammerhueber completed the first of Washington's multi-classroom public schools in 1864. Towering over neighboring buildings, the schools were meant to inspire students, dignify teaching, and elevate free public education to a position of prominence and respect. Earlier in the century, the city's government had provided little funding for free public education. For whites only, these public schools were shunned by all but the poor. In the 1860s, Washington Mayor Richard Wallach sponsored a school building program. Larger, attractive buildings serving multiple grades replaced rented rooms in churches and stables. After the Civil War, Washington's African American community and Radical Republicans in Congress demanded a system of universal public education.
26. SUMNER_160113_309.JPG: Seventh Division School, photographed by Francis B. Johnson, c 1900 Congress mandated public schools for Washington's African-American children in 1867, but allowed a dual, segregated system that survived until the 1950s. Centennial Exhibition, 1876 Cluss's school designs were awarded medals at three international exhibitions in the 1870s. In this stereograph, the District of Columbia display at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition contrasted Franklin School with the one and two-room schoolhouses that had previously served the city.
27. SUMNER_160113_313.JPG: Wallach School Named for Mayor Richard Wallach, this school on Pennsylvania Avenue between 7th and 8th Streets, SE, Wallach School was the first of the modern, multi-classroom schools built in Washington. Dedicated on July 4, 1864, the school included an auditorium designed to bring the general public into the building for lectures, concerts, and other events.
28. SUMNER_160113_315.JPG: Charles Sumner School Dedicated in 1872, the school's African-American trustees had chosen Adolf Cluss as the architect. Cluss's grand, three-story building, with its corner location and prominent tower, gave physical shape to the ideal of racial equality.
29. SUMNER_160113_318.JPG: Richard Wallach Mayor Richard Wallach, elected in 1861, supported the movement for improved schools in Washington. He became one of Cluss's strongest supporters. St. John's College High School, 1937 Designed by Cluss and Daniel in 1878, St. John's College High School stood on Vermont Avenue between M and N Streets, Northwest. Cluss and Schulze designed the tower, added in 1889. Academy of the Visitation, Catalog, 1903 Cluss designed two of the District's Catholic schools. Cluss's daughters Lillian and Anita attended the Academy of the Visitation, a girls' school located on Connecticut Avenue now the location of the Mayflower Hotel.
30. SUMNER_160113_325.JPG: Copy of Bust of Benjamin Franklin, circa 1992 The sculptor of the original cast iron figure is unknown. It appears to be inspired by a bust made in Paris by sculptor Jean-Antoine Houdon in 1779, when Franklin was the American ambassador to France. The bust installed on top of the pediment at Franklin School was described architect Adolf Cluss as "colossal." It was removed in 1990 in order to prevent damage to the base. Originally cast by Gray & Noyes, a foundry located on Maryland Avenue in southwest Washington, this bust is one of three replicas made during the 1990s renovation of the exterior.
31. SUMNER_160113_342.JPG: Marvin Gaye -- graduated Syphax Elementary School (1951) and Randall Junior High School (1954). Attended Cardoza High School before his successful music career began in 1957. Marvin Gaye From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Marvin Gaye (born Marvin Pentz Gay Jr.; April 2, 1939 – April 1, 1984) was an American singer, songwriter and record producer. Gaye helped to shape the sound of Motown in the 1960s, first as an in-house session player and later as a solo artist with a string of hits, including "Ain't That Peculiar", "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)" and "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", and duet recordings with Mary Wells, Kim Weston, Diana Ross and Tammi Terrell, later earning the titles "Prince of Motown" and "Prince of Soul". During the 1970s, he recorded the concept albums What's Going On and Let's Get It On and became one of the first artists in Motown to break away from the reins of their production company. Gaye's later recordings influenced several contemporary R&B subgenres, such as quiet storm and neo soul. Following a period in Europe as a tax exile in the early 1980s, Gaye released the 1982 Grammy Award-winning hit "Sexual Healing" and its parent album Midnight Love. On April 1, 1984, Gaye's father, Marvin Gay Sr., fatally shot him at their house in the West Adams district of Los Angeles. Since his death, many institutions have posthumously bestowed Gaye with awards and other honors -- including the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame, the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
32. SUMNER_160113_373.JPG: Denyce Graves, DC graduate
33. SUMNER_160113_376.JPG: Dave Chappelle, graduate of Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington School of the Arts, Class of 1991
34. SUMNER_160113_381.JPG: Edward Higgins White, II NASA astronaut Graduate of Western High School, class of 1948
35. SUMNER_160113_389.JPG: Roberta Flack She taught music at Browne Junior High School as Miss Flack from 1960-1966. As Mrs. Novosel, she instructed students in music at Rabaut Junior High School from 1966-1969.
36. SUMNER_160514_05.JPG: African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC Charles Sumner School Museum and Archives 17th and M Streets, NW This school, completed in 1872, was one of three public elementary schools built for DC's black children just after the Civil War. Its name honors U.S. Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, who fought to abolish slavery here, pay black soldiers the same as whites, establish the Freedman's Bureau, and provide education to all children. Designed by Adolf Cluss, Sumner opened as the city's most modern school building. After it closed in 1978, Sumner School was saved from demolition through an organized community effort. Today it serves as a museum on public education and the repository of the DC Public School System's official archives.
37. SUMNER_160514_17.JPG: Charles Sumner School Public Schools of the District of Columbia Museum and Archives Erected: 1871-1872 Restored: 1985-1987
Wikipedia Description: Charles Sumner School
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Charles Sumner School, established in 1872, was one of the earliest schools for African Americans in Washington, D.C. Named for the prominent abolitionist and United States Senator Charles Sumner, the school became the first teachers college for black citizens in the city and the headquarters of its segregated school system for African American students. It currently houses a small museum, a research room, art exhibits, and the archives of the District of Columbia Public Schools.

Construction and naming:

The Charles Sumner School was built on land that had previously been used as a school site by the Freedmen's Bureau, created after the Civil War to provide support for freed slaves. The school was named for Charles Sumner, a prominent abolitionist and United States Senator from Massachusetts who fought, among other things, for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia and for the right of black citizens to use streetcars in that city. The building was designed by prominent Washington architect Adolf Cluss, a task for which he would receive a design award at the 1873 Vienna Exposition. The school opened in 1872.

Use as a school:

An Act of Congress in 1862 had required the creation of schools for black children in Washington, D.C. However, it was not until 1873 that the responsibility for administration of the schools was removed from federal agencies and placed in local hands. At that point, separate superintendents were appointed to administer the education of white and black children in the city. Charles Sumner School was one of the first schools in this new school system, housing elementary school classes as well as the high school that eventually became Dunbar High School, graduating its first high school students in 1877. That same year, the school was renamed the Myrtilla Miner Normal School and became the District's first teacher's college for African Americans. In addition to its role as a school, the building served as headquarters of the Superintendent and Board of Trustees of the separate school system for black students.

Use as a museum:

By the 1980s, the building had fallen into disrepair. Led by Richard Hurlbut, citizens of the District raised the $5 million necessary to renovate the building, a project that lasted two years from 1984 to 1986. The newly renovated building, renamed the Charles Sumner School Museum and Archives, was used to house a museum which Hurlbut himself was curator of. In addition to a museum, the building houses the District of Columbia Public School Archives and associated reading rooms and meeting space. It is also used for exhibit space by local artists and organizations. The building was added to the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites in 1978, and to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
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