BGuthrie Photos: DC -- NMAAHC -- Exhibit: (C3) Slavery and Freedom 1400-1877

DC -- NMAAHC -- Exhibit: (C3) Slavery and Freedom 1400-1877:

Bruce Guthrie Photos Home Page: [Click here] to go to Bruce Guthrie Photos home page.

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. AASLAV_161011_001.JPG: Europe and an Emerging Global Economy
2. AASLAV_161011_004.JPG: Europe
3. AASLAV_161011_008.JPG: France
4. AASLAV_161011_009.JPG: Christopher Columbus
5. AASLAV_161011_012.JPG: Amerigo Vespucci
6. AASLAV_161011_014.JPG: The Netherlands
7. AASLAV_161011_019.JPG: England
8. AASLAV_161011_020.JPG: Convergence of Cultures
9. AASLAV_161011_023.JPG: Portugal
10. AASLAV_161011_026.JPG: Spain
11. AASLAV_161011_028.JPG: Maritime Innovation and the Atlantic World
12. AASLAV_161011_032.JPG: Trade among Equals
13. AASLAV_161011_039.JPG: Beads: Ornate glass beads were produced by Europeans specifically for use in the slave trade and coveted by African consumers. These individually mounted beads were excavated from Goree, Senegal.
14. AASLAV_161011_044.JPG: Trade Goods
15. AASLAV_161011_047.JPG: From Trading Goods to Trading Humans
16. AASLAV_161011_049.JPG: The Impact of the Slave Trade
17. AASLAV_161011_051.JPG: Enslaved Africans in Europe
18. AASLAV_161011_055.JPG: Whip
19. AASLAV_161011_057.JPG: Ukawsaw Gronniosaw
20. AASLAV_161011_063.JPG: Sugar Driver of the Slave Trade
21. AASLAV_161011_065.JPG: Sugar Pot
22. AASLAV_161011_068.JPG: 1514-1866 The Transatlantic Slave Trade
23. AASLAV_161011_072.JPG: 15th-19th Centuries The Middle Passage A Full Complement of Negroes
24. AASLAV_161011_077.JPG: Observation Upon Negro Slavery: Author Charles Crawford wrote a first-hand account of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Born in Antigua, Crawford was the headstrong son of a wealthy plantation owner, as well as a poet, writer, and abolitionist. Books like his were used to promote abolition by providing a detailed account of the inhumane practices of the trade.
25. AASLAV_161011_081.JPG: Adinkra Symbols Ships of the Trade
26. AASLAV_161011_085.JPG: 1565-1776: Enslaving Colonial North America
27. AASLAV_161011_093.JPG: The Business of the Trade
28. AASLAV_161011_097.JPG: Enslaving an African
29. AASLAV_161011_107.JPG: Two-Guinea Coin: The guinea coin, produced in England, was named for Guinea on the West Coast of Africa. The trade in gold and slaves secured the raw material for the coin and the profits behind it. The elephant and the crown represented the Royal African Company, which briefly held the British trade monopoly in Africa.
30. AASLAV_161011_111.JPG: Packing
31. AASLAV_161011_116.JPG: The Industry of Slavery: J. Wallace, a writer in Liverpool, England, stated in 1795, "Almost everyman in Liverpool is a merchant... small vessels are fitted out by attorneys, drapers, ropers, grocers, tallow chandlers." Many working-class people also risked their lives for better wages, working on slave ships like those evoked in this folk art model. Crew wages were recorded in wage books.
32. AASLAV_161011_129.JPG: Selling
33. AASLAV_161011_132.JPG: Consuming
34. AASLAV_161011_135.JPG: Barbados Penny: Many slave owners produced plantation tokens unique to their properties. This token features the bust of an enslaved African and the phrase "I Serve."
35. AASLAV_161011_141.JPG: Passing on Property: Individuals and families built legacies of wealth from the slave trade and the plantation economy. This document conveys land and enslaved Africans to the next generation.
36. AASLAV_161011_146.JPG: The Invention of the New World Plantation
37. AASLAV_161011_150.JPG: Violence: An Everyday Reality
38. AASLAV_161011_152.JPG: Ife Head of the Yoruba
39. AASLAV_161011_156.JPG: The Human Cost
40. AASLAV_161011_161.JPG: Cat 'o Nine Tails
41. AASLAV_161011_163.JPG: Olaudah Equiano
42. AASLAV_161011_172.JPG: 15th-19th Centuries The Middle Passage A Full Complement of Negroes
43. AASLAV_161011_180.JPG: Points of Arrival in North America
44. AASLAV_161011_186.JPG: The Chesapeake Making Race
45. AASLAV_161011_190.JPG: Landscape of Slavery
46. AASLAV_161011_193.JPG: 42,200 Enslaved Africans transported to the Chesapeake by 1725. 127,200 Enslaved Africans transported to the Chesapeake by 1775. Becoming Black in Colonial North America
47. AASLAV_161011_196.JPG: 5,500 Enslaved Africans transported to the Lowcountry by 1725. 117,500 Enslaved Africans transported to the Lowcountry by 1775. Becoming Black in Colonial North America
48. AASLAV_161011_199.JPG: The Lowcountry Enslaving Skill in the Carolinas
49. AASLAV_161011_202.JPG: The Northern Colonies Expanding Merchant Capital
50. AASLAV_161011_205.JPG: 1775-1783 The Revolutionary War
51. AASLAV_161011_209.JPG: Prince Simbo
52. AASLAV_161011_210.JPG: Private Prince Simbo's Powder Horn: This ornate powder horn is engraved with the words, "Prince Simbo his horn made at Glastenbury November 17th AD 1777." The rare object is a powerful reminder of blacks in the Revolutionary War and their commitment to the fight for their freedom.
53. AASLAV_161011_221.JPG: Free Communities of Color
54. AASLAV_161011_223.JPG: The Limits of Freedom
55. AASLAV_161011_227.JPG: Petitioning for Freedom
56. AASLAV_161011_231.JPG: Medallion Depicting Prince Hall and Freemasonry: This medallion features Prince Hall, a free black man and petitioner who was devoted to the cause of freedom and equality for all African Americans.
57. AASLAV_161011_242.JPG: Toussaint Louverture, Revolutionary
58. AASLAV_161011_247.JPG: Letter from Louverture to Charles Humbert de Vincent, 1797: Toussaint Louverture campaigned tirelessly on behalf of the enslaved during the Haitian Revolution, and his actions helped pushed France to abolish slavery in all its colonies in 1794. He wrote this letter in response to a speech in the French parliament calling for slavery's restoration. In a strongly worded statement, he declared that "virtue and truth have always triumphed over vice and hypocrisy."
59. AASLAV_161011_256.JPG: Life at Monticello
60. AASLAV_161011_260.JPG: Slavery in Washington, DC
61. AASLAV_161011_262.JPG: Enslaved at Monticello: The names on this wall identify many of the 609 people held in bondage by Thomas Jefferson over his lifetime. The people remembered here include six of Jefferson's enslaved children and their mother, Sally Hemings. Jefferson's children inherited the status of their enslaved mother, who was about 17 at the birth of her first child with Jefferson. Sculpted Figure of Thomas Jefferson: Jefferson kept a Farm Book to manage his property, recording the work, births, and deaths of enslaved people.
62. AASLAV_161011_271.JPG: Thomas Jefferson and the Limits of Freedom
63. AASLAV_161011_272.JPG: The Paradox of Liberty
64. AASLAV_161011_289.JPG: Thomas Jefferson's Tools: Jefferson wrote justifications for both American independence and racial inequality. Americans return to his ideas to explore the place of slavery and racial discrimination in the United States. The glasses, spectacles case, penholder, compass, and paperweight are from his home at Monticello.
65. AASLAV_161011_291.JPG: Slave Shackles: Jefferson understood that enslaved African Americans produced his wealth and provided him the leisure to read, write, and govern. Slavery was woven into his daily life, as were its contradictions. Like many other slaveholders, Jefferson owned his own children.
66. AASLAV_161011_295.JPG: Drafting the Declaration of Independence
67. AASLAV_161011_309.JPG: Thomas Jefferson & Benjamin Banneker
68. AASLAV_161011_314.JPG: 1790-1861: Slavery and the Making of a New Nation
69. AASLAV_161011_321.JPG: Benjamin Banneker, Scientific Thinker
70. AASLAV_161011_330.JPG: Building the Capital City
71. AASLAV_161011_333.JPG: Phillis Wheatley, Poet
72. AASLAV_161011_340.JPG: First Edition of Phillis Wheatley's Poems on Various Subjects Religious and Moral: Phillis Wheatley's poems are deeply layered. At face value, they are straightforward reflections on virtue. Closer attention to the text reveals another layer of meaning where Wheatley expresses a critical view of society. Wheatley's writing reflects a strategy of negotiating slavery. She allied herself with those who had power over her while cleverly expressing her deeper beliefs.
73. AASLAV_161011_347.JPG: Elizabeth Freeman, Demanding Justice
74. AASLAV_161011_355.JPG: Cabildo Records, 1785-1802" The Spanish governor, Baron Francisco Luis Hector de Carondelet, nervously witnessed the effect of the ongoing French and Haitian Revolutions on Louisiana. Enslaved people began to boldly claim their freedom. The governor's mixed reactions are detailed in the records of the Cabildo, or governor's office.
75. AASLAV_161011_356.JPG: The Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804
76. AASLAV_161011_360.JPG: The Age of Black Revolution
77. AASLAV_161011_363.JPG: Fueling the Industrial Economy
78. AASLAV_161011_372.JPG: Nat Turner's Bible: Nat Turner, an enslaved minister, is thought to have been carrying this Bible when he was captured after the rebellion. A man of remarkable intellect, Turner used his mobility as a preacher to organize a slave revolt in 1831. The Bible was donated by descendants of Lavinia Francis, a slave owner who survived the rebellion.
79. AASLAV_161011_376.JPG: Nat Turner's Rebellion, 1831 Enslaved people rose up in Southampton County, Virginia, on August 21, 1831. Led by Nat Turner, rebels moved across plantations, murdering roughly 55 whites and rally enslaved people. They planned to move on to Jerusalem, Virginia, to seize guns and then make a permanent home in the Great Dismal Swamp. By August 23, the rebels had been defeated. More than 200 black men and women, both enslaved and free, were executed. Nat Turner's Rebellion alarmed Americans and inflamed the debate over slavery.
80. AASLAV_161011_379.JPG: The Expansion of Slavery
81. AASLAV_161011_384.JPG: 1820 Southern Cotton Production 1860 Southern Cotton Production
82. AASLAV_161011_387.JPG: The Greenwood Cotton Gin, ca 1840
83. AASLAV_161011_390.JPG: Machines and Men
84. AASLAV_161011_399.JPG: 1806-1865 The Domestic Slave Trade
85. AASLAV_161011_402.JPG: People & Profit
86. AASLAV_161011_404.JPG: Card for the "Great Negro Mart"
87. AASLAV_161011_408.JPG: Franklin and Armfield Ship Manifest: Isaac Franklin and John Armfield traded thousands of African Americans between Virginia and Louisiana and secured millions in profit. Their ship manifest states: "The negroes within named... have not been imported to the US since January [1808]... are held to service in labor as slaves and are not entitled to freedom." This language showed their compliance with the government-regulated slave trade.
88. AASLAV_161011_412.JPG: People, Livestock, and Tools for Sale, 1847
89. AASLAV_161011_419.JPG: General Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay spoke from this slave block in Hagerstown during the year 1830
90. AASLAV_161011_425.JPG: On the Block
91. AASLAV_161011_430.JPG: Striking for Freedom Slave rebellions carried bloody consequences. Rebels were executed. Family, friends, and neighbors might be beaten and killed. In some cases, slave owners placed the bloodied and dismembered bodies in public view to remind passersby of slavery's awful power. Nevertheless, against terrible odds, enslaved people chose to rebel.
92. AASLAV_161011_433.JPG: Armistad Rebellion: On July 1, 1839, fifty-three enslaved men from Sierra Leone rebelled aboard the Armistad and seized the ship. They eventually reached the United States, where they were imprisoned and faced murder charges. Free African Americans and white abolitionist allies brought the case before the Supreme Court, which ruled in favor of the captives' right to freedom.
93. AASLAV_161011_441.JPG: Brass Ring Used at the "Marriage of Negroes", 1830: Over 400 enslaved African Americans briefly wore this expandable ring when they were informally married by Rev. Alexander Glennie in South Carolina. As church members, enslaved people were equal in the eyes of God, but by law they could not marry. Despite this, enslaved men and women pursued meaningful unions and took their vows seriously even if white society did not.
94. AASLAV_161011_446.JPG: Rev. Alexander Glennie's Journal: Glennie listed the names and relationships of enslaved people that he joined in marriage. Because enslaved people's names were rarely recorded, these are especially precious.
95. AASLAV_161011_449.JPG: To Visit Your Husband: Harriet Lawson's Pass, 1832
96. AASLAV_161011_454.JPG: The Back of Lawson's Pass
97. AASLAV_161011_458.JPG: Rebellion The largest slave rebellions included the Stono Rebellion (South Carolina, 1739), the New York Conspiracy (1741), Gabriel's Revolution (Richmond, Virgina, 1800), Deslondes's Rebellion (Louisiana, 1811), Fort Blount (Florida, 1816), Vesey's Rebellion (Charleston, South Carolina, 1822), Nat Turner's Rebellion (Southampton County, Virginia, 1831), the Amistad Mutiny (slave ship, 1839), and the Creole Revolt (slave ship, 1841).
98. AASLAV_161011_460.JPG: Brick from the Whitehead Plantation: Turner claimed that God called on him to "slay my enemies with their own weapons." He took the life of Margaret Whitehead during his rebellion.
99. AASLAV_161011_463.JPG: Education
100. AASLAV_161011_466.JPG: Religion
101. AASLAV_161011_470.JPG: States and Territories Restricting African American Faith Practices: * Alabama * District of Columbia * Georgia * Louisiana * Maryland * Mississippi * North Carolina * South Carolina * Virginia
102. AASLAV_161011_471.JPG: Harriet Tubman's Lace Shawl: England's Queen Victoria gave Tubman this shawl around 1897.
103. AASLAV_161011_475.JPG: Harriet Tubman's Hymnal: A fiercely religious woman, Tubman spoke of visions and dreams that helped provide a moral compass throughout her life. The wear-and-tear on this hymnal suggests that she must have loved it and used it quite frequently.
104. AASLAV_161011_480.JPG: Clary and the Fancy Girl Trade, 1806: Black women were the sexual prey of white men since the 1600s. During the domestic slave trade, a new category of enslaved women emerged, known as "fancy girls." Young and usually light-skinned, these black women were purchased explicitly for sexual exploitation, at rates four to five times the price of women field laborers. Young black men were also subject to sexual exploitation by both white men and women.
105. AASLAV_161011_488.JPG: Community
106. AASLAV_161011_496.JPG: The Weeping Time
107. AASLAV_161011_500.JPG: Seizing Freedom
108. AASLAV_161011_504.JPG: Margaret Garner
109. AASLAV_161011_507.JPG: The Modern Medea, by Thomas Satterwhite Noble, 1867: Garner's story inspired this painting and Toni Morrison's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Beloved.
110. AASLAV_161011_510.JPG: Harriet Tubman
111. AASLAV_161011_512.JPG: Point of Pines Cabin
112. AASLAV_161011_518.JPG: Grave Marker
113. AASLAV_161011_521.JPG: Life
114. AASLAV_161011_523.JPG: Charleston Slave Tags
115. AASLAV_161011_527.JPG: Work
116. AASLAV_161011_529.JPG: Generations of Enslavement
117. AASLAV_161011_534.JPG: Cradle, ca 1830
118. AASLAV_161011_537.JPG: Gynecological Surgical Instruments, ca 1852
119. AASLAV_161011_547.JPG: Slavery Shapes America
120. AASLAV_161011_551.JPG: Finance
121. AASLAV_161011_555.JPG: $2,500,000: Amounts of slave-based bonds purchased by European investors in 1828. $25,700,000: Amount of bank credit issued from mortgaging of enslaved African Americans in Louisiana, 1859.
122. AASLAV_161011_557.JPG: Industry
123. AASLAV_161011_559.JPG: $29,376,000: Value of cotton produced by enslaved African Americans in 1832 45,000,000 feet: Amount of "negro cloth" produced in northern mills for the southern market in 1832
124. AASLAV_161011_563.JPG: Agriculture
125. AASLAV_161011_565.JPG: $250,000,000: Value of cotton produced by enslaved African Americans in 1861. $3,059,000,000: Value assigned to enslaved African Americans in 1860.
126. AASLAV_161011_571.JPG: 1820-1861: The Coming of War
127. AASLAV_161011_575.JPG: Slavery and American Life
128. AASLAV_161011_578.JPG: Constitutional Crisis
129. AASLAV_161011_582.JPG: Slave Resistance
130. AASLAV_161011_585.JPG: Competing Economies and Matters of Race
131. AASLAV_161011_590.JPG: The Splintering of Political Parties
132. AASLAV_161011_592.JPG: Anti-Slavery A Movement in Black & White
133. AASLAV_161011_597.JPG: Anti-Slavery To Effect Change
134. AASLAV_161011_598.JPG: John Brown Abolition without Compromise
135. AASLAV_161011_600.JPG: Hoyt's Bloodstained Map, 1856: David Hoyt, a free-soil advocate, was shot and killed in Kansas during a dispute with a proslavery mob. This map was reportedly in his breast pocket when he died. With so much political, moral, and economic power at stake, many Americans risked their lives over slavery before the Civil War.
136. AASLAV_161011_605.JPG: Pike Head: John Brown declared, "These men are all talk. What we need is action -- action!" Brown ordered 1,000 pikes like this to start an armed slave rebellion. His attempted revolt in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, in 1859 terrified white southerners.
137. AASLAV_161011_612.JPG: William Lloyd Garrison Immediate Abolition
138. AASLAV_161011_615.JPG: William Lloyd Garrison Watch: This watch was presented to Garrison by British abolitionist George Thompson on the 20th anniversary of The Liberator.
139. AASLAV_161011_619.JPG: Ambrotype of William Lloyd Garrison
140. AASLAV_161011_624.JPG: Sojourner Truth Black Feminism
141. AASLAV_161011_628.JPG: Frederick Douglass Political Leadership
142. AASLAV_161011_631.JPG: Gerrit Smith & Frederick Douglass
143. AASLAV_161011_633.JPG: Crossing Boundaries
144. AASLAV_161011_637.JPG: Marketing the Movement
145. AASLAV_161011_642.JPG: Joseph Cinquez & John Quincy Adams
146. AASLAV_161011_649.JPG: Wedgwood Roller Blotter, ca 1830
147. AASLAV_161011_652.JPG: Harriet Jacobs & Lydia Maria Child
148. AASLAV_161011_659.JPG: Fighting Change
149. AASLAV_161011_671.JPG: The Election of 1860
150. AASLAV_161011_676.JPG: 1861-1865: The Civil War The Coming of Freedom
151. AASLAV_161011_686.JPG: A Call to Arms
152. AASLAV_161011_689.JPG: Recruitment Broadside, 1863
153. AASLAV_161011_694.JPG: Sibley Tent: The military provided castoff tents, like this Sibley tent, for African Americans to use as shelter. One tent could hold 12 to 20 people.
154. AASLAV_161011_697.JPG: The Front Lines of Freedom, 1861-1865
155. AASLAV_161011_706.JPG: Tent Cities
156. AASLAV_161011_710.JPG: The Civil War
157. AASLAV_161011_716.JPG: United States Colored Troops
158. AASLAV_161011_718.JPG: Square-Point Blade Shovel, 1944
159. AASLAV_161011_720.JPG: Fatigue Work
160. AASLAV_161011_728.JPG: Butler Medal, 1864: Gen. Benjamin F. Butler commissioned this military decoration -- officially known as Army of the James Medal -- to recognize feats of bravery by African American soldiers. These are the only US medals designed specifically for African American troops. Lantern Slide of Private Gordon, 1863: This photograph circulated widely to raise public awareness of the brutality of slavery and to raise funds to support the self-emancipated.
161. AASLAV_161011_738.JPG: On the Battlefield
162. AASLAV_161011_741.JPG: Mortality
163. AASLAV_161011_744.JPG: The Story of Private Gordon
164. AASLAV_161011_750.JPG: A Fugitive
165. AASLAV_161011_753.JPG: "The Scourged Back"
166. AASLAV_161011_755.JPG: A Soldier
167. AASLAV_161011_757.JPG: Telegraph Office Inkstand and the Emancipation Proclamation: In the summer of 1862, Lincoln began to draft the Emancipation Proclamation using this inkstand while he waited for the latest news in the War Department's telegraph office. The president sat at the desk of Maj. Thomas T. Eckert, and Lincoln later explained to Eckert that he had been composing a document "giving freedom to the slaves of the South."
168. AASLAV_161011_767.JPG: Frederick Douglass's Cane
169. AASLAV_161011_776.JPG: 1863-1877: Emancipation and the Transformation of America
170. AASLAV_161012_001.JPG: Slavery & Freedom 1400-1877
171. AASLAV_161012_005.JPG: 15th-19th Centuries The Making of the Atlantic World
172. AASLAV_161012_009.JPG: Africa and an Emerging Global Economy
173. AASLAV_161012_012.JPG: The Atlantic Creoles
174. AASLAV_161012_016.JPG: Africa
175. AASLAV_161012_022.JPG: The Bight of Benin
176. AASLAV_161012_029.JPG: The Bight of Biafra
177. AASLAV_161012_033.JPG: The Gold Coast
178. AASLAV_161012_037.JPG: Western Central Africa
179. AASLAV_161012_039.JPG: Queen Nzingha
180. AASLAV_161012_042.JPG: Ahosu, King of Dahomey
181. AASLAV_161012_045.JPG: Senegambia
182. AASLAV_161012_050.JPG: Convergence of Cultures
183. AASLAV_161012_053.JPG: Early Contact
184. AASLAV_161012_055.JPG: Trade among Equals
185. AASLAV_161012_058.JPG: Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
186. AASLAV_161012_062.JPG: Trading to Traded
187. AASLAV_161012_068.JPG: The Trauma of Transition
188. AASLAV_161012_071.JPG: Mahommah Baquaqua
189. AASLAV_161012_075.JPG: Transporting
190. AASLAV_161012_079.JPG: Branding
191. AASLAV_161012_080.JPG: Inspecting
192. AASLAV_161012_083.JPG: Storing
193. AASLAV_161012_086.JPG: Kidnapping
194. AASLAV_161012_092.JPG: Ships of the Trade
195. AASLAV_161012_093.JPG: ajor Regions in the Americas Where Captives Disembarked, 1501-1867
196. AASLAV_161012_103.JPG: Timber from the Sao Jose Iron Ballast from the Sao Jose
197. AASLAV_161012_120.JPG: Ballast and Human Cargo Ship Pulley Recovered from the Sao Jose
198. AASLAV_161012_121.JPG: Ship Full of Sorrow Tens of thousands of slave ships traversed the Atlantic carrying human cargo to an uncertain future. Enslaved people rebelled on one in ten voyages. Rather than endure the horrors of enslavement, many jumped into the shark-infested waters. An elderly enslaved man stated "the iron entered into our souls," as he described the rattling shackles that ripped off the skin of captive Africans.
199. AASLAV_161012_128.JPG: The Sae Jose The Recovery of the Sao Jose
200. AASLAV_161012_135.JPG: Holding on to Humanity
201. AASLAV_161012_146.JPG: 5,500 Enslaved Africans transported to the Lowcountry by 1725. 117,500 Enslaved Africans transported to the Lowcountry by 1775. Becoming Black in Colonial North America
202. AASLAV_161012_149.JPG: The Northern Colonies Expanding Merchant Capital
203. AASLAV_161012_152.JPG: Private Prince Simbo's Powder Horn: This ornate powder horn is engraved with the words, "Prince Simbo his horn made at Glastenbury November 17th AD 1777." The rare object is a powerful reminder of blacks in the Revolutionary War and their commitment to the fight for their freedom.
204. AASLAV_161012_156.JPG: Prince Simbo
205. AASLAV_161012_159.JPG: Field Whip: Whips were instruments of torture used to increase productivity. As the craftsmanship of this one demonstrates, they were also sources of pride for some slave owners. Gift of Oprah Winfrey.
206. AASLAV_161012_162.JPG: To Pick a Bale of Cotton
207. AASLAV_161012_168.JPG: Hoyt's Bloodstained Map, 1856: David Hoyt, a free-soil advocate, was shot and killed in Kansas during a dispute with a proslavery mob. This map was reportedly in his breast pocket when he died. With so much political, moral, and economic power at stake, many Americans risked their lives over slavery before the Civil War.
208. AASLAV_161012_173.JPG: The Civil War
209. AASLAV_161015_001.JPG: 15th-19th Centuries The Making of the Atlantic World
210. AASLAV_161015_009.JPG: Europe and an Emerging Global Economy
211. AASLAV_161015_011.JPG: The Atlantic Creoles
212. AASLAV_161015_014.JPG: The New York Conspiracy
213. AASLAV_161015_021.JPG: The New York Conspiracy, 1741
214. AASLAV_161015_026.JPG: Violent Reprisals
215. AASLAV_161015_029.JPG: 4,100 Enslaved Africans in the North in 1725 27,100 Enslaved blacks in the North in 1775
216. AASLAV_161015_038.JPG: The American Revolution
217. AASLAV_161015_184.JPG: Aftermath
218. AASLAV_161015_189.JPG: 1808-1865 The Domestic Slave Trade
219. AASLAV_161015_190.JPG: Domestic Slave Trade
220. AASLAV_161015_194.JPG: Nat Turner's Bible: Nat Turner, an enslaved minister, is thought to have been carrying this Bible when he was captured after the rebellion. A man of remarkable intellect, Turner used his mobility as a preacher to organize a slave revolt in 1831. The Bible was donated by descendants of Lavinia Francis, a slave owner who survived the rebellion.
221. AASLAV_161015_210.JPG: Harriet Tubman's Lace Shawl: England's Queen Victoria gave Tubman this shawl around 1897.
222. AASLAV_161015_216.JPG: Harriet Tubman
223. AASLAV_161015_224.JPG: Harriet Tubman's Hymnal: A fiercely religious woman, Tubman spoke of visions and dreams that helped provide a moral compass throughout her life. The wear-and-tear on this hymnal suggests that she must have loved it and used it quite frequently.
224. AASLAV_161015_233.JPG: Lantern Slide of Private Gordon, 1863: This photograph circulated widely to raise public awareness of the brutality of slavery and to raise funds to support the self-emancipated.
225. AASLAV_161015_245.JPG: Sanctuary
226. AASLAV_161015_250.JPG: 1863-1877: Emancipation and the Transformation of America
227. AASLAV_161019_001.JPG: Landscape of Slavery
228. AASLAV_161019_005.JPG: Work in Africa
229. AASLAV_161019_008.JPG: Work in Lowcountry
230. AASLAV_161019_012.JPG: Work in Lowcountry
231. AASLAV_161019_017.JPG: Drayton Hall
232. AASLAV_161019_028.JPG: Drayton Hall
233. AASLAV_161019_033.JPG: Stone Rebellion, 1739
234. AASLAV_161019_039.JPG: Lowcountry Drunm, ca 1900
235. AASLAV_161019_047.JPG: The Northern Colonies Expanding Merchant Capital
236. AASLAV_161019_052.JPG: Louisiana Converging Cultures
237. AASLAV_161019_056.JPG: Landscape of Slavery
238. AASLAV_161019_060.JPG: Natchez Revolt, 1729 & the Samba Barbara Conspiracy, 1731
239. AASLAV_161019_064.JPG: Model 1763 Charleville Flintlock Musketoon: Rebels carried hunting guns made by the French.
240. AASLAV_161019_071.JPG: Deadly Consequences
241. AASLAV_161019_074.JPG: A Voice from Louisiana Marianne (Brion) Dubreuil
242. AASLAV_161019_077.JPG: Work in Louisiana
243. AASLAV_161019_080.JPG: Life in Louisiana
244. AASLAV_161019_083.JPG: Enterprising Africans
245. AASLAV_161019_087.JPG: Spanish Settlements
246. AASLAV_161019_088.JPG: Escape from Slavery
247. AASLAV_161019_092.JPG: 6,000 Enslaved Africans transported to Louisiana by 1731 21,700 Enslaved Africans transported to Louisiana by 1803
248. AASLAV_161019_095.JPG: The Chesapeake Making Race
249. AASLAV_161019_101.JPG: Landscape of Slavery
250. AASLAV_161019_104.JPG: Indentured Servitude
251. AASLAV_161019_107.JPG: Work in the Chesapeake
252. AASLAV_161019_110.JPG: Life in the Chesapeake
253. AASLAV_161019_115.JPG: John Punch: Enslaved for Life
254. AASLAV_161019_119.JPG: Escape from Slavery
255. AASLAV_161019_121.JPG: 42,200 Enslaved Africans transported to the Chesapeake by 1725 127,200 Enslaved Africans transported to the Chesapeake by 1775
256. AASLAV_161019_124.JPG: Across the Color Line
257. AASLAV_161019_128.JPG: Bacon's Rebellion
258. AASLAV_161019_131.JPG: Wine Bottle Recovered from Bacon's Castle Grenades Recovered from Bacon's Castle
259. AASLAV_161019_138.JPG: 4,100 Enslaved Africans in the North in 1725 27,100 Enslaved blacks in the North in 1775
260. AASLAV_161019_141.JPG: Landscape of Slavery
261. AASLAV_161019_145.JPG: Work in the North
262. AASLAV_161019_149.JPG: Life in the North
263. AASLAV_161019_152.JPG: African Burial Ground
264. AASLAV_161019_156.JPG: Venture Smith
265. AASLAV_161019_162.JPG: The Black Atlantic
266. AASLAV_161019_165.JPG: Maroon Settlements
267. AASLAV_161019_169.JPG: Illegal Trade
268. AASLAV_161019_173.JPG: Family Fortunes
269. AASLAV_161019_177.JPG: Slave Shackles
270. AASLAV_161019_183.JPG: A Multinational Enterprise
271. AASLAV_161019_187.JPG: Escape from Slavery
272. AASLAV_161019_195.JPG: Black Patriots
273. AASLAV_161019_198.JPG: Crispus Attucks and the Boston Massacre
274. AASLAV_161019_202.JPG: Black Seamen
275. AASLAV_161019_204.JPG: Bucks of America
276. AASLAV_161019_207.JPG: The Black Regiment
277. AASLAV_161019_209.JPG: Bucks of America Banner and Medallion
278. AASLAV_161019_217.JPG: Free Communities of Color
279. AASLAV_161019_220.JPG: Philadelphia
280. AASLAV_161019_225.JPG: Richard Allen
281. AASLAV_161019_227.JPG: Bishop Richard Allen's Money Box
282. AASLAV_161019_233.JPG: Land Deed of Mother Bethel, AME Church: This deed shows that free African Americans owned Mother Bethel and the land it stood on. This strengthened the position of free blacks in Philadelphia and provided capital to finance community ventures. Land ownership meant power -- landowning free black men held the right to vote until 1838.
283. AASLAV_161019_242.JPG: Mother Bethel Pew: Pew from the early Mother Bethel Church, where free black Philadelphians worshipped and organized.
284. AASLAV_161019_244.JPG: Mother Bethel AME Church
285. AASLAV_161019_247.JPG: The Limits of Freedom
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Description of Subject Matter: Slavery and Freedom
September 24, 2016 – Indefinitely
As the centerpiece of the museum, this exhibition explores the complex story of slavery and freedom, a story standing at the core of our national experience. Beginning in the 15th century with the transatlantic slave trade, through the Civil War and the Emancipation Proclamation, the exhibition uses personal stories to explore the economic and political legacies of slavery for all Americans.
Priceless objects featured include:
* Harriett Tubman’s shawl and hymn book (c. 1876)
* Nat Turner’s bible (1830s)
* shackles used for an enslaved child
* a slave cabin from Edisto Island, S.C.
* a pocket copy of the Emancipation Proclamation read from by soldiers bringing news of freedom to the U.S. Colored Troops
* freedom papers (c. 1852) carried by a former slave, Joseph Trammell
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Directly Related Pages: Other pages with content (DC -- NMAAHC -- Exhibit: (C3) Slavery and Freedom 1400-1877) directly related to this one: [Display ALL photos on one page]:
- 2022_DC_SINMAA_Slavery: DC -- NMAAHC -- Exhibit: (C3) Slavery and Freedom 1400-1877 (49 photos from 2022)
- 2021_DC_SINMAA_Slavery: DC -- NMAAHC -- Exhibit: (C3) Slavery and Freedom 1400-1877 (12 photos from 2021)
- 2020_DC_SINMAA_Slavery: DC -- NMAAHC -- Exhibit: (C3) Slavery and Freedom 1400-1877 (16 photos from 2020)
- 2017_DC_SINMAA_Slavery: DC -- NMAAHC -- Exhibit: (C3) Slavery and Freedom 1400-1877 (18 photos from 2017)
Same Subject: Click on this link to see coverage of items having the same subject: [(Smithsonian) National Museum of African American History and Culture] [Museums (History)]
2016 photos: Seven relatively short trips this year: two Civil War Trust conference (Gettysburg, PA and West Point, NY, with a side-trip to New York City), my 11th consecutive San Diego Comic-Con trip (including sites in Utah, Nevada, and California), a quick trip to Michigan for Uncle Wayne's funeral, two additional trips to New York City, and a Civil Rights site trip to Alabama during the November elections. Being in places where people died to preserve the rights of minority voters made the Trumputin election even more depressing. Equipment this year: I continued to use my Fuji XS-1 cameras but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000. Number of photos taken this year: just over 610,000.
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Photo Contact: [Email Bruce Guthrie].