BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Newseum -- Exhibits -- (4) Civil Rights at 50 (1966)

DC -- Newseum -- Exhibits -- (4) Civil Rights at 50 (1966):

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Description of Pictures: “1966: Civil Rights at 50”
On display through Jan. 2, 2017 | Level 4
“1966: Civil Rights at 50” explores the dramatic civil rights events of 1966, from the rise of the Black Power movement to the shooting of civil rights protester James Meredith while on his solitary “March Against Fear” to promote voter registration. The new display is part of an annual changing exhibit that explores the relationship between the news media and the civil rights movement of the 1960s.
The exhibit traces the rise of the Black Power movement from its roots in rural Alabama to the founding of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, Calif. Powerful images and artifacts illustrate pivotal moments such as civil rights leader Stokely Carmichael’s explosive speech calling for Black Power at a rally in Mississippi. The slogan “Black Power” soon became a rallying cry for African Americans across the country.
Print news artifacts in the exhibit include a June 1966 issue of Jet magazine that ran Associated Press photographer Jack Thornell’s images of the James Meredith shooting. One of Thornell’s gripping images of Meredith sprawled on the road in agony would go on to win the Pulitzer Prize for its searing depiction of racism in America. After the shooting, civil rights organizations joined forces to complete Meredith’s “March Against Fear,” regarded as the last great civil rights march of the 1960s.
Other key civil rights events covered in the exhibit include the riots that flared in more than 40 cities during the summer of 1966 and the Rev. Martin Luther King’s fight against segregation and housing inequalities in the urban North.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. NEWR50_160130_001.JPG: 1966 Civil Rights at 50 "What we need is Black Power!" -- Civil rights activist Stokely Carmichael Civil rights leader Stokely Carmichael's impassioned demand for "Black Power" at a 1966 march in Mississippi unleashed a new era of militancy in the struggle for racial justice. By the mid-1960s, organized sit-ins, mass protests and voter registration campaigns in the South had captured the world's attention and inspired landmark civil rights legislation. But millions of black people still faced poverty, poor housing and high unemployment. Police violence was a constant threat. Building on the legacy of black nationalist leader Malcolm X, Carmichael preached a message of empowerment and racial pride. His fiery speeches galvanized people who were angry about crippling inequality and police brutality. His call for armed resistance became a rallying cry for many African Americans, but it was a shocking break from the nonviolent tactics of Martin Luther King Jr. and drove a wedge through the civil rights movement. Racism in the urban North seized headlines that summer as riots flared in dozens of cities, fueling a backlash against the new Black Power movement. But the dramatic events of 1966 shattered the notion that racism was solely a Southern problem, forcing people nationwide to reckon with the depths of American inequality. Stokely Carmichael speaks to thousands of protesters at the final rally of the March Against Fear in Jackson, Miss., in June 1966.
2. NEWR50_160130_017.JPG: Black Power's Southern Roots Black Power politics took root on the dirt roads of Lowndes County, Ala., dubbed "Bloody Lowndes" for its brutal history of violence by white supremacists. Despite the landmark Voting Rights Act of 1965, few blacks were registered to vote. At the center of the new movement was Stokely Carmichael, a 24-year-old organizer for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Frustrated that Alabama blacks had no voice in politics, Carmichael helped form the Lowndes County Freedom Organization, an independent party created to challenge the racist local Democratic Party. In the May 1966 primary elections, 900 black residents voted for the first time in their lives, casting ballots emblazoned with the party's mascot, a snarling black panther. At the polls in November, the candidates lost to fraud and intimidation, but their organization, dubbed the Black Panther Party by the press, was established as a political force. Carmichael became chairman of SNCC, ousting the more moderate John Lewis and moving the group in a more militant direction.
3. NEWR50_160130_027.JPG: First-time voters cast their ballots at a church in Hayneville, Ala
4. NEWR50_160130_030.JPG: Jesse Favors, a Black Panther candidate for sheriff, holds a pamphlet contrasting his party's logo with the local Democratic Party's white rooster and "White Supremacy for the Right" slogan.
5. NEWR50_160130_035.JPG: Stokely Carmichael, left, speaks with a potential new voter in Lowndes County, Ala., in 1965.
6. NEWR50_160130_042.JPG: A newly registered voter fills out a sample ballot featuring a black panther, a symbol that inspired activists nationwide.
7. NEWR50_160130_044.JPG: This poster featured the black panther symbol and a popular slogan for the Lowndes County Freedom Organization.
8. NEWR50_160130_049.JPG: Dismissed by the Press: Much of the mainstream media dismissed the early Black Power activists as misguided troublemakers. The New York Times criticized the decision to form a separate party in Lowndes County, Ala., rather than ally with whites. In an editorial headlined "Sabotage in Alabama," the newspaper branded the play to boycott the local Democratic Party primary "destructive mischief-making" and "extremism for the sake of extremism."
9. NEWR50_160130_055.JPG: March Against Fear: A Fragile Alliance On June 6, 1966, James Meredith -- the first black student at the University of Mississippi -- was on the second day of his solitary "March Against Fear" to promote voter registration when a sniper hidden in a roadside thicket opened fire. Associated Press photographer Jack Thornell snapped an image of Meredith sprawled in agony on the highway that ran on front pages nationwide. The photo won a Pulitzer Prize for its searing depiction of racism in America. While Meredith recovered, civil rights organizations joined forces to finish the 220-mile march from Memphis to Jackson, Miss., on his behalf. Their unity was short-lived -- tensions intensified between moderate leaders and younger militants who wanted to arm protesters for self defense and purge white activists. News coverage focused more on the tensions than the violent attacks on the marchers, who were brutally clubbed and tear-gassed by Mississippi State Police on June 23.
10. NEWR50_160130_059.JPG: Martin Luther King Jr. (third from left) and Stokely Carmichael (right of King) walk together during the March Against Fear.
11. NEWR50_160130_063.JPG: James Meredith crawls across a highway after being shot in Hernando, Miss
12. NEWR50_160130_070.JPG: The Indianapolis Star and Jet were just two of many publications that ran AP photographer Jack Thornell's images of the James Meredith shooting.
13. NEWR50_160130_073.JPG: Mississippi highway patrolmen shove Martin Luther King Jr. and Stokely Carmichael, right.
14. NEWR50_160130_076.JPG: Marchers flee from tear gas fired by state troopers in Canton, Miss
15. NEWR50_160130_079.JPG: Coverage Overplays Internal Rifts: Reporters covering the March Against Fear focused more on rifts in the civil rights movement than the injustices the marchers sought to change. UPI dismissed the march as "part movement, part circus," and Newsweek said disagreements among leaders "threatened to split embarrassingly wide open on the road."
16. NEWR50_160130_087.JPG: March Against Fear: The Call for Black Power When the marchers reached Greenwood, Miss., on June 16, 1966, Stokely Carmichael was jailed for pitching tents for them at a local school. Released that night, he electrified the crowd with an explosive speech: "The only way we gonna stop them white men from whuppin' us is to take over. We been saying 'Freedom Now' for six years and we ain't got nothin'. What we gonna start saying now is Black Power!" He cried out, "What do we want?" and the crowd roared back: "Black Power!" Carmichael's controversial call echoed far beyond Mississippi. Black Power soon became a rallying cry for African Americans from Brooklyn to Berkeley yearning for more meaningful change. Called the last great civil rights march of the 1960s, the March Against Fear ended in Jackson, Miss., on June 26 with a rally of 15,000 marred by growing internal divisions. Black Power drove a wedge through the civil rights movement, with more moderate groups rejecting it over fears it would alienate whites.
17. NEWR50_160130_094.JPG: Stokely Carmichael's demand for Black Power at a rally of 600 people in Greenwood, Miss., was an explosive moment in the civil rights movement.
18. NEWR50_160130_097.JPG: Police arrest Stokely Carmichael, left, and other marchers for setting up camp at a school in Greenwood, Miss.
19. NEWR50_160130_103.JPG: Sepia, a magazine about black achievement, covered the rift that Black Power caused among civil rights leaders.
20. NEWR50_160130_107.JPG: In his 1966 essay "Toward Black Liberation," Stokely Carmichael called for black people to seize "the power to control their lives and their communities."
21. NEWR50_160130_110.JPG: From left: Edwin Newman and Lawrence E. Spivak of NBC's "Meet the Press" interview Roy Wilkins, Whitney Young Jr., Floyd McKissick, Stokely Carmichael and James Meredith about Black Power.
22. NEWR50_160130_114.JPG: Jet, a newsweekly aimed at black readers, explored the growing Black Power movement and its controversial spokesman, Stokely Carmichael.
23. NEWR50_160130_118.JPG: Misinterpreted by the Media: The mainstream press responded to Black Power with fear and suspicion. Time called it a "racist philosophy," and The Saturday Evening Post predicted "a new, white backlash." Black Power activists criticized the news media, largely staffed by white men, for failing to understand their point of view. "I don't think the newsmen can interpret me because they aren't black," Stokely Carmichael said.
24. NEWR50_160130_121.JPG: King Tackles Urban Inequality Civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. moved his family to a Chicago slum in early 1966 to put the spotlight on housing inequalities in the urban North. King hoped to replicate victories in the South with nonviolent marches and rallies throughout Chicago. After months of little progress, hundreds of protesters marched into all-white neighborhoods that summer. White racist mobs cried "white power!" and hurled bottles and bricks. Though city officials promised change, housing in Chicago remained segregated. Despite national news coverage of the violence, public opinion was divided about the protests. President Lyndon B. Johnson's 1966 Civil Rights Bill, which would have banned discrimination in the sale and rental of housing, was rejected by Congress in September. It was a stunning setback after two years of landmark civil rights legislation. "The music has gone out of the movement," wrote Washington Star columnist Mary McGrory.
25. NEWR50_160130_128.JPG: Martin Luther King Jr. alerts reporters that protesters will defy a court order limiting the number of marches in Chicago.
26. NEWR50_160130_130.JPG: Martin Luther King Jr. ducks after being struck in the head by a rock. King said the racist mobs in Chicago were most "hostile and hate-filled" than anything he had witnessed in the South.
27. NEWR50_160130_136.JPG: Residents of Chicago's Gage Park greet housing marchers with jeers and "white power" signs.
28. NEWR50_160130_140.JPG: Ebony, an influential magazine about black Americans, covered Martin Luther King Jr.'s plans "to escalate his nonviolent war on racial abuse" in Chicago's slums.
29. NEWR50_160130_144.JPG: Chicago Newspapers Condemn Campaign: Local newspapers depicted Martin Luther King Jr. and other activists as troublemaking outsiders. When marchers were attacked by mobs in white neighborhoods, the Chicago Tribune mocked "the imported prophets of 'nonviolence' " who sought to "incite trouble." The Chicago American said the marches were "a deliberate attempt to perpetuate violence." Even the more liberal Chicago Daily News insisted that King end the protests.
30. NEWR50_160130_146.JPG: A cartoon in Jet magazine blamed the failure of the 1966 Civil Rights Act on Republican Sen. Everett M. Dirksen, who led Senate opposition to the bill.
31. NEWR50_160130_152.JPG: "Nearer, my God, to Thee..."
32. NEWR50_160130_156.JPG: A mob overturns a civil rights protester's car in the all-white Chicago neighborhood of Marquette Park.
33. NEWR50_160130_159.JPG: Civil Rights leader James Bevel carries a sign citing Chicago's fair housing code in front of a real estate office.
34. NEWR50_160130_169.JPG: Riots Erupt Across America Riots flared in more than 40 cities in the summer of 1966, from Cleveland to San Francisco. Many were sparked by police violence against black residents. Americans watching television news coverage of the riots saw images of stores being looting and torched buildings but heard little commentary about the problems that fueled rioters' anger. Many blamed Black Power tactics for the mayhem, and support for the civil rights movement waned, just as the public's attention was increasingly preoccupied by the Vietnam War. A Gallup poll that fall showed that a majority of Americans thought integration was being pushed "too fast." Radical activists Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale co-founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense in Oakland, Calif., that October, drawing their name from the first Black Panther Party in Alabama. Advocating self-defense in the face of police brutality, they began armed patrols in Oakland in December, igniting a movement that spread to cities across the nation.
35. NEWR50_160130_173.JPG: A man lies injured in San Francisco in September 1966, when rioting broke out after police shot a black teenager fleeing a stolen car.
36. NEWR50_160130_181.JPG: An injured man is carried off by police officers during a July 1966 riot in Brooklyn, NY.
37. NEWR50_160130_193.JPG: Seven months after deadly riots rocked Los Angeles's Watts neighborhood, the Los Angeles Times covered new rioting in March 1966 that left two dead and 25 injured.
38. NEWR50_160130_199.JPG: Newsweek reporter Karl Fleming's skull and jaw were broken when he was struck by a wooden beam while covering a May 1966 riot in Los Angeles's Watts neighborhood.
39. NEWR50_160130_203.JPG: In their 10-point party platform, Bobby Seale, and Huey P. Newton listed the goals of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, including decent housing and an end to police brutality.
40. NEWR50_160130_209.JPG: Black Panther Party for Self-Defense co-founders Bobby Seale, left, and Huey P. Newton openly carried guns while patrolling their community.
41. NEWR50_160130_215.JPG: Black Press Explores Causes of Rioting: African American newspapers challenged mainstream media depictions of rioters by examining the reasons behind their rage. "Until prompt and drastic action is done to wipe out racial ghettoes and eliminate the social and economic deprivations of these neglected Americans, there can be no lasting peace," wrote Washington's Afro-American. The Chicago Defender echoed that sentiment: "Riots, violence and looting will occur again and again until slums and associated poverty are wiped from the American scene."
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Description of Subject Matter: Make Some Noise
By Dinah Douglas, assistant Web writer

WASHINGTON — The Newseum opened two new exhibits Aug. 2 on the U.S. civil rights movement that highlighted the contributions and struggles of students.
With the 50th anniversary of the March on Washington approaching on Aug. 28, the timely exhibits underscore how organizers in the movement used the media to garner public support.
"Make Some Noise: Students and the Civil Rights Movement" takes visitors through a timeline of events that defined the movement and its student organizers, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). ....
Adjacent to "Make Some Noise," the "Civil Rights at 50" exhibit of newspaper front pages and magazine covers, captures the turbulence of the 1963 through events such as the Children's Crusade in Birmingham, Ala., and the assassination in Mississippi of civil rights leader Medgar Evers. The display shows media coverage as it really happened, including press biases and prejudices. "Civil Rights at 50" will be updated in 2014 and 2015.
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