DC -- German-American Heritage Museum -- Exhibit: Lawyers Without Rights:
Bruce Guthrie Photos Home Page: [Click here] to go to Bruce Guthrie Photos home page.
Description of Pictures: “LAWYERS WITHOUT RIGHTS”
On January 30, 1933 German President Paul von Hindenburg reluctantly named Adolf Hitler to the post of Chancellor of Germany. Not even 2 months later one of the most impactful actions to destroy the rule of law was taken: Jewish judges, prosecutors and lawyers were disbarred and denied access to the courts. Individual rights and the supremacy of the law began to disappear and the distinction between Jews and non-jews was made for all aspects of social and professional life. Even today ,it is not understood why other lawyers tolerated this early action. Given that most records were destroyed, all we have is the stories of those who survived.
The German American Heritage Museum of the USA™ is honored to present the exhibit, ” Lawyers without Rights”, a collaboration of the American German Bar Association and the German Federal Bar (Bundesrechtsanwaltskammer). The exhibit honors the lives of some of the affected lawyers, many of whom came to the United States and lead exemplary lives, like our own 1998 Distinguished German-American of the Year, Dr. Otto L. Walter, who dedicated his life to fight for reconciliation. Others took active interest in public service and some even returned to Germany to influence change. Their lives are remembered through the exhibit, and through them, the lives of all victims of the Nazi period.
Join us at GAHMUSA in learning more about this important story and the relevance it has for our country.
Recognize anyone? If you recognize specific folks (or other stuff) and I haven't labeled them, please identify them for the world. Click the little pencil icon underneath the file name (just above the picture). Spammers need not apply.
Slide Show: Want to see the pictures as a slide show?
[Slideshow]
Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.
Help? The Medium (Email) links are for screen viewing and emailing. You'll want bigger sizes for printing. [Click here for additional help]
Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
LAWYER_161022_003.JPG: Lawyers Without Rights
The Fate of Jewish Lawyers in Germany after 1933
An Exhibition in USA presented by the German Federal Bar in cooperation with the American Bar Association.
LAWYER_161022_007.JPG: [1] Jewish Lawyers - A German Identity
The Legal Profession Until the End of the Weimar Republic
At the beginning of the 20th century the number of lawyers who were Jewish or of Jewish descent, was relatively high. This was due to the special legal position of Jews in Germany over several centuries. For a long time they were subject to a large number of special laws and many restrictions regarding the exercise of their profession. Even after they had been granted full equal rights as citizens in 1871, they did not immediately have free access to positions in the civil service. Almost at the same time as the foundation of the German Empire, an independent legal profession emerged. The discussion and analysis of the law as one of the central pillars of Jewish culture seemed obvious and in keeping with tradition. Many Jews took the opportunity to work independently in the legal domain and without depending on the benevolence of an employer, be it the courts, the administration or the universities.
Lawyers' room, Regional CourtUp until the 1920s the number of Jewish lawyers increased continuously. Subsequent generations took over the private practices of their fathers or started their own. In the big cities, the share of Jewish lawyers was higher than in smaller towns with a court. In Berlin, for example, on 1 January 1933 more than half of the 3,400 lawyers were of Jewish origin. On account of the marked increase in the number of lawyers – since the 1920s women, too, had access to the profession – the overall situation regarding income deteriorated. Even if the majority of lawyers were still part of the middle class, the structure of the legal profession was not homogenous: there were lawyers with a strong political commitment for the Left, like Alfred Apfel, Kurt Rosenfeld and Rudolf Olden who defended clients like Carl von Ossietzky. Others, like Max Alsberg or Ludwig Bendix, took a more liberal stance and a third group clearly supported German national objectives, like Max Naumann, for example. There were also considerable social differences: some lawyers, ‘celebrities' such as Alsberg and Erich Frey, had many lucrative cases, whereas others earned just enough to maintain modest living standards.
Dr. Julius FliessOne thing they had in common was that they would never have called themselves ‘Jewish lawyers': they were German, lawyers and Jews. Many of them had been soldiers during the First World War, others had renounced the Jewish faith and some had been baptized. In the area of jurisprudence, many lawyers of Jewish origin contributed to the development of renowned legal journals and to the establishment of professional organizations. And still there was antisemitic propaganda against these ‘Jewish lawyers'.
LAWYER_161022_015.JPG: Criminal Court, Berlin-Moabit, early 20th century
LAWYER_161022_017.JPG: Dr. Julius Fliess, Officer during the First World War (on horseback in Serbia, n.d.) was severely wounded and received multiple decorations. He was a well-respected lawyer and notary in Berlin and member of the last Council of the Berlin Bar to be elected freely before 1945.
LAWYER_161022_020.JPG: Otto Dix: Rechtsanwalt Dr. Fritz Glaser and family, 1925
Glaser was a lawyer in Dresden. On account of his faith and various clients he had represented, he was prohibited to practice after 1933. Glaser survived. After 1945 he was re-admitted as a lawyer. Later, in the GDR, Glaser was again ostracized from society because he represented the interests of a Nazi judge.
LAWYER_161022_025.JPG: [2] Boycott and discrimination -- 1933-1938
Even though Hitler's appointment as Reichskanzler (Chancellor) did not lead to a reshuffling of the Ministry of Justice (Gürtner, German National People's Party), the takeover - which was rather a handover of power – in January 1933 did mark a turning point. The individual units of the SA (Sturmabteilung, Storm Troopers), which were organised like paramilitary groups, caused so much terror in the first quarter of 1933 that the democratic State governed by the rule of law ceased to exist. Following the burning of the Reichstag building (27 February 1933) a retroactive rule providing for stricter sanctions was adopted – an untenable procedure according to the standards applying under the rule of law. By introducing the so-called protective custody, undesirable political opponents were arrested arbitrarily and for an indefinite period of time.
"Don't go to Jewish Lawyers"The National Socialists wanted to consolidate their power at all levels. Jews were to be ostracized from all areas of social life. In the administration of justice, too, a distinction was to be made between ‘Jews' and ‘non-Jews', based primarily on the grandparents' origin and with the current religious orientation being only of secondary importance. The exclusion of Jews from the legal profession promised to improve the economic situation of non- Jewish lawyers.
Up until the successive dissolution of the Ministries of Justice of the individual provinces, these had considerable competence. In Prussia, the National Socialist fanatic Hanns Kerrl was made Reichskommissar für das Preußische Justizwesen (and later Minister of Justice in Prussia) at the end of March, Hans Frank was appointed to this post in Bavaria.
Both men tried to acquire a strong profile. On 31 March 1933 the Kerrl decree was published, on the basis of which Jewish judges, public prosecutors and lawyers were to be refused access to Prussian courts from the following day. A boycott of Jewish shops, department stores, doctors and lawyers in the entire Reich was organized for 1 April. That Saturday – a regular working day at the time – SA-squads stormed the courthouses in many cities and tried to identify any Jews present. The legal basis for this procedure was created later: regarding notaries admitted in Prussia who were civil servants, the Reich Law to re-establish the civil service with tenure (Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums, 7.4.1933) was applied rigorously: the majority of them lost their admission to practice.
LAWYER_161022_030.JPG: Prussian Minister of Justice Hanns Kerrl in a training camp for traineelawyers, left: head of the camp Senior Public Prosecutor Spieler, right: Sturmfuhrer (Lieutenant) Heesch, August 1933 in Juterbog
LAWYER_161022_033.JPG: Registration of applications made by Jewish lawyers to the Berlin Bar for admission to continue their professional activities, early April 1933
LAWYER_161022_035.JPG: 1 April 1933: The public is advised "Don't go to Jewish lawyers"; warnings on red notepaper reading "Visits prohibited! Jew!" were affixed to the doorplates of Jewish lawyers' officers, in Munich at the Stachus
LAWYER_161022_037.JPG: [3] "Re-admission" and general prohibition to practise
1933-1938
The professional activity of lawyers was subject to the Law regarding admission to the legal profession (Gesetz über die Zulassung zur Rechtsanwaltschaft of 7 April 1933), on this basis all lawyers of Jewish descent had to re-apply for admission. Only those lawyers who had been admitted before 1914 (‘Altanwälte', Senior Lawyers) or who had fought at the front line in the First World War (‘Frontkämpfer'), were permitted to continue to practice law. All the others lost their profession. In Prussia, this affected about one third of all lawyers admitted at the beginning of 1933. All female lawyers were thus deprived of their profession, as well as all young lawyers. No Jewish Assessor could establish himself as a lawyer anymore.
The exemption for ‘Frontkämpfer' had been introduced on the initiative of the old Reichspräsident Hindenburg. Those mainly responsible for the introduction of this rule had not expected such a considerable number of ‘Frontkämpfer' among Jewish lawyers. Of a total of 10,885 lawyers, 2,009 lawyers of Jewish origin in Prussia were permitted to continue their professional activities. The share of Jewish lawyers was reduced from 28.5% to 18.5% in Prussia, in Bavaria from 17.8% to 12.6%. But the formal admission was no safeguard against further discrimination:
1. Professional partnerships between Jewish and non-Jewish lawyers had to be dissolved.
2. Jewish lawyers were no longer given legal aid cases.
3. The courts ceased to consult Jewish lawyers for legal opinions.
Financially, the situation of private practices of Jewish lawyers deteriorated. Due to a lack of receipts, many had to cease their activities. At the beginning of 1938 around 1750 ‘non-Aryan' lawyers were practicing in the ‘Altreich'. Following the ‘Anschluss' of Austria, the total number changed and the rules applying in Germany were also applied in the occupied regions.
Non-Aryan apply for re-admissionIn September 1938 the decision was taken to ban all Jewish lawyers from practising their profession. This general prohibition entered into force on 30 November 1938 (in Austria on 31 December 1938). Following the prohibition, only few Jewish lawyers were able to continue their activities under the professional title of ‘Konsulent' (Legal Consultant). They were only permitted to advise and represent Jewish clients.
Dr. Michael SiegelA number of rules and regulations tried to define the term ‘non-Aryan' and a confusing order emerged which distinguished between ‘Mischlinge' (hybrids), ‘Mischlinge ersten Grades' (1st degree hybrids), ‘Mischlinge zweiten Grades' (2nd degree hybrids) and ‘Geltungsjuden' (Jews by definition). These definitions were linked to different kinds of per-secution. In particular, ‘Mischehen' (mixed marriages) consisting of a Jewish and a non-Jewish spouse and with children, were granted a ‘privilege' which provided a certain degree of protection against further persecution. However, if the non-Jewish partner died, the ‘privilege' was no longer effective and the remaining partner fell victim to the persecution machinery. The status of ‘Mischling' also had far-reaching con-sequences for the exercise of the profession (cf. example Adolf Arndt).
LAWYER_161022_042.JPG: Alfred Apfel, who had been a defence lawyer for Carl von Ossietzky together with Rudolf Olden in what was called the Soldiers Trial ("All soldiers are murderers"), was depicted as a "Volksverrater" (traitor of the people) on this poster. He was arrested after the fire which destructed [sic] the Reichstag (February 1933). Upon his release he fled to France. Apfel died in Marseille in 1940 under unknown circumstances.
LAWYER_161022_045.JPG: In Prussia, every lawyer, here in Berlin, who according to National Socialist terminology was classified as "non-Aryan," had to apply for re-admission. All Jewish lawyers had to declare their loyalty to the new Government.
LAWYER_161022_047.JPG: Munich lawyer Dr. Michael Siegel (1882-1979) had complained to Munich Police Headquarters in early April 1933, when one of his clients was taken into "protective custody." He had the legs of his trousers cut off and was led through Munich's inner city streets barefoot with a board around his neck that read: "I will never complain to the police again!" Siegel managed to flee to Peru as late as 1940, where he died in 1979.
LAWYER_161022_049.JPG: Swastika Vipers -- an agitational postcard by John Hearttfield, designed on the occasion of the arson trial following the Reichstag fire (27 February 1933).
LAWYER_161022_064.JPG: Frist female lawyer in Prussia
Dr. Margarete Berent
9 July 1887 Berlin - 23 June 1965 New York
Margarete Berent, the daughter of a merchant, graduated from high school in Berlin, in 1910, and went on to study law, completing her studies with a doctoral dissertation in 1914. Her dissertation on family law received a "magna cum laude" and was published in a well-respected scholarly series in 1915. (Over forty years later, in 1958, it served as a model for the legal reform of inheritance and property laws in the Federal Republic of Germany). Despite her outstanding dissertation, Margarete Berent was neither admitted to become judge nor an attorney. This would have required her to pass the bar examination (Staatsexamen), which women were not allowed to take. Instead, she worked as a "legal assistant" in lawyers' offices and legal protection agencies for women and temporarily for the Berlin municipal administration.
In 1919, during the Weimar Republic, women were finally allowed to take the Staatexamen, for which Margarete Berent applied immediately. She passed the first examination in 1919 with an above average grade of "good." After a legal clerkship and passing the second Staatsexamen, she opened her own law office in March of 1925 in Berlin -- the first female lawyer in Prussia ever– and a successful one at that. Looking back, she wrote in the 50s: "By 1933 the law firm had become the foundation of my livelihood. I had succeeded in establishing myself well enough to maintain my own office with an adequate income and was able to travel abroad repeatedly… I might want to add that I enjoyed trust, prestige and growing recognition…. I spoke on the radio several times, in Hamburg, among other places, and during a program on family law at the Central Institute for Education and Teaching…."
Empire State Building 1940sMargarete Berent was a member of several women's associations, active in legal organizations and also taught at vocational schools for social work. She was an advocate for the recognition of women in all professions, particularly in jurisprudence, and for social and legal equality.
At the same time, she was a member of the board of representatives of the Jewish Community Berlin and belonged to the board of the Prussian Regional Association of Jewish Communities.
After the Nazis came to power, Margarete Berent was barred from practicing law and forced to close her office. She found a new position at the Central Welfare Agency of German Jews in Berlin and Cologne, where she became active in mid-1933.
At the end of 1939, already after the outbreak of war, she was able to flee via Switzerland and Italy to Chile. She lived in Chile until the end of July 1940, earning a living as a language teacher. Finally, she received a visa for the US (that she had applied for already in 1938) and arrived in New York in August of 1940. The U.S. and the vibrant metropolis had not exactly been waiting for Prussia's first female lawyer to arrive. Still, she remained in New York. Margarete Berent worked as a household help and in postal delivery. In 1942, she began studying American law in the evening, while working on the side by day.
"I have not been able to attain a sufficient and sustained means of support."
Dr. Margarete Berent,
November 1959
In 1948 she received her LL.B. from New York University School of Law and passed the New York State bar examination in 1949. In 1950, at the age of 63, she started working as a lawyer again. From 1953 until the end of 1959, she was employed at the legal department of the City of New York. Margarete Berent remained a lawyer until the end of her life, even though her profession did not provide her with adequate material support again. She died in New York in 1965, shortly before her 78th birthday.
Simone Ladwig-Winters
LAWYER_161022_067.JPG: [7] "Personal, political and social freedom as pillars of the rule of law"
Dr. Philipp Lowenfeld
23 September 1887 Munich - 3 November 1963 New York
Philipp Löwenfeld, son of the highly respected Munich University professor and lawyer Theodor Löwenfeld (1848-1919) and a democratic Socialist like his father, became an active SPD member in his student days. He remained a faithful party member even during the November Revolution of 1918-1919. An active opponent of the Räterepublik in Munich, Löwenfeld was at the same time one of the critics who rejected the harsh approach prevailing in political as well as legal circles regarding the assessment of this period, an approach which in his opinion made the establishment of a democratic system more difficult. Admitted to the legal profession in 1918, Löwenfeld soon became a partner of the like-minded Max Hirschberg. Together with Hirschberg and his friend Wilhelm Hoegner he was one of the handful of staunch fighters against the rising NS-movement. Due to his commitment, the father of three little girls in 1933 almost caused his own downfall. Under dramatic circumstances he managed to flee to Zurich in March 1933, where, despite the difficult situation, he unabashedly resumed the struggle against Hitler as a journalist.The late Philipp Löwenfeld
In September 1933 his admission as a lawyer was finally withdrawn. In 1938 Löwenfeld emigrated to New York with his family, where, like many of his companions in misfortune, he had to work in a field which had nothing to do with his original profession. He never worked as a lawyer again. Even when in 1945 he received a call from Wilhelm Hoegner, who by that time was Bavarian Minister-President, he did not return to Germany.
Dr. Reinhard Weber
LAWYER_161022_073.JPG: [5] Cannot pass you my hand...
Justizrat Dr. Dr. Julius Magnus
6 September 1867 Berlin - 15 May 1944 Theresienstadt (Terezin)
Julius Magnus practiced as a lawyer in Berlin from 1898 and later also as a notary. He was the author of numerous publications on competition law, the protection of industrial property, copyright and patent law. For over 18 years he was also the editor of the Juristische Wochenschrift (JW), published by the Deutsche Anwaltverein (German Bar Association). Magnus made the JW an internationally recognized legal journal. It provided a forum for legal debate on central issues and thus contributed considerably to the development of the law during the Weimar Republic.
Following the handover of power, Magnus had to resign from his position as editor immediately. He continued to practice as a lawyer until the general prohibition of 1938, but had to cease his activties as a notary in 1933. Victor Klemperer notes in his diary on 9 October 1936, how Justizrat Magnus held an obituary speech at the funeral of their common friend Dr. jur. James Breit (a Protestant of Jewish descent) in Dresden-Tolkewitz:
"At the beginning he copied the whining tone of the priest, but then the man got going and started to speak in his own characteristic vein. He spoke in such a way that none of his words would have been of any use to an informer... The previous day, an official order had been issued according to which all juridical publications of non-Aryans had to be removed from the libraries and could not be re-edited.
Breit, however, who had been an examiner in Second State Examinations, was the author of many publications. The speaker [Magnus] stressed again and again to what extent he had enriched German law and how he had relentlessly struggled against formalism and advocated a living German law. How this had been recognized everywhere and had influenced everyone, and also how this would be appreciated in the future. But what felt like a blow to my heart and shook me from my depression was a final remark, into which the speaker must have stumbled against his own will: I cannot give you my hand for I have to load my musket... I mean... just now: I cannot pass you my hand for I have to load my musket, may you rest in eternal peace, my good comrade! [after Ludwig Uhland, The Good Comrade, 1809]. This really shook me up and I thought to myself: muskets are still being loaded; it does not matter if one writes a book about law or about the history of French Enlightenment. Those who as Jews continue to work and to enrich Germany's intellectual life, are loading – and suddenly there was an air of conspiracy about this entire gathering. The wonderful cello music would not have been necessary, for I was already deeply moved..."
On 25 August 1939 Magnus fled to Holland, where his persecutors caught up with him. In the summer of 1943 he was abducted to Westerbork concentration camp, at the beginning of 1944 deported to Theresienstadt (Terezin) via Bergen-Belsen, where he probably died from starvation. The last piece of information about Julius Magnus came from Justizrat Georg Siegmann.
LAWYER_161022_079.JPG: [6] Murdered
Dr. Robert Stern, Eisenach
22 July 1883 Feisa - missing 1942, Belzyce
Robert Stern, born on 22 July 1883 as the son of tradesman Salomon Stern, came from Geisa in Southern Thuringia. Having completed his legal studies he settled down in Eisenach as a trainee lawyer and from 1912 worked there as a fully qualified lawyer. After the First World War, in which he had taken part as a soldier from the first until the last day, he started a joint practice together with a lawyer from Eisenach, Justizrat Theobald Speyer. Stern's professional success only lasted until 1933, when he, too, began to suffer from the exclusion of Jews from society and the professional restrictions which culminated in the general prohibition to practise as a lawyer in 1938. His attempts to emigrate failed. Thus, in 1942, he shared the fate of 500 other Thuringian Jews. Via Weimar and Leipzig he was deported to Belzyce, a small town south-west of Lublin, which is where his trace is lost forever.
LAWYER_161022_082.JPG: Journey to death: Dr. Stern, photographed during the deportation of 9 May 1942. (The photographs were taken on official order for a photographic chronic [sic] of the city of Eisenach, documenting the events between 1935 and 1942. The pictures of the deportation -- taken by an unknown photographer -- are part of a series of 20 photographs entitled "Die Exmittierung der Juden" (The eviction of the Jews) which is part of the chronic [sic].
LAWYER_161022_094.JPG: [9] "... that is a dark road we shall have to travel."
Dr. Elisabeth Kohn
11 February 1902 Munich - 25 November 1941 Kowno (Lithuania)
After having studied philosophy, psychology and law at the University of Munich, Elisabeth Kohn obtained her doctor's degree in philosophy in 1924. In 1925 she passed the First State Exam and in 1928 the State Exam for the higher judicial service and public administrative service. After her admission to the profession in November 1928, she joined the well-known firm of Max Hirschberg and Philipp Löwenfeld, who were dedicated mainly to litigation in the political arena.
Even before 1933 Jewish lawyers in Munich were subject to attack.With her left-wing republican commitment to the cause of the SPD, the Human Rights League, the umbrella organization of German labour unions (ADGB) and against rising National Socialism, Kohn found a broad field of activity in this firm. The withdrawal of her admission to practise as a lawyer on 5 August 1933 hit her very hard, all the more since her father died later in 1933 and since, apart from her mother, her sister, who was an artist, also had to be taken care of. She found a temporary job with the welfare department of the Jewish Community and from 1940 she did menial work for ‘Konsulent' (Legal Consultant) Dr. Julius Baer. For the sake of her relatives she postponed emigration until it was finally too late. Together with her mother and sister she was part of the first wave of deportees who left Munich on 20 November 1941. Five days later they were killed during the massacres in Kowno, Lithuania, which claimed almost 3000 victims on 25 November alone.
Dr. Reinhard Weber
Bigger photos? To save server space, the full-sized versions of these images have either not been loaded to the server or have been removed from the server. (Only some pages are loaded with full-sized images and those usually get removed after three months.)
I still have them though. If you want me to email them to you, please send an email to guthrie.bruce@gmail.com
and I can email them to you, or, depending on the number of images, just repost the page again will the full-sized images.
Directly Related Pages: Other pages with content (DC -- German-American Heritage Museum -- Exhibit: ) directly related to this one:
[Display ALL photos on one page]:
2019_DC_GAHM_Stripes: DC -- German-American Heritage Museum -- Exhibit: Stars and Stripes Over the Rhine (63 photos from 2019)
2016_DC_GAHM_Pencils: DC -- German-American Heritage Museum -- Exhibit: In Praise of the Pencil (31 photos from 2016)
2015_DC_GAHM_Unity: DC -- German-American Heritage Museum -- Exhibit: Path to German Unity (81 photos from 2015)
2015_DC_GAHM_Laemmle: DC -- German-American Heritage Museum -- Exhibit: 1915 – 2015: 100 Years of Hollywood – The “Laemmle Effect“ (203 photos from 2015)
2014_DC_GAHM_Utopia: DC -- German-American Heritage Museum -- Exhibit: Utopia (47 photos from 2014)
2014_DC_GAHM_Karneval: DC -- German-American Heritage Museum -- Exhibit: German Karneval - Then & Now -- incl Setting Up (173 photos from 2014)
2014_DC_GAHM_BerlinW: DC -- German-American Heritage Museum -- Exhibit: Fall of the Berlin Wall (22 photos from 2014)
2013_DC_GAHM_Berlins: DC -- German-American Heritage Museum -- Exhibit: Berlins -- Made in USA (36 photos from 2013)
2012_DC_GAHM_Costumes: DC -- German-American Heritage Museum -- Exhibit: Germany and its Costumes (28 photos from 2012)
2012_DC_GAHM_ACW: DC -- German-American Heritage Museum -- Exhibit: American Civil War w/Thomas Nast and Adalbert Volck (113 photos from 2012)
2011_DC_GAHM_Fix_Foxi: DC -- German-American Heritage Museum -- Exhibit: Fix and Foxi (66 photos from 2011)
2016 photos: Equipment this year: I continued to use my Fuji XS-1 cameras but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000.
Seven relatively short trips this year:
two Civil War Trust conference (Gettysburg, PA and West Point, NY, with a side-trip to New York City),
my 11th consecutive San Diego Comic-Con trip (including sites in Utah, Nevada, and California),
a quick trip to Michigan for Uncle Wayne's funeral,
two additional trips to New York City, and
a Civil Rights site trip to Alabama during the November elections. Being in places where people died to preserve the rights of minority voters made the Trumputin election even more depressing.
Number of photos taken this year: just over 610,000.
Connection Not Secure messages? Those warnings you get from your browser about this site not having secure connections worry some people. This means this site does not have SSL installed (the link is http:, not https:). That's bad if you're entering credit card numbers, passwords, or other personal information. But this site doesn't collect any personal information so SSL is not necessary. Life's good!
Limiting Text: You can turn off all of this text by clicking this link:
[Thumbnails Only]