BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Foggy Bottom -- APhA Headquarters Building (2215 Constitution Avenue NW)

DC -- Foggy Bottom -- APhA Headquarters Building (2215 Constitution Avenue NW):

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. APHA_161017_006.JPG: William Procter Jr. 1817-1874 The Father of American Pharmacy
2. APHA_161017_019.JPG: ... to Making Medicines Work
3. APHA_161017_024.JPG: The Pharmacist Code of Ethics Respect the covenantal relationship between the patient and pharmacist Promote the good of every patient in a caring, compassionate, and confidential manner Respect the autonomy and dignity of each patient Act with honesty and integrity in professional relationships Maintain professional competence Respect the values and abilities of colleagues and other health professionals Serve individual, community, and societal needs Seek justice in the distribution of health resources
4. APHA_161017_033.JPG: Ernest Mario by Everett Raymond Kinstler, 1990
5. APHA_161017_038.JPG: To Ernie from his friend Ray Everett Raymond Kinstler 1990
6. APHA_161017_042.JPG: This Rotunda is named in appreciation of the support of Ernest Mario, PhD, toward the restoration of this historic space. A leader in the pharmaceutical industry, APhA Honorary President from 2002 to 2003, and a Remington Honor Medal recipient in 2007, Dr. Mario is one of the most distinguished pharmacists in health care. He had devoted his time, talents, and expertise to supporting and advancing the pharmacy profession, proper use of medications, and patient care.
7. APHA_161017_044.JPG: from Making Medicines...
8. APHA_161017_050.JPG: Sculpture by StudioEIS StudioEIS From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia StudioEIS (pronounced "Studio Ice") is a sculpture and design studio in Brooklyn, New York, United States. It specializes in "visual storytelling" -- the production of figurative sculpture in bronze, stone, and resin for narrative exhibitions at cultural institutions, museums, and corporations worldwide. ... Notable works American history Museum of the American Revolution, Philadelphia, PA - April, 2017. 17 figurative sculptures and 2 horses National Museum of African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC – 2016. 16 Portrait Sculptures New York Historical Society, New York City - Exterior bronze Sculptures of President Lincoln and Frederick Douglass American Revolution Museum at Yorktown, Yorktown, VA, 2016 – 13 sculptures recreating Revolutionary America. John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York City, 2014 - Bronze sculpture of Chief Justice, John Jay. Maryland State House, Maryland Dept. of General Services in conjunction with the Maryland State Archives, Annapolis, MD, 2013 – Bronze Sculpture of George Washington and others as he gave his resignation speech to Congress. American Museum of Natural History, Theodore Memorial Hall, 2012 – Bronze sculpture of Teddy Roosevelt African American Burial Ground Interpretive Center, New York City, 2009 – Sculptures depicting a moment in the history for New York's African American community. Gettysburg National Military Park, Gettysburg, PA - 2009. Bronze sculpture of Abraham Lincoln for the new Visitor Center James Madison's Montpelier, Montpelier Station, VA - 2009. Bronze sculptures of James Madison and Dolley Madison National Trust for Historic Preservation, President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home, Washington, DC - 2009. Bronze sculpture of Abraham Lincoln and his horse Thomas Jefferson's Monticello, Charlottesville, VA - 2009. Bronze sculpture of Thomas Jefferson. Frederik Meijer Gardens and Sculpture Park, Grand Rapids, MI. Bronze sculpture of Lucius Lyon, 19th-century senator from Michigan Morristown Green, Morristown, NJ - 2007. Bronze sculptures of George Washington, Alexander Hamilton and the Marquis de Lafayette George Washington's Mount Vernon Estate and Gardens, Mount Vernon, VA - 2006. Forensically recreated wax sculptures of George Washington at ages 19, 45, and 57, plus four bronze portrait sculptures of George Washington, Martha Washington and their grandchildren National Constitution Center, Philadelphia, PA - 2001. Forty-two bronze sculptures of the signers of the U.S. Constitution North Carolina Museum of History, Raleigh, NC - 2001. Historical bronze portrait sculptures Great Platte River Road Memorial Archway Museum, Kearney, NE - 2000. Sixteen historical sculptures and two oxen Lowell Heritage State Park, Lowell, MA - 1984. Sixteen 18th-century sculptures depicting life in Lowell, where the Industrial Revolution began in America Social and cultural history The Henry Ford Estate at Fair Lane, Dearborn, MI, 2017 – Bronze sculptures of Henry and Clara Ford The Edsel & Eleanor Ford House, Grosse Pointe Shores, MI, 2014 - Bronze sculpture of Edsel & Eleanor Ford, for the grounds of the house. Museum of the Bible, Washington, DC, 2017 – Sculptures of Galileo, Newton and George Washington Carver. Autry National Center of the American West, Los Angeles, CA, 2010 – Figurative Sculptures: Women's History of the West The National Civil Rights Museum, Memphis, TN - 1991. Twenty-seven sculptures representing the history of the Civil Rights Movement from 1955 through 1968 Elvis Presley sculpture, Honolulu, HI - 2007. Bronze Motown Cafe, Orlando, FL - 1998. Bronze, 56 sculptures of Motown recording artists Oakland Museum, Oakland, CA – 1997. Tonally painted historical sculptures for the "Art of the Gold Rush" and sculptures for the exhibition "California: A Place, A People, A Dream" Birmingham Civil Rights Institute, Birmingham, AL - 1992. Fifteen sculptures depicting moments from the Civil Rights Movement Anthropology Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center, Mashantucket, CT - 1997. One hundred eleven naturalistically painted Native American sculptures representing the history of the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT - 2002. Six sculptures and cast dwellings on the history of Machu Picchu for the exhibition "Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas" Milwaukee Public Museum - Native American Project, Milwaukee, WI - 1999. Thirty-six naturally painted sculptures of Pow-wow dancers American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 1990. Construction of "King Mbunza," a completely articulated fiberglass sculpture for the artifact display in the "African Reflections" exhibit Anchorage Historical and Fine Arts Museum, Anchorage, AK - 1985. Thirty-five sculptures representing the indigenous peoples of the region Presidential libraries George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum, College Station, TX - 2006. Bronze portrait sculpture of George H.W. Bush Franklin Delano Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, Hyde Park, NY - 2003. Bronze portrait sculptures of Franklin Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt Richard M. Nixon Presidential Library and Birthplace, Yorba Linda, CA - 1990, 2002. Portrait sculptures of Richard Nixon and Zhou Enlai for a traveling exhibit; ten portrait sculptures of world leaders who influenced President Nixon's life Truman Presidential Library and Museum, Kirksville, MO - 2001. Bronze portrait sculptures of Harry S. Truman Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library and Museum, Austin, TX - 1991-1994. World War II sculptures Sports history NASCAR Hall of Fame, Charlotte, NC - 2009. Portrait sculptures of the founders of NASCAR Yankee Stadium Museum, New York, NY - 2009. Fiberglass sculptures of Don Larsen and Yogi Berra from the "1956 Perfect World Series Game" Puerto Rico Museum of Sports, Guaynabo, Puerto Rico - 2002-2009. Portrait sculptures of Crissy Fuentes, Roberto Clemente, Rafael Ramirez, and many other athletes Legacy Soccer Foundation, Orlando, FL - 2004. Bronze soccer player to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the World Cup National Collegiate Athletic Association Museum, Indianapolis, IN - 1999. Thirty-five athletic figures, including six bronze sculptures of the "flying wedge," for the new headquarters of the NCAA Military history York College, Jamaica, NY - 2009. Sculpture of a Tuskegee Airman for York College National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, GA – June 2009. Fifty sculptures depicting the history of the U.S. Infantry National Museum of the Marine Corps, Quantico, VA - 2006. Seventy-four realistically painted sculptures of Marine Corps figures US Army Aviation Museum, Fort Rucker, AL - 2005. Bronze sculptures Wisconsin Veterans Museum, Madison, WI - 1992. Over sixty sculptures of military figures from the American Revolution to the Vietnam War Science and technology National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC - 2009. "Written in Bone: Forensic Files of the 17th Century Chesapeake." Forensic recreation sculptures. Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles, California - 2006. Portrait of Albert Einstein Virginia Air and Space Museum Center, Hampton Roads Historical Center, Hampton Roads, Virginia - 1991. Thirty sculptures of historical and contemporary figures National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC - 1978-1983. Life-size portrait of Benjamin Franklin with reproduction of the clothing worn to celebrate the ascension of the Montgolfier Balloon in Paris in 1783; three sculptures for "The Golden Age of Flight," a racing tableau Cheng Chung Aviation Museum, Taipei, Taiwan - 1980. Two aviation dioramas Public Works American Way – National Harbor – National Harbor, MD, 2016, 2017 – 9 bronze sculptures including: Lincoln, Frederick Douglass, Washington, Rosie the Riveter, FDR, Eisenhower, Churchill, Louis Armstrong and Henry Ford for the plaza. City of Smithtown, Smithtown, New York, 2014 - Bronze sculpture of Richard Smith, founder of Smithtown, NY Great American Project, Liberty, MO, ongoing beginning in 2012 – Bronze sculptures of Mark Twain and George Washington
9. APHA_161017_073.JPG: Wm Marks Simpson, sculptor, 1941 Roman Bronze Works NY Founders
10. APHA_161017_084.JPG: William Procter Jr. 1817-1874 The Father of American Pharmacy
11. APHA_161017_086.JPG: Great Moments in Pharmacy (Painting Series) In October of 2007, Pfizer Inc. gifted to the American Pharmacists Association Foundation, Great Moments in Pharmacy, a collection of 40 paintings depicting a comprehensive history of pharmacy by artist Robert Thom (1915-1979). The idea for the paintings was conceived by Pharmacist George A. Bender (1904-1985) when he served as editor of the North Western Druggist from 1929 through 1932 and the ultimate commission of the series was funded by Parke-Davis. The paintings remained the property of Parke-Davis until 2000, when Pfizer became the owner after it merged with Parke-Davis. The paintings were completed in the early 1950s by the Michigan-born and Columbus, Ohio, Institute of Fine Arts graduate Robert A. Thom (1915-1979). Both Bender and Thom, as well as a number of pharmacy historians formed a project team that painstakingly researched and developed the story lines for the project over a ten-year period. The first 16 paintings in the Great Moments in Pharmacy series pay tribute to the accomplishments of the apothecaries and their predecessors in Babylon, China, Egypt, Persia, and Europe. The remaining 24 paintings are devoted to pharmacy in the Americas, especially in the English colonies and the United States, including coverage of the history of the American Pharmacists Association. The paintings have been displayed at the Smithsonian Institution where they were viewed by over 300,000 visitors. Other museums that have exhibited the paintings include the Denver Institute of Arts, New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Oriental Institute of Chicago, and the Hotel des Invalides in Paris. About the Artist Robert Alan Thom was an illustrator, author and lecturer, best known for his historical paintings, including scenes from Michigan history and from the series on the history of industries such as communications, pharmacy and medicine. Born in Michigan, he studied at the Columbus Institute of Fine Arts in Ohio, then returned to Michigan, spending his career in the Detroit area. Thom was noted for his attention to detail and careful research, and produced illustrations for many corporate clients and university pharmacy schools. He articulated his philosophy in 1964: "I make no pretense about my work. The technique is clearly illustration. It intends to tell a story and I believe it does. I regard it as visual distillation of whatever I know to be correct about a particular historical event."
12. APHA_161017_093.JPG: 23. Serturner: First of the Alkaloid Chemists, c. 1952 Swedish pharmacist Scheele paved the way for isolating organic plant acids; but it remained for a young German apothecary, Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sert�rner, to give the world opium's chief narcotic principle, morphine; and to recognize and prove the importance of a new class of organic substances: alkaloids. His first announcements challenged, Sert�rner in 1816 conducted a new series of bold, startling experiments in his apothecary shop in Einbeck, including a series of physiologic tests on himself and three young friends. Recognition and fame followed. Relocating in an apothecary shop in Hameln, Sert�rner continued organic chemical experimentation and discovery throughout his life Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 51 � x 65 � inches
13. APHA_161017_108.JPG: 27. Founding Of The American Pharmaceutical Association, 1955 Need for better intercommunication among pharmacists; standards for education and apprenticeship; and quality control of imported drugs, led to calling of a convention of representative pharmacists in the Hall of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, October 6 to 8, 1852. Under leadership of its first President, Daniel B. Smith, and first Secretary, William Procter, Jr., the twenty delegates launched The American Pharmaceutical Association; mapped its objectives; and opened membership to "All pharmaceutists and druggists" of good character who subscribed to its Constitution and to its Code of Ethics. The Association continues to serve Pharmacy today. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 44 x 56 inches
14. APHA_161017_114.JPG: 19. The Marshall Apothecary, 1954 Christopher Marshall, an Irish immigrant, established his apothecary shop in Philadelphia in 1729. During 96 years, this pioneer pharmaceutical enterprise became a leading retail store, nucleus of large-scale chemical manufacturing; a "practical" training school for pharmacists; an important supply depot during the Revolution; and finally, it was managed by granddaughter Elizabeth, America's first woman pharmacist. Christopher earned the title of "The fighting Quaker" during the Revolution; his sons, Charles and Christopher, Jr., (shown as youths with their father, about 1754) earned individual fame and carried on his fine traditions. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 40 1/8 x 50 1/4 inches
15. APHA_161017_117.JPG: 20. The First Hospital Pharmacy In Colonial America, c. 1952 Colonial America's first hospital (Pennsylvania) was established in Philadelphia in 1751; the first Hospital Pharmacy began operations there in 1752, temporarily set up in the Kinsey house, which served until the first hospital building was completed. The ingenuity of Benjamin Franklin was helpful in both. First Hospital Pharmacist was Jonathan Roberts; but it was his successor, John Morgan, whose practice as a hospital pharmacist (1755-56), and whose impact upon Pharmacy and Medicine influenced changes that were to become of importance to the development of professional pharmacy in North America. First as pharmacist, later as physician, he advocated prescription writing and championed independent practice of two professions. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 32 � x 42 inches
16. APHA_161017_127.JPG: This manuscript is one of the lectures written and delivered by William Procter, Jr. (1817-1874).
17. APHA_161017_139.JPG: Below is a photograph of a precursor model for a statue honoring Procter. The actual statue for "The Father of American Pharmacy" can be seen here in this Rotunda.
18. APHA_161017_140.JPG: The 1853 APhA Committee on Secret or Quack Medicines concluded that "abating this evil" can only be achieved with "the dissemination [by pharmacists] of sounder information." One such nostrum was George Stuart's Botanical Syrup promoted in this 1849 photograph.
19. APHA_161017_155.JPG: 25. American Pharmacy Builds Its Foundations, c. 1952 Faced with two major threats; deterioration of the practice of pharmacy, and a discriminatory classification by the University of Pennsylvania medical faculty, the pharmacists of Philadelphia held a tempestuous protest meeting in Carpenters' Hall, February 23, 1821. At a second meeting, March 13, the pharmacists voted formation of: an association, which became The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy; a school of pharmacy; and a self-policing board. Sixty-eight pharmacists signed the Constitution of the first pharmaceutical association in the United States; American Pharmacy's first educational institution, bearing the same name, opened November 9. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 42 � x 54 � inches
20. APHA_161017_160.JPG: 28. European And American Pharmacy Meet, 1955 Over the years, no real discord has existed between representatives of European and American Pharmacy so far as ethical and scientific aims are concerned. But when the groups met for the first time, at the Second International Congress of Pharmacy in Paris, France, August 21 to 24, 1867, there was a great divergence of opinion on the subject of compulsory limitation of pharmacies. William Procter, Jr., leading the delegates of The American Pharmaceutical Association, told the international body that "Public opinion is in America a forceful agent of reform," and that, in his country, "there is not the slightest obstacle toward a multiplication of drug stores save that a lack of success." His declaration vividly documented the American Way of Pharmacy. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 32 � x 40 � inches
21. APHA_161017_162.JPG: 26. The Shakers And Medicinal Herbs, 1955 First U.S. industry in medicinal herbs was carried on by the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, commonly known as the Shakers. Begun about 1820, and commercially important by 1830, the medicinal herb industry grew, hit its peak in the 1860's, then waned at the close of the century. The Shakers gathered or cultivated some 200 varieties; dried, chopped, and pressed them into "bricks"; wrapped, labeled, and sold them to pharmacists and physicians world-wide. Tons of solid and fluid extracts also were produced. The Shaker label was recognized for reliability and quality for more than a century. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 31 � x 38 � inches
22. APHA_161017_168.JPG: 34. Stanislas Limousin: Pharmacal Inventor, c. 1952 One of those men singularly gifted in combining scientific knowledge with technical skill and with inventive genius was the french retail pharmacist, Stanislas Limousin (1831-1887). Among the many devices which he introduced to Pharmacy and Medicine were the medicine dropper; the system of coloring poisons (such as corrosive sublimate); and wafer cachets (which found favor prior to mass production of the gelatin capsule). His greatest contributions, however, were the development and perfection of apparatus for the inhalation and therapeutic administration of oxygen; and invention of glass ampoules that could be sealed and sterilized for preservation of solutions for hypodermic use. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 34 � x 42 �inches
23. APHA_161017_178.JPG: 32. The Standardization Of Pharmaceuticals, c. 1952 Despite the professional skill and integrity of 19th-century pharmacists, seldom did two preparations of vegetable drugs have the same strength, even though prepared by identical processes. Plant drugs varied widely in active alkaloidal and glucosidal content. The first answer to this problem came when Parke, Davis & Company introduced standardized "Liquor Ergotae Purificatus" in 1879. Dr. Albert Brown Lyons, as the firm's Chief Chemist, further developed methods of alkaloidal assay. Messrs. Parke and Davis recognized the value of his work, and in 1883, announced a list of twenty standardized "normal liquids." Parke-Davis also pioneered in developing pharmacologic and physiologic standards for pharmaceuticals. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 33 x 41 inches
24. APHA_161017_185.JPG: 36. The Development Of Chemotherapy, c. 1952 One of the successful researchers in the development of new chemical compounds specifically created to fight disease-causing organisms in the body was the French pharmacist, Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau (1872-1949), who for 30 years headed chemical laboratories in the world-renowned Institut Pasteur, in Paris. His early work with bismuth and arsenic compounds advanced the treatment of syphilis. He broke the German secret of a specific for sleeping sickness; paved the way for the life-saving sulfonamide compounds; and from his laboratories came the first group of chemicals having recognized antihistaminic properties. His work led other investigators to broad fields of chemotherapeutic research. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 39 � x 49 � inches
25. APHA_161017_188.JPG: 33. Wrestling The Jungle'S Secrets, c. 1952 Expeditions in search of new medicinal plants probably are as old as Pharmacy. Scientific adventurers, such as Henry Hurd Rusby (1855-1940), opened vast new horizons for the advancement of Pharmacy and Medicine, late in the nineteenth century. Sent by Parke, Davis & Company in 1884 to Peru for supplies of coca leaves, Dr. Rusby crossed the Andes and journeyed down the Amazon to the Atlantic amid incredible hardships. He returned with 45,000 botanical specimens. Among them were many new drug plants, including cocillana bark, pharmaceutical preparations of which are still important to Medicine. Dr. Rusby later became Dean of the College of Pharmacy of Columbia University. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 30 � x 36 � inches
26. APHA_161017_196.JPG: 35. The Era Of Biologicals, c. 1952 When, in 1894, Behring and Roux announced the effectiveness of diphtheria antitoxin, pharmaceutical scientists both in Europe and in the United States rushed to put the new discovery into production. Parke, Davis & Company was among the pioneers. The serum became available in 1895, and lives of thousands of children were saved. Inoculation of horses with diphtheria toxin was the first step of many in producing antitoxin. In 1903, Parke-Davis received U.S. Biological License No. 1. New, improved biological products have continued to become available, climaxed in 1955 by poliomyelitis vaccine. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 49 � x 63 � inches
27. APHA_161017_202.JPG: 2. Pharmacy In Ancient Babylonia, c. 1952 Babylon, jewel of ancient Mesopotamia, often called the cradle of civilization, provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of the apothecary. Practitioners of healing of this era (about 2600 B.C.) were priest, pharmacist and physician, all in one. Medical texts on clay tablets record first the symptoms of illness, the prescription and directions for compounding, then an invocation to the gods. Ancient Babylonian methods find counterpart in today's modern pharmaceutical, medical, and spiritual care of the sick. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 47 x 59 � inches
28. APHA_161017_206.JPG: 5. Theophrastus: Father Of Botany, c. 1952 Theophrastus (about 300 B.C.), among the greatest early Greek philosophers and natural scientists, is called the "father of botany." His observations and writings dealing with the medical qualities and peculiarities of herbs are unusually accurate, even in the light of present knowledge. He lectured to groups of students who walked about with him, learning of nature by observing her treasurers at firsthand. In his hands he holds a branch of belladonna. Behind him are pomegranate blooms, senna, and manuscript scrolls. Slabs of ivory, coated with colored beeswax, served the students as "slates." Writing was cut into the surface with a stylus. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 39 � x 53 inches
29. APHA_161017_216.JPG: 6. The Royal Toxicologist Mithridates Vi, c. 1952 Mithridates VI, King of Pontus (about 100 B.C.), though he battled Rome for a lifetime, found time to make not only the art of poisoning, but also the art of preventing and counteracting poisoning, subjects of intensive study. Unhesitatingly, he used himself as well as his prisoners as "guinea pigs" on which to test poisons and antidotes. Behind him are rhizotomists, offering fresh, flowering aconite, ginger, and gentian. At lower right is a crater - a two-piece forerunner of the champagne bucket. His famed formula of alleged panantidotal powers, "Mithridatum," was popular for over a thousand years. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 51 � x 65 � inches
30. APHA_161017_222.JPG: Great Moments in Pharmacy A collection by Robert Thom Gift of Pfizer, Inc.
31. APHA_161017_246.JPG: Every pharmacist joining the American Pharmaceutical Association pledged that he would abide by APhA's Code of Ethics by singing this book. The first signature (and portrait photograph) is that of APhA's first president, Daniel B. Smith (1792-1883).
32. APHA_161017_256.JPG: 39. The Era Of Antibiotics, c. 1952 Antibiotics are not new. Their actions probably were first observed by Pasteur in 1877. However, the second quarter of the 20th century marked the flowering of the antibiotic era - a new and dramatic departure in the production of disease-fighting drugs. Fleming's discovery of penicillin in 1929 went undeveloped and Florey and Chain studied it in 1940. Under pressure of World War II, the pharmaceutical manufacturers rapidly adapted mass production methods to penicillin; have reduced costs to 1/1000th the original. Antibiotic discoveries came rapidly in the ‘40's. Intensive research continues to find antibiotics that will conquer more of men's microbial enemies. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 35 x 42 � inches
33. APHA_161017_260.JPG: 38. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Comes Of Age, c. 1952 Pharmaceutical manufacturing as an industry apart from retail Pharmacy had its beginnings about 1600; really got under way in the middle 1700's. It developed first in Germany, then in England and in France. In America, it was the child of wars - born in the Revolution; grew rapidly during and following the Civil War; became independent of Europe during World War I; came of age during and following World War II. Utilizing latest technical advances from every branch of science, manufacturing Pharmacy economically develops and produces the latest and greatest in drugs in immense quantities, so that everywhere physicians may prescribe them and pharmacists dispense them for the benefit of all mankind. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 47 � x 61 � inches
34. APHA_161017_263.JPG: 21. Carl W. Scheele: Greatest Of The Pharmacist-Chemists, 1954 During his few short years, Carl Wilhelm Scheele gave to the world discoveries that have brought its people incalculable advantages. Yet he never forgot that he was, first of all, a pharmacist. Encouraged by enlightened preceptors, all of his discoveries were made in the Swedish pharmacists in which he worked, as apprentice, as clerk, and finally as owner, in K�ping. He began in a corner of the stock room of Unicorn Apothecary in Gothenburg. With rare genius, he made thousands of experiments, discovered oxygen, chlorine, prussic acid, tartaric acid, tungsten, molybdenum, glycerin, nitroglycerin, and countless other organic compounds that enter into today's daily life, industry, health, and comfort. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 45 x 57 inches
35. APHA_161017_277.JPG: 18. The Governor Who Healed The Sick, c. 1952 Many Europeans "of quality and wealth, particularly those who were non-conformists in religion" were attracted to the possibilities of the American Colonies. From Britain came John Winthrop, first Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony and founder of Boston. Governor Winthrop, unable to induce professionals to the Colony, sought advice from English apothecaries and physicians, and added to his small store of imported drugs those derived from plants native to New England. In his home (about 1640), he made available as best he could the "art and mystery" of the apothecary for his citizens. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 59 � x 47 � inches
36. APHA_161017_284.JPG: 4. Days Of Papyrus Ebers, c. 1952 Babylon, jewel of ancient Mesopotamia, often called the cradle of civilization, provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of the apothecary. Practitioners of healing of this era (about 2600 B.C.) were priest, pharmacist and physician, all in one. Medical texts on clay tablets record first the symptoms of illness, the prescription and directions for compounding, then an invocation to the gods. Ancient Babylonian methods find counterpart in today's modern pharmaceutical, medical, and spiritual care of the sick. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 47 x 59 � inches
37. APHA_161017_288.JPG: 3. Pharmacy In Ancient China, 1951 Chinese Pharmacy, according to legend, stems from Shen Nung (about 2000 B.C.), emperor who sought out and investigated the medicinal value of several hundred herbs. He reputed to have tested many of them on himself, and to have written the first Pen T-Sao, or native herbal, recording 365 drugs. Still worshiped by native Chinese drug guilds as their patron god, Shen Nung conceivably examined many herbs, barks, and roots brought in from the fields, swamps, and woods that are still recognized in Pharmacy today. In the background is the "Pa Kua," a mathematical design symbolizing creation and life. Medicinal plants include podophyllum, rhubarb, ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon bark, and, in the boy's hand, ma huang, or Ephedra. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 33 x 40 inches
38. APHA_161017_293.JPG: 1. Before The Dawn Of History, 1951 From beginnings as remote and simple as these came the proud profession of Pharmacy. Its development parallels that of man. Ancient man learned from instinct, from observation of birds and beasts. Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or mud was his first soothing application. By trial, he learned which served him best. Eventually, he applied his knowledge for the benefit of others. Though the cavemen's methods were crude, many of today's medicines spring from sources as simple and elementary as those which were within reach of early man. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 34 x 41 inches
39. APHA_161017_304.JPG: 13. Avicenna: The "Persian Galen", c. 1952 Among the brilliant contributors to the sciences of Pharmacy and Medicine during the Arabian era was one genius who seems to stand for his time - the Persian, Ibn Sina (about 980-1037 A.D.), called Avicenna by the Western world. Pharmacist, poet, physician, philosopher and diplomat, Avicenna was an intellectual giant, a favorite of Persian princes and rulers. He wrote in Arabic, often while secluded in the home of an apothecary friend. His pharmaceutical teachings were accepted as authority in the West until the 17th century; and still are dominant influences in the Orient. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 33 � x 41 inches
40. APHA_161017_308.JPG: 9. Galen: Experimenter In Drug Compounding, 1952 Of the men of ancient times whose names are known and revered among both the professions of Pharmacy and Medicine, Galen, undoubtedly, is the foremost. Galen (130-200 A.D.) practiced and taught both Pharmacy and Medicine in Rome; his principles of preparing and compounding medicines ruled in the Western world for 1,500 years; and his name still is associated with that class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means - galenicals. He was the originator of the formula for a cold cream, essentially similar to that known today. Many procedures Galen originated have their counterparts in today's modern compounding laboratories. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 41 x 51 inches
41. APHA_161017_309.JPG: 4. Days Of Papyrus Ebers, c. 1952 Babylon, jewel of ancient Mesopotamia, often called the cradle of civilization, provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of the apothecary. Practitioners of healing of this era (about 2600 B.C.) were priest, pharmacist and physician, all in one. Medical texts on clay tablets record first the symptoms of illness, the prescription and directions for compounding, then an invocation to the gods. Ancient Babylonian methods find counterpart in today's modern pharmaceutical, medical, and spiritual care of the sick. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 47 x 59 � inches
42. APHA_161017_317.JPG: 8. Dioscorides: A Scientist Looks At Drugs, 1952 In the evolution of all successful and enduring systems of knowledge there comes a time when the observations of many men, or the intensive studies of one, transcend from the level of trade or vocation to that of a science. Pedanios Dioscorides (first century A.D.), contributed mightily to such a transition in Pharmacy. In order to study materia medica, Dioscorides accompanied the Roman armies throughout the known world. He recorded what he observed, promulgated excellent rules for collection of drugs, their storage and use. His texts were considered basic science as late as the sixteenth century. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 33 � x 41 � inches
43. APHA_161017_323.JPG: 11. Monastic Pharmacy, 1952 During the Middle Ages remnants of the Western knowledge of Pharmacy and Medicine were preserved in the monasteries (fifth to twelfth centuries). These scientists are known to have been taught in the cloisters as early as the seventh century. Manuscripts from many islands were translated or copied for monastery libraries. The monks gathered herbs and simples in the field, or raised them in their own herb gardens. These they prepared according to the art of the apothecary for the benefit of the sick and injured. Gardens such as these still may be found in monasteries in many countries. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 34 x 43 inches
44. APHA_161017_327.JPG: 17. Louis Herbert: Apothecary To New France (Canada), 1953 Young Parisian Apothecary Louis H�bert answered the call of the New World in 1605, when he helped de Monts and Champlain build New France's first settlement, the Habitation, at Port Royal (Nova Scotia, Canada). H�bert looked after the health of the pioneers, cultivated native drug plants, and supervised the gardens. At the waterfront, he examined specimens of drug plants offered by Micmac Indians. These included Arum, (Jack-in-the-Pulpit), Eupatorium (Boneset), Verbascum (Mullein), and Hydrastis (Golden Seal). When the Habitation was destroyed by the English in 1613, he returned to his Parisian apothecary shop. The lure of Canada was strong, however, and in 1617, he and the family returned with Champlain to Quebec, where H�bert's "green thumb" gained him lasting fame as the first successful farmer in what is now Canada. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 41 � x 51 inches
45. APHA_161017_333.JPG: 16. The Society Of Apothecaries Of London, c. 1952 Trade in drugs and spices was lucrative in the Middle Ages. In the British Isles, it was monopolized by the Guild of Grocers, which had jurisdiction over the apothecaries. After years of effort, the apothecaries found allies among court physicians. King James I, flanked by two "Beefeaters" wore heavily padded attire because of fear of stabbing. Upon persuasion by the philosopher-politician, Francis Bacon, the King granted a charter in 1617 which formed a separate company known as the "Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London" over vigorous protests of the grocers. This was the first organization of pharmacists in the Anglo-Saxon world. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 40 x 49 � inches
46. APHA_161017_336.JPG: 40. Pharmacy Today And Tomorrow, c. 1952 Pharmacy, with its heritage of 50 centuries of service to mankind, has come to be recognized as of the great professions. Like Medicine, it has come through many revolutions, has learned many things, has had to discard many of its older ways. Pharmacists are among the community's finest educated people. When today's retail pharmacist fills a prescription written by a physician, he provides a professional service incorporating the benefits of the work of pharmacists in all branches of the profession - education, research, development, standards, production, and distribution. Pharmacy's professional stature will continue to grow in the future as this great heritage and tradition of service is passed on from preceptor to apprentice, from teacher to student, from father to son. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 45 x 57 inches
47. APHA_161017_338.JPG: 40. Pharmacy Today And Tomorrow, c. 1952 (detail)
48. APHA_161017_351.JPG: 15. The First Official Pharmacopoeia, c. 1952 The idea of a pharmacopoeia with official status, to be followed by all apothecaries, originated in Florence. The Nuovo Receptario, originally written in Italian, was published and became the legal standard for the city-state in 1498. It was the result of collaboration of the Guild of Apothecaries and the Medical Society - one of the earliest manifestations of constructive interprofessional relations. The professional groups received official advice and guidance from the powerful Dominican monk, Savonarola, (seated, foreground) who, at the time, was the political leader in Florence. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 33 � x 42 � inches
49. APHA_161017_354.JPG: 24. Caventou, Pelletier And Quinine, c. 1952 Taking their cue from Sert�rner's alkaloidal experiments, two French pharmacists, Messrs. Pierre-Joseph Pelletier and Joseph-Bienaim� Caventou, isolated emetine from ipecacuanha in 1817; strychnine and brucine from nux vomica in 1818; then, in their laboratory in the back of a Parisian apothecary shop, they tackled the problem that had baffled scientists for decades - wresting the secrets of the Peruvian barks that were so useful against malaria. In 1820 Caventou and Pelletier announced the methods for separation of quinine and cinchonine from the cinchona barks; prepared pure salts, had them tested clinically, and set up manufacturing facilities. Many other discoveries came from their pharmacy-laboratory; high honors were accorded them. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 51 � x 65 � inches
50. APHA_161017_387.JPG: 31. The Pharmacopoeia Comes Of Age, c. 1952 The first "United States Pharmacopoeia" (1820) was the work of the medical profession. It was the first book of drug standards from a professional source to have achieved a nation's acceptance. In 1877, the "U.S.P." was in danger of dissolution due to the lack of interest of the medical profession. Dr. Edward R. Squibb, manufacturing pharmacist as well as physician, took the problem to The American Pharmaceutical Association convention. Pharmacists formed a "Committee on Revision" chairmanned by hospital pharmacist Charles Rice, assisted by pharmacist-educator Joseph P. Remington, and by Dr. Squibb, their indefatigable collaborator. The "U.S. Pharmacopoeia" surged to new importance. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 37 � x 47 � inches
51. APHA_161017_396.JPG: 29. The Father Of American Pharmacy, c. 1952 Rarely has a titular distinction been so deserved. William Procter, Jr., graduated from The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1837; operated a retail pharmacy; served the College as Professor of Pharmacy for 20 years; was a leader in founding The American Pharmaceutical Association; served that organization as its first secretary; later, as its president; served 30 years on the U.S.P. Revision Committee; was for 22 years Editor of the American Journal of Pharmacy. In 1869, though retired, Procter continued to edit the Journal in a small publication office located beside the College's Tenth Street building. From retirement he returned to P.C.P.'s chair of Pharmacy in1872; literally died "in the harness," in 1874. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 40 x 40 inches
52. APHA_161017_403.JPG: 22. Andrew Craigie: America's First Apothecary General, c. 1952 First man to hold the rank of a commissioned pharmaceutical officer in an American army was the Bostonian apothecary, Andrew Craigie. First appointed commissary of medical stores by Massachusetts' Committee of Safety, April 30, 1775, he was present at the Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775, and probably assisted in taking care of the sick and wounded there in a makeshift station back of the lines. When Congress reorganized the Medical Department of the Army in 1777, Craigie became the first Apothecary General. He duties included procurement, storage, manufacture, and distribution of the Army's drug requirements. He also developed an early wholesaling and manufacturing business. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: Unknown
53. APHA_161017_408.JPG: 10. Damian And Cosmas: Pharmacy's Patron Saints, c. 1952 Twinship of the health professions, Pharmacy and Medicine, is nowhere more strikingly portrayed than by Damian, the apothecary, and Cosmas, the physician. Twin brothers of Arabian descent, and devout Christians, they offered the solace of religion as well as the benefit of their knowledge to the sick who visited them. Their twin careers were cut short in the year 303 by martyrdom. For centuries their tomb in the Syrian city of Cyprus was a shrine. Churches were built in their honor in Rome and other cities. After canonization, they became the patron saints of Pharmacy and Medicine, and many miracles were attributed to them. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 47 x 58 � inches
54. APHA_161017_412.JPG: 6. The Royal Toxicologist Mithridates Vi, c. 1952 (detail)
55. APHA_161017_417.JPG: This guy was writing a book on Procter and wanted some photos
56. APHA_161017_457.JPG: 1863 Membership Certificate This APhA membership certificate was awarded September 9, 1863 to John Francis Hancock, who subsequently became APhA President 1873-1874. ... A committee was created in 1853 to develop a membership certificate for the association, but a design was not approved until 1856. The certificate's ornate format includes a classic column with a curling scroll listing some of the great names in the history of pharmacy. The four figures around the column represent pharmacy's development in the Far East, the Arab world, Europe and the Americas. In addition, various medicinal plants of North and South America are illustrated.
57. APHA_161017_477.JPG: Each APhA president from the 1880s to the 1930s wore one of the gold lapel pins shown on the left. The gold ladder chain on the right features a gold Bar for each APhA convention that was attended.
58. APHA_161017_482.JPG: History of the Great Moments in Pharmacy Collection In October 2007, Pfizer Inc. gave to the American Pharmacists Association Foundation Great Moments in Pharmacy, a collection of 40 paintings by artist Robert Thom (1915-1979) depicting a comprehensive history of pharmacy. APhA is privileged to display the collection in the Art Gallery of its Headquarters Building. The idea for the paintings was conceived by pharmacist George A. Bender (1904-1985) when he served as editor of North Western Druggist (1929-1932). The paintings were completed in the early 1950s by Michigan-born Thom, who attended the Columbus, Ohio Institute of Fine Arts. Bender and Thom, as well as a number of pharmacy historians, formed a project team that painstakenly researched and developed the story lines for the project over a 10 year period. The ultimate commission of the series was funded by Parke-Davis. The paintings remained the property of Parke-Davis until 2000, when they merged with Pfizer. On display here are four of the Great Moments in Pharmacy paintings. We invite you to visit the Art Gallery to view the remaining thirty-six paintings. The Art Gallery is located directly off the Rotunda in the historic Pope Building.
59. APHA_161017_483.JPG: APhA Convention Badges
60. APHA_161017_490.JPG: 37. Pharmaceutical Research, c. 1952 Research in some form has gone hand in hand with the development of Pharmacy through the ages. However, it was the chemical synthesis of antipyrine in 1883 that gave impetus and inspiration for intensive search for therapeutically useful compounds. Begun by the Germans, who dominate the field until World War I, the lead in pharmaceutical research passed thereafter to the United States. Research in Pharmacy came into its own in the late 1930's and early 1940's; has grown steadily since, supported by pharmaceutical manufactures, universities, and government. Today it used techniques and trained personnel from every branch of science in the unending search for new life-saving and life-giving drug products. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 45 x 57 inches
61. APHA_161017_495.JPG: 12. The First Apothecary Shops, 1952 The Arabs separated the arts of apothecary and physician, establishing in Bagdad late in the eighth century the first privately owned drug stores. They preserved much of the Greco-Roman wisdom, added to it, developing with the aid of their natural resources syrups, confections, conserves, distilled waters and alcoholic liquids. The apothecary is examining logs of sandalwood offered by a traveling merchant, while children indulge their taste for sweets with stalks of sugar cane. When the Moslems swept across Africa, Spain and southern France, they carried with them a new pattern of Pharmacy which western Europe soon assimilated. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 48 x 59 inches
62. APHA_161017_503.JPG: 30. A Revolution In Pharmaceutical Education, c. 1952 When Dr. Albert B. Prescott launched the pharmacy course at the University of Michigan in 1868, critical attention was aroused because he abandoned the traditional requirement of pregraduation apprenticeship. At the 1871 convention of the American Pharmaceutical Association, he was denied credentials and ostracized. However, the Michigan course pioneered other major changes: laboratory pharmacy, a definite curriculum that included basic sciences, and a program that demanded students' full-time attention. During the next thirty years, Dr. Prescott had the satisfaction of seeing his once revolutionary innovations generally adopted by pharmaceutical faculties. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 45 � x 57 �inches
63. APHA_161017_510.JPG: 14. Separation Of Pharmacy And Medicine, c. 1952 In European countries exposed to Arabian influence, public pharmacies began to appear in the 17th century. However, it was not until about 1240 A.D. that, in Sicily and southern Italy, Pharmacy was separated from Medicine. Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, who was Emperor of Germany as well as King of Sicily, was a living link between Oriental and Occidental worlds. At his palace in Palermo, he presented subject Pharmacists with the first European edict completely separating their responsibilities from those of Medicine, and prescribing regulations for their professional practice. Artist: Robert Thom | Media: Oil on masonite | Dimensions: 43 � x 44 inches
64. APHA_161017_565.JPG: American Institute of Pharmacy An Imposing Structure on Constitution Avenue
65. APHA_161017_574.JPG: American Institute of Pharmacy Planning for an Association Home
66. APHA_161017_587.JPG: One of the first artist sketches for APhA headquarters was submitted by W. Douden, registered architect of Washington, DC. The National Capital Park and Planning Commission and the Fine Arts Commission approved the location of the APhA building in accordance with a design of a plan prepared by architect John Russell Pope, and the land transfers between the government and APhA were finally completed in September 1933.
67. APHA_161017_592.JPG: American Institute of Pharmacy APhA Headquarters Building Expands
68. APHA_161017_593.JPG: Land was exchanged with the government in 1958 to provide adequate space for the expansion of APhA headquarters with the annex as shown.
69. APHA_161017_597.JPG: When the Pope building was opened in 1934 (see bottom left corner), a vast area was cleared around the State Department building for expansion. As the new State Department was under construction in 1957, APhA was planning to erect an annex to the Pope building.
70. APHA_161017_601.JPG: Glass front doors were installed in the Pope building in 1988 so that when the brass front doors are open, APhA staff can see the Lincoln Memorial.
71. APHA_161017_603.JPG: American Institute of Pharmacy Monument Addition to APhA Headquarters
72. APHA_161017_618.JPG: In 1994, APhA Executive Director John Gans explored acquiring the remainder of the property to C Street for the expansion of APhA headquarters. But it wasn't until 2004 that APhA was able to purchase the land and obtain approval of all government agencies.
73. APHA_161017_620.JPG: Hartman-Cox was selected as architect, and construction was awarded to Tishman. After the annex was dismantled in 2007, the excavation contractor removed more than 135,000 tons of soil and rock.
74. APHA_161017_639.JPG: The History of the Bowl of Hygeia In 1958, the Bowl of Hygeia Award Program was developed by the AH Robins Company to recognize pharmacists across the nation for outstanding service to their communities. Selected annually through state pharmacy associations, including the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, each recipient of the award is recognized for making unique contributions to a strong, healthy community through service and personal leadership. Throughout the years, more than 3,000 pharmacists have been recognized with this prestigious award; it remains one of the most notable achievements in recipients' careers. The Bowl of Hygeia is the traditional symbol of healing through medicine -- a symbol that has been associated with pharmacy for thousands of years. In Greek mythology, Hygeia was the goddess of health and the daughter of Asclepius, the Greek god of medicine.
75. APHA_161017_644.JPG: The finger is directly below the location of the APhA building
76. APHA_161017_653.JPG: 1931 Map of Washington, DC A series of real estate maps of Washington DC were produced from 1903 to 1968 by G. William Baist & Sons. The lower left hand portion of this 1931 map shows the location between 22nd and 23rd Streets where APhA headquarters was to be built. By 1931 when this map was published, APhA had selected the site for its headquarters, and on January 16, 1928, the association purchase lots 3, 4, and 5 as shown on this map. However, there was an obstacle for APhA to overcome. Upper Water Street cut diagonally across the front of the property that APhA had purchased. The closing of this street required Congressional approval. By Act of Congress on May 9, 1932, APhA had to purchase the remaining lots to expand APhA's property to both 22nd Street and 23rd Street, and then transfer to the US government a strip of land 17 feet wide along 23rd Street to widen the access to the Lincoln Memorial. In return, the government agreed to transfer to APhA the government-owned area adjacent to Constitution Avenue. APhA's closest neighbor was the National Academy of Sciences which opened in 1924. The area between 21st and 20th, identified on this map as Temp. Bldg No. 5, became the home of the Federal Reserve Board in 1937. Te area between 20th and 19th Streets, identified as Public Health Service, was replaced in 1936 by the Department of the Interior. Above the rows of structures, New York Avenue was eliminated as far as 19th Street, and the State Department building was opened in 1939 at the corner of 21st Street and Virginia Avenue. The map shows the Conger Laundry on the corner of 23rd and C Street. APhA appealed to Congress in 1955 to close it because it was spouting foul fumes. However, it wasn't until the government decided to construct the new State Department building facing C Street between 23rd and 21st Streets that the Conger Laundry was condemned and forced to sell their lots. This permitted APhA to build an annex in 1960. Then in 2001, APhA purchased all the remaining land to C Street, and replaced the annex with a six-story building that opened in 2009.
77. APHA_161017_670.JPG: APhA annual conference paintings
78. APHA_161017_745.JPG: DC -- APhA Headquarters Building (2215 Constitution Avenue NW)
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