BGuthrie Photos: AL -- Horseshoe Bend Natl Military Park -- Visitor Center

AL -- Horseshoe Bend Natl Military Park -- Visitor Center:

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. HORSEV_161107_027.JPG: Creek Origins
2. HORSEV_161107_032.JPG: Artist's reconstruction of Moundville, AD 1300. Moundville was the religious, political, and economic center for Western Alabama from AD 1200 until its collapse in the 17th century.
3. HORSEV_161107_043.JPG: The Battlefield: The battlefield at Horseshoe Bend contained an extraordinary barricade that spanned the neck of the peninsula. The barricade was burned in the attack, but other evidence of the battle remains -- an axe, iron grape shot, musket balls, cannon balls, a bullet mold, and projectile points. All bear witness to the deadly battle waged here.
4. HORSEV_161107_046.JPG: Tohopeka: While building the barricade and awaiting attack from the American forces, 1000 Red Stick Creek warriors and their families lived in a hastily constructed village or refuge camp named Tohopeka, Muskogee for fort or fence. The village was attacked from the rear and burned to the ground during the battle. This gun flint and these pottery shards were excavated from Tohopeka.
5. HORSEV_161107_048.JPG: Newyaucau: Horseshoe Bend National Military Park also contains the site of a "permanent" Creek village that was established in the 1770s. It was later named Newyaucau after the 1790 peace treaty signed in New York between the Creeks and George Washington. The village was destroyed in a militia attack three months before the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The survivors were among those who fought at Horseshoe Bend. Excavations at the site have yielded fragments of native pottery, stone tools (a whetstone, a knife handle, and a metate), a gun flint and a flintlock steel.
6. HORSEV_161107_057.JPG: Creek tortoise shell leg rattle
7. HORSEV_161107_061.JPG: The Color of War
8. HORSEV_161107_064.JPG: European and American Influence
9. HORSEV_161107_077.JPG: Lands, Roads, and Settlers
10. HORSEV_161107_104.JPG: William McIntosh, 1820s. A staunch ally of the Americans, McIntosh was one of many Creek leaders who were of mixed blood and upbringing.
11. HORSEV_161107_107.JPG: White Ways
12. HORSEV_161107_123.JPG: On the Eve of War
13. HORSEV_161107_129.JPG: "Red Sticks" and "Prophets"
14. HORSEV_161107_144.JPG: Leaders and Factions
15. HORSEV_161107_153.JPG: Map of Upper and Lower Creek towns. The Upper Creek towns were located in what is now Alabama, principally along the Coosa, Tallapoosa, and Alabama Rivers. The Lower Creeks were much closer to white settlement, in Georgia along the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers.
16. HORSEV_161107_163.JPG: The Fort Mims Massacre
17. HORSEV_161107_179.JPG: The War of 1812
18. HORSEV_161107_186.JPG: "A scene on the Frontiers..." 1813. As the British, aided by Tecumseh, fought by Americans in the north, anti-Indian sentiment grew -- aided by cartoons such as this.
19. HORSEV_161107_194.JPG: Romanticized depiction of the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe, a prelude to the War of 1812 in which Americans clashed with followers of Tenskwatawa (the Shawnee known as the "Prophet"). The illustrator has dramatically, though incorrectly, placed Tenskwatawa (in flowing white robes) at the center of the conflict.
20. HORSEV_161107_200.JPG: Burnt Corn Creek
21. HORSEV_161107_204.JPG: Major General Andrew Jackson
22. HORSEV_161107_206.JPG: The Americans Enter
23. HORSEV_161107_212.JPG: Jackson facing mutinous volunteers. This illustration for a biography of Jackson shows the commander threatening to shoot any deserters during his Creek campaign of 1813. The incident is supposed to have taken place near present-day Ohatchee, Alabama.
24. HORSEV_161107_217.JPG: Jackson offering acorns to a soldier. This illustration depicts a legend from the Creek campaign, in which Jackson allegedly shared acorns with a hungry soldier when supplies were critically low. The validity of this legend has been strongly questioned over the years.
25. HORSEV_161107_228.JPG: Known to his troops as "Old Hickory" (a reference to the toughness of hickory wood), Jackson was a strict and exacting commander.
26. HORSEV_161107_233.JPG: General Jackson's campaign against the Creek Indians, 1813 and 1814
27. HORSEV_161107_258.JPG: The Battle of Horseshoe Bend
28. HORSEV_161107_287.JPG: Battle Maps
29. HORSEV_161107_292.JPG: Friendly Cherokees and Creeks
30. HORSEV_161107_295.JPG: John Ross. A Cherokee leader who fought at Horseshoe Bend as an adjutant to Colonel Morgan. Years later, he led the Cherokee in protesting Jackson's Indian policy.
31. HORSEV_161107_301.JPG: Major Ridge. One of the Cherokees who crossed the river and attacked Tohopeka.
32. HORSEV_161107_306.JPG: Battlefield map by Andrew Jackson, 1814
33. HORSEV_161107_308.JPG: Battlefield map by John Coffee, 1814
34. HORSEV_161107_314.JPG: The Whale Rifle. This rifle was intended for presentation by President Madison to a Cherokee warrior named Whale, for his "valor and heroism" at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. (Whale was one of the first to cross the river in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, thus helping to ensure Jackson's victory). Two rifles were ultimately built for Whale, but it is unknown which, if any, he received.
35. HORSEV_161107_329.JPG: Surrender Defeating the British A President and an Era
36. HORSEV_161107_332.JPG: Signatory pages of the Treaty of Fort Jackson, ending the Creek War. Of the 35 chiefs who signed the Treaty of Fort Jackson, only one was a Red Stick, and many were active allies of Jackson. The treaty deprived them of their lands, and began the policy that would later be called "removal."
37. HORSEV_161107_361.JPG: Davy Crockett. Though not at Horseshoe Bend, Davy Crockett was a scout for Jackson during the Creek War. Perhaps best known for his heroic stand (and death) at the Alamo in 1836, he became a symbol of the American frontier spirit during the Jacksonian era.
38. HORSEV_161107_385.JPG: The Fate of the Creeks
39. HORSEV_161107_390.JPG: Gathering of tribal representatives in front of the Creek Council House, Oklahoma Territory, 1875.
Wikipedia Description: Battle of Horseshoe Bend
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Battle of Horseshoe Bend was fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.

Background:

Although having nothing to do with the British or Canadians, the battle is considered part of the War of 1812. More specifically, it was the major battle of the Creek War, in which Andrew Jackson sought to "clear" Alabama for American settlement. General Jackson was in command of an army of West Tennessee militia, which he had turned into a well-trained fighting force. To add to these militia units was the 39th United States Infantry and about 600 Cherokee and Lower Creek Indians fighting against the Red Stick Creek Indians. After leaving Fort Williams in the spring of 1814, Jackson's army cut its way through the forest to within 6 miles (10 km) of Chief Menawa's Red Stick camp near a bend in the Tallapoosa River, called "Horseshoe Bend," in central Alabama. Jackson sent General John Coffee with the mounted infantry and the Indian allies south across the river to surround the Red Sticks camp, while Jackson stayed with the rest of the 2,000 infantry north of the camp.

Battle:

On March 27 at 10:30 a.m., Jackson began an artillery barrage which consisted of two cannons firing for about two hours. Little damage was caused to the Red Sticks or their fortifications. Coffee's Cherokees and cavalry began crossing the river and fought the Red Sticks on their rear.

Jackson then ordered a bayonet charge. The infantry charged the breastworks surrounding the camp and caught the Red Sticks in a cross fire. Sam Houston (the future governor of Tennessee and Texas) served as a third lieutenant in Jackson's army. Houston was one of the first to make it over the log barricade alive and received a wound from a Creek arrow that troubled him the rest of his life.

The battle raged for about five hours. Roughly 550 Red Sticks were killed on the field, while many of the rest were killed trying to cross the river. Future United States Senator John Eaton wrote "This battle gave a death blow to [the enemy's] hopes, nor did they venture, afterwards, to make a stand... In this action, the best and bravest of their warriors were destroyed".

Chief Menawa was severely wounded but survived and led only about 200 of the original 1,000 warriors across the river and into safety among the Seminole tribe in Spanish Florida. To obtain an accurate body count, Tennesseans cut the tip of dead Creeks' noses off. A few soldiers cut long strips of skin from the Indians' bodies to make bridle reins for their horses.

Results:

On August 9, 1814, Andrew Jackson forced the Creeks to sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson. Despite protest of the Creek chiefs who had fought alongside Jackson, the Creek Nation ceded 23 million acres (93,000 km�)—half of Alabama and part of southern Georgia—to the United States government. Even though the Creek War was largely a civil war between the Creeks, Andrew Jackson saw no difference between the Creeks that had fought with him and the Red Sticks that fought against him. 1.9 million acres (7,700 km�) of the 23 million acres (93,000 km�) Jackson forced the Creeks to cede was claimed by the Cherokee Nation who had allied with the United States.

This victory, along with the Battle of New Orleans, gave Andrew Jackson the popularity to win election as President of the United States in 1828.

The battlefield is preserved in the Horseshoe Bend National Military Park.
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