BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: Faces of Discord -- Slavery

DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: Faces of Discord -- Slavery:

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[1] FDSLAV_160925_001.JPG	[2] FDSLAV_160925_006.JPG	[3] FDSLAV_160925_009.JPG
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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. FDSLAV_160925_001.JPG: Faces of Discord: Civil War
2. FDSLAV_160925_006.JPG: The Civil War did not guarantee the end of slavery and the freedom of any or all slaves. At the start of the war in 1861, President Abraham Lincoln's primary cause for fighting was to preserve the union of states under the Constitution. Nonetheless, as the war was prolonged, first by months and then by years, slaves began winning their freedom by several means. Some simply resorted to running away; some became the contraband and paid laborers of the Union army; still others were freed by Union soldiers, in compliance with Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation in 1863; and the rest were freed by passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865, which outlawed slavery in the United States. Henceforth, the divisive issue of slavery mutated into that of race, and a long and bitter fight for equal rights followed.
3. FDSLAV_160925_009.JPG: Stampede Among the Negroes in Virginia -_ Their Arrival at Fortress Monroe Soon after the first fugitive slaves were granted protection as "contraband of war" by General Benjamin F. Butler at Union-held Fort Monroe (Virginia) in May 1861, Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper presented its readers with a double-page spread of images documenting recent events at the fort. In vignettes created by the newspaper's "Special Artist," refugees from slavery are shown making their escape from bondage, arriving at Fort Monroe, being mustered into service, and making themselves useful in a variety of ways, from preparing rations to digging trenches. At the upper right, a slaveholder is seen attempting to reclaim thirty fugitives from his estate, while at the upper left, he is shown relinquishing them in the presence of General Butler after refusing to take the oath of allegiance to the federal government. By the time these scenes were published, as many as 500 fugitives had found safety at Fort Monroe. Unidentified artist, 1861
4. FDSLAV_160925_024.JPG: Horace Greeley, 1811-1872 Born Amherst, New Hampshire As editor of the influential New York Tribune, Horace Greeley did not so much seek to report the Civil War as he sought to shape its course. When, in the spring of 1861, Lincoln's administration seemed reluctant to use force in subduing southern secession, Greeley's Tribune carried such bellicose headlines as "No Concessions to Traitors!" Shortly thereafter, when Lincoln held back from declaring an end to slavery, the bespectacled Greeley rallied that the freedom of blacks must be made one of the Civil War's primary imperatives. It is difficult to say just how much Greeley's editorial declarations affected official Union policies. Still, there is no doubt that his condemnation of the South and calls for slavery's immediate abolition helped form the consciences of many northerners. A.L. Edwards, 1872
5. FDSLAV_160925_030.JPG: Salmon P. Chase, 1808-1873 Born Cornish, New Hampshire As a lawyer and antislavery leader in Ohio, Salmon P. Chase was known as the "attorney general" for runaway slaves. In 1855 he cast his lot with the new Republican Party and soon vied with William Henry Seward for its leadership. A candidate for the party's presidential nomination in 1860, Chase lost to Lincoln but was named secretary of the treasury in the new cabinet. Although he helped write the Emancipation Proclamation, his relations with Lincoln became strained. The personal antagonism between him and Secretary of State Seward weakened the cabinet, and that -- combined with Chase's insatiable desire to become president -- eventually led to his replacement. In 1864 Lincoln appointed him chief justice of the Supreme Court, where he showed political wisdom in handling constitutional problems created by the Civil War and Reconstruction. Francis Bicknell Carpenter, 1861
6. FDSLAV_160925_036.JPG: First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation Before the Cabinet The First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation Before the Cabinet In spite of vocal prodding from abolitionists, President Lincoln steadfastly refused to make the abolition of slavery a northern goal in the early stages of the Civil War, lest it alienate the slaveholding border states that remained loyal to the Union. By mid-1862, however, Lincoln's concern for enhancing the moral weight of the United States in the eyes of the world convinced him that it was time to act. In September 1862, he announced the Emancipation Proclamation, to take effect on January 1, 1863, and declared all slaves free in those regions of the South still in rebellion. This lithograph is based on a painting by Francis Bicknell Carpenter and recreates the cabinet meeting Lincoln held on July 22, 1862, where he read the first draft of his proclamation. Alexander Hay Ritchie, after Francis Bicknell Carpenter, 1866
7. FDSLAV_160925_047.JPG: William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879 Born Newburyport, Massachusetts During the three decades preceding the Civil War, no figure loomed more prominently in the crusade against slavery than William Lloyd Garrison, founding editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator. In its pages, he was one of the first to demand complete and immediate freedom for African Americans. When this caricature of Garrison appeared on the cover of Vanity Fair on August 23, 1862, President Lincoln had already written a draft of his Emancipation Proclamation, intending shortly to put abolitionists' rhetoric into action. Bobbett & Hooper Wood Engraving Company, after Henry Louis Stephens, 1862
8. FDSLAV_160925_055.JPG: Portrait in script of Abraham Lincoln Yankee printmakers capitalized on the positive reception given the Emancipation Proclamation by issuing scores of commemorative prints. In this lithograph, Abraham Lincoln's portrait is formed from the text of the proclamation. William H. Pratt, after Anthony Berger, 1865
9. FDSLAV_160925_070.JPG: Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 Born Hodgenville, Kentucky Entrusted with guiding the nation through a civil war, Abraham Lincoln was beset from the start with criticism from all sides. There were those who accused him of moral cowardice when he initially insisted that the purpose of engaging in a war with the South was to preserve the Union and not to eliminate slavery. His wartime suspension of basic civil rights gave rise to charges of despotism, and when the conflict went badly for the North, the blame inevitably fell on him. But as Union forces advanced toward victory in the field, Lincoln's eloquent articulation of the nation's ideals and ultimate call for an end to slavery gradually invested him with a saintly grandeur. Following his assassination in 1865, that grandeur became virtually unassailable. Charles Wesley Jarvis, 1861
10. FDSLAV_160925_080.JPG: Mrs. North and Her Attorney This cartoon, satirizing President Lincoln's initial failed efforts to defeat the Confederacy and win the war, suggested that the interests of the North would be better off in someone else's hands. This message was essentially the platform of the Democratic Party's candidates, General George B. McClellan and his running mate, George H. Pendleton, in the 1864 presidential contest. Lincoln had serious doubts of his own about his chances for reelection. However, Union victories at Mobile Bay, Atlanta, and Cedar Creek in the late summer and early fall of that year buoyed morale and helped propel Lincoln to a second term in the White House. John Tenniel, 1864
11. FDSLAV_160925_089.JPG: The Emancipation Proclamation This satirical sketch casts President Lincoln in league with the devil as he drafts the Emancipation Proclamation. Signed on New Year's Day 1863, the proclamation freed all slaves in the Confederate states. The pictures on the wall purport to show Lincoln in sympathy with radical abolitionist John Brown and with the bloody slave revolt that took place in Santo Domingo at the turn of the nineteenth century. Adalbert John Volck, from the original c 1864-1865 lithograph
12. FDSLAV_160925_105.JPG: Freedom to the Slaves Unlike the biblical quote from Leviticus cited in the caption of this lithograph, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation declared freedom only to those slaves in the eleven Confederate states that had seceded. It would require passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in January of 1865 to liberate slaves elsewhere throughout the nation, particularly in the border states of Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware. Currier & Ives Lithography Company, after Anthony Berger, c 1864-65
13. FDSLAV_160925_113.JPG: Emancipation Proclamation This lithograph celebrating Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation was one of several decorative prints produced in the North memorializing the signing of this historic edict on January 1, 1863. Gilman R. Russell, 1865
14. FDSLAV_160925_127.JPG: Lincoln in Richmond With victory for the Union all but certain after the fall of Richmond on April 3, 1865, the following day Abraham Lincoln traveled by boat to the Confederate capital, accompanied by a party that included his young son Tad, Admiral David Dixon Porter, and a small contingent of marines. Within moments of disembarking, Lincoln was recognized by a liberated bondsman who shouted, "Bless the Lord, there is the great Messiah! Glory, Hallelujah!" As the president walked from the waterfront to the Virginia statehouse, thousands of the city's newly freed men, women, and children rushed to see the man they greeted as their liberator. As one contemporary observed, "Probably no mortal ever received such a greeting of prayers and tears and blessing as that which was conferred upon Abraham Lincoln by [those] whom the war had emancipated." This print was copied after an eyewitness drawing of the jubilation for Lincoln. J.C. Buttre Engraving Company, after Lambert Hollis Engraving, 1866
15. FDSLAV_160925_137.JPG: Memento Mori Portraiture became part of the mourning process that followed Abraham Lincoln's assassination on April 14, 1865. In the ensuing months, print publishers furnished the image of Lincoln in all guises. This simple, black-bordered Memento Mori recalls many Americans' first grieving response: to drape funereal bunting, crepe, and flags on doors and windows, often tucking a portrait into the decorations. Unidentified artist, after Anthony Berger, 1865
16. FDSLAV_160925_142.JPG: The First Colored Senator and Representatives The fact that African Americans were beginning to represent southern states in Congress by the early 1870s was an event worthy of commemoration, and this print, The First Colored Senator and Representatives, was one of the efforts to mark it. From left to right, the men are Hiram R. Revels (1822–1901), Benjamin S. Turner (1825–1894), Robert C. De Large (1842–1874), Josiah T. Walls (1842–1905), Jefferson F. Long (1836–1900), Joseph H. Rainey (1832–1887), and R. Brown Elliot (1842–1884). Like the great majority of legislators, none of these men particularly distinguished themselves during their congressional tenures. Nevertheless, they and the many other African Americans who gained lesser public offices in the 1860s and 1870s acquitted themselves honorably. In so doing, they gave lie to critics who charged that black officeholding during the Reconstruction era led to irresponsible government. Currier & Ives Lithography Company, 1872
17. FDSLAV_160925_157.JPG: Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction, and How It Works When Andrew Johnson became president following Abraham Lincoln's assassination, he favored a policy of leniency toward former secessionists at the expense of freed slaves, whose newly won liberties were being infringed upon. The North's popular cartoonist, Thomas Nast, satirizes Johnson in this illustration for the September 1, 1866, issue of Harper's Weekly by portraying him as the evil schemer Iago in Shakespeare's Othello. Johnson professed to be a "best friend" to African Americans in the South, while vetoing such empowering legislation as the Freedman's Bureau Bill, the Civil Rights Bill, and three military Reconstruction acts, all designed to protect and advance their civil rights. Thomas Nast, 1866
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