BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Supreme Court Building -- Exhibit: Power of Image: Charles Evans Hughes

DC -- Supreme Court Building -- Exhibit: Power of Image: Charles Evans Hughes:

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Description of Pictures: The Power of Image: Charles Evans Hughes in Prints, Photographs, and Drawings
Charles Evans Hughes (1862-1948) was one of the most accomplished public figures of the 20th century, and today is best remembered as Chief Justice from 1930-1941. From the moment in 1905 when he entered public life as a New York State investigator "with the suddenness of an eruption," journalists and the public alike were fascinated by the image of this striking new figure. Not only was he seemingly incorruptible and gifted with legendary intellectual powers, but he had an iconic beard which cartoonists and the press loved, and who turned it into a "national landmark."
This fascination with Hughes' image followed him throughout his career. By the time he became Chief Justice his beard was pure white, which led to superlatives such as then-Solicitor General Robert H. Jackson's statement that "...he looks like God and talks like God." This exhibit traces Hughes' public career through 22 photographs, prints and drawings from the Court's collection. Individually they explore facets of the public image, and collectively they demonstrate just how much that iconic image enchanted the photographers and cartoonists who depicted him.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. SCXHUG_150213_001.JPG: The Power of Image Charles Evans Hughes in Prints, Photographs and Drawings from the Supreme Court's Collection
2. SCXHUG_150213_005.JPG: "Central casting could not have produced a better image of a Chief Justice, and his presence matched his appearance." -- Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist Charles Evans Hughes (1862-1948) was one of the most accomplished public figures of the 20th century: public investigator, Governor of New York, Secretary of State, Judge on the Permanent Court of International Justice, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, and very nearly President of the United States. Today he is best remembered for his service as Chief Justice of the United States from 1930-1941. In 1905, Hughes entered public life as an investigator for the state of New York, bursting upon the world "with the suddenness of an eruption." Journalists and the public alike were fascinated by the image of this striking new figure, a seemingly incorruptible crusader with legendary intellectual powers. Fascination with him only grew as his career progressed, propelled by ever-greater superlatives. "With his great white beard," went a typical comment about him as Chief Justice, "... his appearance was Jovian. One expected him to hurl thunderbolts rather than to read opinions." And it was that iconic beard which made him instantly recognizable. He grew it in 1890, just as beards were going out of fashion, thus making it stand out even more. Always noted by columnists and writers, clearly prominent in photographs, and often highly exaggerated at the hands of cartoonists, his whiskers became a "national landmark" and the most important physical feature of his public image. Individually, the pieces in this exhibit explore various facets of that image. Collectively, they show how that image helped define him as a public figure. While his long and distinguished career was due to his intellectual abilities and hard work, his iconic image made an indelible impression which most certainly aided in his successes.
3. SCXHUG_150213_009.JPG: The Exhibition Begins Here and Continues Counter-Clockwise...
4. SCXHUG_150213_012.JPG: "At The Insurance Investigation," 1905 T.[homas] E. Powers for the Evening World, published September 22, 1905 In 1905, Charles Evans Hughes was a quiet, prosperous 43-year-old lawyer in New York City with no apparent political ambitions. That year, however, the state hired him as a lead investigator, first into New York City's gas utility companies and then of the major New York-based life insurance companies. Hughes' ability to quickly digest mountains of paperwork and his cool, relentless questioning helped him to expose corruption, political payoffs, and excessive profits in both industries, and by the end of the year these successes had made him a nationally-known figure. This cartoon is one of the earliest depictions of Hughes as a public figure, and shows him interrogating New York Life Insurance Vice President George W. Perkins during the insurance investigation. Although the interrogation involves both Perkins and Hughes, Perkins blends in with the simple figures around him. Hughes, meanwhile, has been fully defined with a shaded frock coat and dark shock of a beard, and thus stands out as the single most striking person in the room.
5. SCXHUG_150213_019.JPG: Charles Evans Hughes Gubernatorial Campaign Poster, 1906 The investigations of 1905 made Hughes a popular public figure who was widely seen as tough, smart and incorruptible. Urged on by President Theodore Roosevelt, among others, in 1906 Huges ran as the Republican candidate for Governor of New York against publishing magnate William Randolph Hearst. After a short but intense campaign, Hughes won by a comfortable margin. Near the end of the campaign, a frustrated Hearst complained about "that animated feather duster who is parading around the state..." which, naturally, directed public attention to Hughes' beard. Two days before the election, a Washington Herald columnist described it in detail:
  ... the most noticeable and striking feature of the Hughes make-up is the whiskers. They are auburn-colored, red some people might call them, and grow in a great untrimmed bunch, all over the broad, "skinny" face. [When] Mr. Hughes is talking... his big square jaw waggles, so to speak, and carries his mop of whiskers up and down and side-ways, and cross-wise, as rapidly as a sewing machine shuttle. The whiskers are everywhere at once... flitting lightly and bobbing about as if propelled by machinery.
  A single photograph of a serious-looking Hughes, taken by Pirie MacDonald, was used extensively for campaign publicity. It had also been frequently published during the gas and insurance inquiries, thus making it the first widely disseminated image of Hughes. Because of its broad availability it was also copied by others, such as John Farnum, whose cartoon depicts the new governor towering triumphantly over the State House in Albany.
6. SCXHUG_150213_028.JPG: Governor Charles Evans Hughes, 1907 by [John] Farnum for The [Albany, NY] Times-Union, published March 15, 1907
7. SCXHUG_150213_032.JPG: Governor Hughes During a Speech [Against Racetrack Gambling?], 1908 As a two-term governor of New York from 1906-1910, Hughes vigorously pursued a reformist agenda aimed at rooting out entrenched political corruption in the state's dominant Republican Party. One particularly contentious battle took place in 1908, when he fought the State Senate for passage of new legislation to banish racetrack gambling. Hughes gave multiple speeches on the issue, and weathered threats both on his life and that of his one-year-old daughter Elizabeth, but in the end successfully won passage of his legislation. These two photographs were taken at the same speech by photographers positioned near each other. While the top photograph was mounted for display as a straightforward document of the event, the bottom photograph comes from a newspaper where its values were clarified for publication by a staff artist -- note the added delineation to the folds of Hughes' coat, eyebrows, and beard. This anonymous artist then went further by painting out the people directly behind Hughes, so that the final result focuses on Hughes without distraction -- dynamic, graceful, and gesturing emphatically.
8. SCXHUG_150213_042.JPG: Charles Evans Hughes in Top Hat and Smiling, c 1906-1910 by unknown photographer When Justice David J. Brewer died in March 1910, President William Howard Taft's first choice to replace him was New York Governor Hughes, whose quick ascent from private life had begun just five years earlier. After agreeing to let Hughes stay on as governor until the following October, President Taft nominated him on April 25, 1910. A week later, the US Senate unanimously confirmed his appointment during a five-minute session. Floyd Triggs' cartoon was drawn just days before Hughes departed for Washington, at the close of the New York Republican State Convention in Saratoga. Triggs depicts an overjoyed Hughes getting the last laugh as governor after the platform endorsed by him, and not the one endorsed by the Party's entrenched bosses, won at the convention. Triggs' likely source was this press photograph of Governor Hughes, which clearly illustrates a reporter's observation that, after his whiskers, "... the most noticeable feature of Mr. Hughes' personality is his gleaming white teeth, which, when he is talking, show through his luxuriant mustache like beacon lights." The cartoon's caption refers to a wildly popular catchphrase of the day.
9. SCXHUG_150213_047.JPG: "Who's Looney Now?," 1910 by [Floyd Wilding] Triggs for The New York Press, published September 29, 1910
10. SCXHUG_150213_052.JPG: Associate Justice Charles Evans Hughes, 1910 by Barnett Clinedinst, Jr. When President Taft nominated Hughes to the Supreme Court in 1910, nearly four years of contentious state politics had left the hard-working governor exhausted. While both he and his political enemies were enthusiastic about his pending seat on the Court, Hughes' supporters were crushed. Not only were they losing a strong governor, but it also appeared to end his potential as a future presidential candidate. Shortly after Hughes joined the Court, he posed in his judicial robe for portrait photographers. Among them was Barnett Clinedinst, Jr., who was also known for combining multiple photographs into single photo-illustrations. Here, he combined his portrait of Hughes (top) with individual photographs of the other members of the Court to create a composite group portrait of the 1912 White Court (bottom). Hughes and the equally distinctive-looking Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. have been chosen as bookends for the composition, thus making Hughes taller and more prominent than most of his senior Brethren despite his having been on the Court less than two years.
11. SCXHUG_150213_055.JPG: Composite Photograph of the 1912 White Court, 1912 by Barnett Clinedinst
12. SCXHUG_150213_065.JPG: Republican Presidential Candidate Charles Evans Hughes, 1916 In 1916, there was mounting pressure on Justice Hughes to step down from the Supreme Court and run for president, since many Republicans thought only he could unite the party after a split four years earlier helped Democrat Woodrow Wilson to victory. On June 9, Hughes was officially nominated at the Party's convention. Although his choice was difficult, he ultimately accepted the nomination and submitted his resignation from the Court to President Wilson the next day. Wilson narrowly won a second term in a race so close that the day after the election some newspapers referred to Hughes as the President-elect. Ironically, Hughes' intelligence and efficiency also helped establish a reputation for being stiff, cold and unemotional, which led to labels such as a "bearded iceberg." Nonetheless, with typical vigor he became a tireless campaigner, making up to 20 speeches per day. For the press photographers covering these speeches, new cameras and films that were smaller and faster allowed them to get closer and better capture the spontaneous gestures and expressions of candidates. The pictures that resulted, like this one in which Hughes is seen in the middle of a speech, could visually suggest he was anything but a bearded iceberg.
13. SCXHUG_150213_071.JPG: Secretary of State Hughes Walking with Assistant Secretary of State Robert Woods Bliss and Undersecretary Henry Fletcher, 1921 After his narrow defeat in the 1916 presidential race, Hughes returned to a high-profile career in private practice, during which he argued 24 cases before his former colleagues on the Supreme Court. There was eager anticipation that he would be the Republican candidate again in 1920, and while he declined due to the recent death of his daughter, Helen, he did accept an offer from President-elect Warren G. Harding to become Secretary of State. Secretary Hughes' most important initiative was the Naval Disarmament Conference of 1921, called in order to end a potentially destabilizing naval buildup among the most powerful countries following World War I. On the opening day he stunned the nine participating nations with a dramatic proposal to stop the arms race, and then used all his skills in diplomacy and reason to ensure its eventual success. While the conference did not prevent World War II, it has been considered one of the most successful disarmament conferences of the 20th century, and a decade later was called by President Franklin D. Roosevelt "... a milestone in civilization." This photograph of Hughes walking down the street, followed by two top advisors, was taken during the conference. Hughes, who at that moment was dominating headlines around the world, is in front: tall, confident, and with all eyes on him, literally and figuratively.
14. SCXHUG_150213_077.JPG: Photoradiogram of Charles Evans Hughes, 1924 by Richard H. Ranger On July 6, 1924, the very first image ever to be sent wirelessly -- from New York to London and back again -- was this one of Hughes. The event was the initial test of an invention which could send images by radio from any place on the globe to another. Called a Photoradiogram by its inventor Richard H. Ranger, lead engineer at the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), it was a groundbreaking step in wireless technology and the development of today's visual internet culture. Why Ranger chose to send a photograph of Hughes for the maiden voyage of his new invention is unknown. However, at the time Hughes was not just Secretary of State but one of the most recognizable Americans in the world, and thus he may have appealed to Ranger as the perfect "virtual ambassador" for the transatlantic mission. This print was made four months later, when the same image of Hughes was used again during the first public demonstration of the new technology. It is perhaps the only surviving artifact from that demonstration.
15. SCXHUG_150213_084.JPG: "Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes -- 24 majority opinions; -- NO DISSENTS -- 1931-32 term," c 1932-33 by Al Hirschfeld On February 3, 1930, President Herbert Hoover nominated Charles Evans Hughes to succeed Chief Justice William Howard Taft. As Chief Justice from 1930-1941, he presided over the Court during a very turbulent period. His diplomatic skills helped him navigate a polarized Court through confrontations with President Franklin D. Roosevelt over his New Deal policies intended to move the country out of the Great Depression. These diplomatic skills are made manifest by the statistics for his first full Term as Chief Justice celebrated in this caricature by Al Hirschfeld, which is essentially a lyrical study of Hughes' whiskers. Hirschfeld's innate mastery of line is clearly expressed in this print, even with its full range of tones and rich textures. Beginning with the exaggerated eyebrows, he has joined them with the hair on the back of Hughes' head to create a single line that sweeps across his face, up over his temple, back down his left ear, and then catches the bottom of his mustache.
16. SCXHUG_150213_093.JPG: Impossible Interview No. 11: Al Capone vs Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, 1932 by Miguel Covarrubias Between 1932-1936, caricaturist Miguel Covarrubias provided images for a series of "Impossible Interviews" in Vanity Fair, each of which featured fictional conversations between two famous personalities of opposite character. Here, Hughes has been cast opposite "Public Enemy Number One" -- the notorious gangster Al Capone -- who had recently been arrested and sent to Alcatraz prison. A comparison of Hughes by Covarrubias and Hirschfeld might at first suggest more similarities than differences: in both he is seen in left profile with splayed eyebrows, goatee, and an especially exaggerated mustache. However, Covarrubias has turned his hair into regular, rhythmic stripes, given him simple curlicues for ears, and flattened the flesh of his face to nearly pure form. By contrast, Hirschfeld created a more natural face with flesh that is rounded and three-dimensional, and given him hair with individual fibers.
17. SCXHUG_150213_097.JPG: Impossible Interview No. 11: Al Capone vs Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes Hughes: I -- ah -- hope that this -- ah -- little rest will do your constitution some good. Capone: Well, you don't think a dirty trick like this will do America's Constitution any good, do you -- sending a big shot like me to the pen? Why, any guy can make a little mistake in his income tax figures. Hughes (frigidly): The Supreme Court sat in your case, Mr. -- ah -- Capone, and I can assure you that due process of law was not denied you. Capone: Now I'll tell one. Laws? Laws are for rich guys and lobbyists who take Congressmen for a ride. You wouldn't say that Prohibition was a good law, would you, Judge? Hughes: So long as it is on the statute books the Supreme Court must see that it is obeyed. Capone: Okay, chief. Every man to his racket... Say, that's an idea! How much does it cost to buy up the Supreme Court? Hughes (patiently): The Supreme Court is not for sale. Capone: Some guys don't get paid with money. Take me, for instance. What do I care for cash? Power. That's my racket. Hughes (thoughtfully): You talk more like the chief of a government than a convict.
18. SCXHUG_150213_102.JPG: Hughes in the Hands of the Master Caricaturists: In the early 1930s, Chief Justice Hughes was depicted by two particularly influential caricaturists, Miguel Covarrubias and Al Hirschfeld. The Mexican-born Covarrubias moved to New York in the 1920s and quickly established himself as a contributing cartoonist for magazines such as Vanity Fair and The New Yorker, while the St. Louis-born Hirschfeld's less direct path to caricature followed interests in painting and sculpture. The two shared studio space in New York, and their relationship had a decisive influence on Hirschfeld. By this time Covarrubias was famous and in high demand, while Hirschfeld was still establishing himself and developing the signature linear style that would, in time, make him perhaps the best known American caricaturist of the 20th century.
19. SCXHUG_150213_106.JPG: "The Inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt", 1933 by Miguel Covarrubias After Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in 1932, the editors of Vanity Fair assigned their best-known artist -- Covarrubias -- to create a special illustration to commemorate the upcoming inauguration. It depicts the moment at which Hughes, in his role as Chief Justice, swears in the new president by symbolically placing a laurel wreath on Roosevelt's head. The only reference to the Great Depression is "The Forgotten Man" wearing a sandwich board (far right). Although one would reasonably expect Roosevelt to be the focus here, instead it is Hughes who is the most prominent figure in this crowd. Not only is he the sole person to be depicted independently, but he is also the only active participant (not counting the angels above or the press documenting from below) in a sea of people who passively observe while he performs the ceremony. Perhaps this attention to Hughes was due to a lingering interest on the part of Covarrubias, who had featured him in "Impossible Interview No. 11" (on wall, above) just a few months earlier.
20. SCXHUG_150213_124.JPG: "The Supreme Bench", 1933 by Al Hirschfeld, published in Vanity Fair, November 1933
21. SCXHUG_150213_129.JPG: Preliminary Sketch for "The Supreme Bench", c 1932-33 by Al Hirschfeld
22. SCXHUG_150213_136.JPG: One day in 1932-1933, Al Hirschfeld visited the Supreme Court in session to make several sketches of the Justices on the Bench. These sketches were the genesis for a caricature of the full Court that would be published in Vanity Fair (above). Although Hughes is but one of nine equally exaggerated caricatures in the final version, there was something about him, in particular, that preoccupied Hirschfeld on the day he sketched the Court in session. While eight of the Justices in this sketch (left) are represented with light, quickly-drawn circles for heads, Hirschfeld sketches Hughes in greater detail and with a heavier hand. His boldly drawn whiskers are the only unique facial feature in the group, and as a result Hughes stands out from his Brethren. Hirschfeld's study of Hughes and his whiskers (on wall, above) is also his only known individual portrait of any of the Justices in this group.
23. SCXHUG_150213_142.JPG: Dance of the Supreme Court Justices in I'd Rather Be Right, 1938 by Al Hirschfeld
24. SCXHUG_150213_147.JPG: Dance of the Supreme Court Justices in I'd Rather Be Right, 1937
25. SCXHUG_150213_151.JPG: Hirschfeld returned to the subject of Hughes after the Chief Justice was featured prominently in the 1937 Broadway musical-comedy, I'd Rather Be Right. In the play, President Franklin D. Roosevelt tries to balance the budget but is thwarted by everyone from his own Cabinet to the Supreme Court. Interestingly, the Court appears as a monolithic pack of nine Charles Evans Hugheses rather than as nine individual Justices, a detail no doubt due to Hughes' recent role in preventing what is popularly known today as Roosevelt's Court-Packing Plan. Hirschfeld's drawing of the nine Hugheses gleefully dancing is not in the richly-textured style of "The Supreme Bench" but in the sinuous, linear style for which he would be best known, especially when it came to the stars of Broadway. A still photograph of the original production represents the same moment in the play, when the nine Chief Justices (and friends) sing a Rodgers & Hart song, "A Little Bit of Constitutional Fun."
26. SCXHUG_150213_154.JPG: Roosevelt's Court-Packing Plan of 1937: When Roosevelt became president in 1933, he immediately confronted the overwhelming challenge of the Great Depression with a series of economic reforms known collectively as the New Deal. However, a divided Supreme Court soon struck down several important New Deal programs that crippled Roosevelt's efforts. After he was reelected in 1936, a frustrated Roosevelt fought back. In February 1937, he boldly proposed appointing as many as six new (presumably more friendly) Justices to the Court. Key among Roosevelt's reasons was that the Court was behind in its work, but Hughes deftly demonstrated that was not the case. Roosevelt's proposal, now popularly known as the Court-Packing Plan, was ultimately unsuccessful.
27. SCXHUG_150213_166.JPG: Retired Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes and Mrs. Antoinette Hughes Walking Near Their Home, c 1945 by Henry Gichner Charles Evans Hughes was a walker by nature, and invariably walked one mile each morning with timing so precise that his neighbors could set their blocks based on when he passed by. Likewise, amateur photographer Henry Gichner invariably had a camera with him everywhere he went. And it was in the capacities -- inveterate walker and alert amateur photographer -- that their paths spontaneously crossed on day as Gichner drove past Hughes, who was out walking along Massachusetts Avenue with his wife, Antoinette. The photographer stopped and asked, "Mr. Chief Justice, may I take your picture?" to which Hughes agreed. It is no surprise that Gichner recognized Hughes on the spot. "Sightseeing visitors," a journalist had recently observed, "usually seek identification of the other justices, but they all... recognize instantly the Chief Justice. His beard -- the best known one in public life -- sets him off from the other jurists."
28. SCXHUG_150213_172.JPG: Retired Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, 1944 by Yousuf Karsh
  When Charles Evans Hughes retired as Chief Justice... [on] July 1, 1941, leaders of the nation vied paying tribute to one of the most remarkable figures to cross the American stage of public life since Lincoln. Superlatives were exhausted and figures of speech tried valiantly to dramatize his exit. But it remained for Thomas E. Waggaman, Marshal of the Court, to enunciate this gem: "God must have gotten His formulas mixed, for he gave the Chief more intellect than any mortal was supposed to have."
  -- Judge Frank A. Picard, US District Court, Eastern District of Michigan By the time he became Chief Justice, Hughes' beard had turned pure white. For many, this was the final touch to his becoming Olympian, Jovian, and God-like -- "a prophet ready to thunder forth the decree of justice" who resembled "a Victorian child's image of Almighty God." Undoubtedly the most famous of the many analogies in this vein was made in 1938 by then-Solicitor General Robert H. Jackson, who simply said Hughes "... looks like God and talks like God." A late portrait by the master portrait photographer Yousuf Karsh clearly reinforces this image. Indeed, a viewer could easily mistake it for being of a religious rather than a judicial figure, with its leaded glass window and spotlight shining on Hughes' face from above -- that is, if it weren't for the judicial robe.
29. SCXHUG_150213_182.JPG: The guide said that this envelope was sent to Hughes as is. The picture and city alone got it to him. She didn't know who had actually sent it though.
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