BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Natl Air and Space Museum -- Temporary Exhibit: Art of the Airport Tower (in Gallery 104)

DC -- Natl Air and Space Museum -- Temporary Exhibit: Art of the Airport Tower (in Gallery 104):

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Description of Pictures: Art of the Airport Tower
November 11, 2015 – November 2016
Art of the Airport Tower explores contemporary and historic air traffic control towers in the United States and around the world. This exhibition brings a heightened awareness to the simple beauty of these architectural structures and a call for their preservation. With a collection of 50 original fine art photographs, Smithsonian photographer Carolyn Russo elevates airport towers to beautiful objects of art, and symbols of technological change and cultural expression within the airport landscape.
It includes such historic towers as the Ford Island Tower, which stood on the day of the Pearl Harbor attack, as well as towers at today’s heavily trafficked airports, such as London’s Heathrow Airport. Several of the world’s tallest towers, one of which is the Suvarnabhumi Airport in Bangkok, Thailand, are also highlighted. Captions will describe the airports and the towers’ significance. An introduction by F. Robert van der Linden tells the history of airport towers to contextualize Russo’s work.
Related book: Art of the Airport Tower (2015)
Art of the Airport Tower has been generously sponsored by the National Air Traffic Controllers Association (NATCA), Air Traffic Control Association (ATCA), Harris Corporation, Rockwell Collins, Saab, and Thales, with in-kind support from Epson America, Inc., and Manfrotto.

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. SIAIAT_151118_007.JPG: Art of the Airport Tower Photographs by Carolyn Russo Open through November 2016 Art of the Airport Tower takes you on a photographic journey to airports in the United States and around the globe. Smithsonian photographer Carolyn Russo explores the varied forms and functions of air traffic control towers throughout aviation history and interprets them as monumental abstractions, symbols of cultural expression, and testimonies of technological change. These 50 images bring a heightened awareness to the simple beauty of the airport tower and a call for their preservation in the airport landscape.
2. SIAIAT_151118_027.JPG: Air Traffic Controllers: Air traffic controllers throughout the world guide about 100,000 commercial flights and tens of thousands of other types of aircraft each day, ensuring the safe transport of millions of passengers. As the lifeguards of the sky, air traffic controllers in airport towers and at radar scopes away from the towers work rapidly and efficiently, while maintaining total concentration. As photographer Carolyn Russo captured the art of these towers, the air traffic controllers inside them were also creating a dynamic work of art. There are particular patterns, movements, and styles to the air traffic control profession. As a painter brushers the canvas in seamless strokes, air traffic controllers around the world seamlessly guide aircraft through the sky, creating a live work of art flowing 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Their primary responsibilities are to safely guide and separate aircraft, but they also must direct them efficiently. They manage the flow of aircraft into and out of airport airspace, guide pilots during takeoff and landing and even on the ground, and monitor aircraft as they travel through the skies. This exhibition shows the evolution of air traffic control tower, from making the control environment fit around a basic cab structure to designing the cab around the functional needs of the controller. Not only do the architectural styles evolve, but the function of the tower also evolves with each model. Tower design improvements have allowed air traffic controllers to see more of the airport, ensuring a higher level of safety. Air traffic controllers around the globe have an unrivaled passion for ensuring safety and meeting any challenge as part of a shared pact: working in a profession that demands the highest standards and no mistakes. Their workplace is their sanctuary, and the tower is that sacred monolith at the airport, a beacon; proof that no matter where you're going, they will guide you there safely.
3. SIAIAT_151118_032.JPG: Birmingham Airport, United Kingdom (BHX/EGBB) The Birmingham Airport (formerly Elmdon Airport) opened on July 8, 1939. It served as a flight school and test center during World War II. Today the airport serves over nine million people a year with just a single runway. Its new control tower, which replaced Elmdon Airport's original one in 2012, stands 33 meters (108 feet) high. The cab, the tower section where the controllers work, has heated windows to evaporate water for better visibility.
4. SIAIAT_151118_038.JPG: EDI, EGPH, AFW, KAFW, EDW, KEDW ... What Do These Letters Mean? Airports are identified by two codes: * A three-letter International Air Transport Association (IATA) airport code. IATA codes are airport location identifiers for reservations, tickets, nd baggage handling. * A four-letter International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) code. ICAO codes are used for air traffic control and flight planning. An airport code is usually derived from the airport or city name or the original name of the airport. The US Navy reserves all codes starting with "N" in the United States. So Liberty International Airport in Newark, New Jersey, for example -- EWR -- is derived from nEWaRk.
5. SIAIAT_151118_041.JPG: Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, Virginia, United States (DCA/KDCA) In 1938, President Franklin Roosevelt chose Gravelly Point on the Potomac River as the site of a new airport for the nation's capital. Washington National Airport opened in June 1941. In 1997 a new tower was built in a post-modernist style. Designed by C�sar Pelli and Associates, it stands 61 meters (201 feet) tall. It originally had a white dome on top that housed ground-radar equipment. However, buildings in nearby Crystal City, Virginia, caused a radar echo, or "ghost," so the dome was moved to a ground location on the airfield. Congress renamed DCA "Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport" in 1998.
6. SIAIAT_151118_048.JPG: VIE/LOWW Vienna International Airport Austria
7. SIAIAT_151118_053.JPG: Dubai World Central-Al Maktoum International Airport, United Arab Emirates (DWC/OMDW) Dubai World Central Airport, also known as Al Maktoum International Airport, is the world's first purpose-built aerotropolis�€"a new form of urban planning that places the airport at the center. The control tower, commissioned in 2010, stands 91 meters (299 feet) tall. A second tower, 300 meters (394 feet) tall, is also planned. The "flower" design concept is a minimal square "stem" flanked by four curved "petals." The petals fan out at the tower base to provide stability, and the "bloom" at the top supports the double-level control cab. Luminous gold-tinted glazing adorns the tower.
8. SIAIAT_151118_059.JPG: JFK / KJFK John F. Kennedy International Airport New York, United States
9. SIAIAT_151118_075.JPG: United Arab Emirates (AUH/OMAA) This is the only tower in the world that takes the form of a crescent. At 109 meters (358 feet) tall, it stands between parallel runways. The crescent design stems from the area's maritime heritage. It represents the sail of a dhow boat, a cultural icon and welcoming symbol to visitors. Abu Dhabi International Airport opened in 1968 on an island just off the Arabian Peninsula. A new airport opened on the mainland in 1982. Some 126 million passengers have traversed its halls.
10. SIAIAT_151118_083.JPG: Abu Dhabi International Airport, United Arab Emirates (AUH/OMAA) Designed by the French architecture firm ADPI, this tower was completed in 2011 after only 629 days of work. At the peak of construction, 1,200 workers were on site 24 hours a day. More than 70 kilometers (44 miles) of cabling run up the central column, sandwiched between high-speed elevators that ascend to the 20th story in 55 seconds. The east and west facades are covered by ethylene tetrafluoroethylene panels, a transparent polymer material. They allow for interior sunlight during the day and provide a glowing effect at night.
11. SIAIAT_151118_089.JPG: Oslo Airport, Norway (OSL/ENGM) Gardermoen is one of Norway's oldest airports. It served as a flight training center and an alternative to the Fornebu airport near Oslo. It was redeveloped and reopened in 1998 as Oslo's primary airport. Gudmund Stokke designed the metal, wood, and glass terminal. Displayed throughout the airport is art representing Norway's creative diversity. Carin Wessel used 30,000 meters (98,425 feet) of thread to create the impression of clouds and webs. Sidsel Westbo etched the glass walls with "sound showers" that make soothing sounds when passengers walk underneath them. Aviaplan won the design competition for the 92-meter (302-foot) control tower.
12. SIAIAT_151118_097.JPG: OUL / EFOU Oulu Airport Finland
13. SIAIAT_151118_101.JPG: Stockholm-Arlanda Airport, Sweden (ARN/ESSA) The Stockholm-Arlanda Airport control tower is probably one of the first to double as a wedding location, where couples can pay for a marriage ceremony. Designed by Gert Wing�rdh, the 83-meter (272-foot) tower was completed in 2001. There are two control cabs, perched like birds atop the shaft. They symbolize Hugin and Minun, two ravens from Nordic mythology, who were sent out to watch over the world. On the black and white bands, Finnish artist Silja Rantanen superimposed 2,500 words from Antoine de Saint-Exup�ry's classic 1929 aviation book Southern Mail.
14. SIAIAT_151118_106.JPG: LHR / EGLL London Heathrow Airport United Kingdom
15. SIAIAT_151118_110.JPG: ORY / LFPO Paris-Orly Airport France
16. SIAIAT_151118_115.JPG: Edinburgh Airport, Scotland, United Kingdom (EDI/EGPH) Originally a military airport, Edinburgh Airport opened to commercial aviation in 1977. It is now Scotland's second largest airport after Glasgow. Edinburgh's new control tower took 15 months to complete and opened in 2005. It stands 57 meters (187 feet) high, which equals 12 double-decker buses stacked on top of one another. The exterior's crisscrossed, double-helix pattern is not just for aesthetics. It also functions as a system of drainage channels. The 9,216 zinc tiles were hand-installed and have aged naturally in the outside environment, reducing the need for maintenance.
17. SIAIAT_151118_119.JPG: Fort Worth Alliance Airport, Texas, United States (AFW/KAFW) "Alliance" refers to the public-private partnership of the three entities responsible for designing and developing Fort Worth Airport: the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the city of Fort Worth, and Ross Perot Jr.'s company, Hillwood. It is the world's first 100 percent industrial airport -- used for civil and military cargo, commercial, corporate, and other noncommercial flights. Situated on 485 hectares (1,198 acres), the airport's runway can accommodate the world's largest cargo planes. Albert Halff Associates designed the control tower, which was built in 1992. The cone-shaped feature, reminiscent of a bird's beak, hides the tower's microwave signal relay equipment.
18. SIAIAT_151118_124.JPG: Edwards Air Force Base, California, United States (EDW/KEDW) Rogers Dry Lake in California's Mojave Desert served as the Muroc Bombing and Gunnery Range in the 1930s. During World War II, the site became a training base. Later, new and top-secret aircraft were tested here. Edwards Air Force Base is home to many aviation "firsts" and countless records, and it served as a landing site for the space shuttle. The airport tower has two High Rise Escape Systems (HRES) for air traffic controllers in the event of an emergency. Each HRES consists of a harness shaped like an over-sized pantsuit, and a descent device that lowers the evacuee safely to the ground.
19. SIAIAT_151118_130.JPG: Historic Towers Early air traffic controllers directed aircraft on the ground with a flag system. A black and white checkered flag signaled a plane to "go" and a red flag to "hold." The flags were eventually replaced by "light guns," which flashed different colored lights to planes. United Kingdom's Croydon Airport, outside of London, was one of the first airports to use an aircraft's radio transmission as a way to fix its position. A safety requirements improved, new towers with higher vantage points were incorporated into terminal buildings or built as separate structures. The first tower in the United States, at Cleveland Airport, no longer exists. Other continue to survive, and the most fortunate have been renovated. A recent candidate for preservation was the tower on Ford Island in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and the Washington Dulles airport tower designed by Eero Saarinen. Other towers were not so lucky. The LaGuardia Airport tower in New York City was partly destroyed. The top was lopped off because it obstructed the view of the newer tower, and its artistic architectural integrity was changed forever. The Wittman Regional Airport tower in Wisconsin was demolished. Some towers have been repurposed. The Wichita Municipal Airport in Kansas is now the Kansas Aviation Museum, and the Torslanda, Sweden, tower serves as a cafe. Even though some towers are listed on historic registry records, they still require maintenance and funds to preserve them. These and other older towers provide a glimpse into earlier aviation eras. the artist captured these relics of the past in their natural state, rather than as architectural abstractions. Collectively they give perspective to the changing technology, design, and architecture of the airport tower.
20. SIAIAT_151118_132.JPG: Wichita Municipal Airport-Kansas Aviation Museum Kansas, United States
21. SIAIAT_151118_137.JPG: Croydon Airport United Kingdom
22. SIAIAT_151118_141.JPG: Floyd Bennett Field New York, United States Old Port Columbus Airport Ohio, United States
23. SIAIAT_151118_148.JPG: Cincinnati Municipal Airport-Lunken Field Ohio, United States
24. SIAIAT_151118_155.JPG: Ford Island, Pearl Harbor Hawaii, United States
25. SIAIAT_151118_166.JPG: Paris-Le Bourget Airport France
26. SIAIAT_151118_169.JPG: Washington Dulles International Airport Virginia, United States
27. SIAIAT_151118_177.JPG: Abu Dhabi International Airport United Arab Emirates
28. SIAIAT_151118_183.JPG: East Fortune Field Scotland
29. SIAIAT_151118_191.JPG: Kingman Airport Arizona, United States
30. SIAIAT_151118_195.JPG: Tirslanda Airport Sweden
31. SIAIAT_151118_199.JPG: Turnhouse-Edinburgh Airport Scotland, United Kingdom
32. SIAIAT_151118_205.JPG: Barcelona El-Prat Airport, Spain 1965 Barcelona's first airport, an airfield at El Remolar, opened in 1916. It relocated in 1918 to El-Prat. Initially used by the Aeroclub of Catalonia, it also became the base for the Spanish navy's fleet of airships. Barcelona El-Prat began commercial air service in 1927 and is now the second largest airport in Spain, after Madrid. It has undergone several transformations over the years. Two of its three towers are no longer in service. Designed by Eduardo Aguirre, this one from 1965 stands 15 meters (50 feet) tall.
33. SIAIAT_151118_214.JPG: Wittman Tower Demolition The demolition of the Wittman tower in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, was a bittersweet moment, with the local townspeople present to say goodbye. A new tower was built with the height and newer technology to accommodate the changing airport environment and the thousands of visitors at the Experimental Aircraft Association's annual EEA AirVenture Oshkosh. During that one week each August, Wittman Regional Airport is the busiest airport in the world. The older tower was a significant fixture, part of the airport history to pilots and visitors alive, and in the hearts of those living in the surrounding community. It served a [sic] central meeting place and became a backdrop in photo albums that preserved airport memories. For one married couple, the old Wittman tower was the site of their first date. Should the tower have been preserved? This is an issue all historic airport towers will face.
34. SIAIAT_151118_216.JPG: Lemnos (Limnos) Hephaestus Airport Greece
35. SIAIAT_151118_219.JPG: Whitman Regional Airport Wisconsin, United States
36. SIAIAT_151118_226.JPG: PHX / KPHX Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Arizona, United States
37. SIAIAT_151118_232.JPG: LAX / KLAX Los Angeles International Airport California, United States
38. SIAIAT_151118_237.JPG: SIX / WSSS Changi Airport Singapore
39. SIAIAT_151118_241.JPG: BKK / VTBS Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi Airport Thailand
40. SIAIAT_151118_247.JPG: Dubai International, United Arab Emirates (DXB/OMDB) Dubai's airport began with a terminal, fire station, and single runway of compacted sand. It has steadily grown to emerge as one of the world's major airports. It now has two CAT III B instrument landing systems for low visibility conditions and runways large enough to handle the Airbus A380, the world's largest airliner. The 87-meter (285-foot) airport traffic control tower, with its buttressed center column and arched wings, resembles a futuristic avian sculpture. A multilevel control center crowns the tower, with Dubai Air Navigation Services operating from its perch.
41. SIAIAT_151118_260.JPG: KUL / WMKK Kuala Lampus International Airport Malaysia
42. SIAIAT_151118_263.JPG: KUL / WMKK Kuala Lumpus International Airport Malaysia
43. SIAIAT_151118_269.JPG: HGH / ZSHC Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport China
44. SIAIAT_151118_274.JPG: SYD / YSSY Sydney (Kingsford Smith) Airport Australia
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2015 photos: Equipment this year: I mostly used my Fuji XS-1 camera but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000. I retired from the US Census Bureau in god-forsaken Suitland, Maryland on my 58th birthday in May. Yee ha! Trips this year: a quick trip to Florida. two Civil War Trust conferences (Raleigh, NC and Richmond, VA), and my 10th consecutive San Diego Comic-Con trip (including Los Angeles). Ego Strokes: Carolyn Cerbin used a Kevin Costner photo in her USA Today article. Miss DC pictures were used a few times in the Washington Post. Number of photos taken this year: just over 550,000.
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