BGuthrie Photos: DC -- U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum -- Permanent: (6) The Camps

DC -- U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum -- Permanent: (6) The Camps:

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. HOLOP6_150405_025.JPG: Railroads of Death
2. HOLOP6_150405_034.JPG: Railcar
3. HOLOP6_150405_065.JPG: Who Shall Live and Who Shall Die
4. HOLOP6_150405_072.JPG: Who Shall Live and Who Shall Die
5. HOLOP6_150405_077.JPG: The Ramp
6. HOLOP6_150405_080.JPG: At the moment of arrival, new prisoners had no idea of what awaited them. Their first encounter was with SS men shouting orders. At Auschwitz-Birkenau in late May 1944, an SS camp staff member, probably SS Sergeant Ernst Hoffman, photographed these new arrivals, Jews deported from Hungary. May 31?, 1944.
7. HOLOP6_150405_089.JPG: At the arrival ramp in Auschwitz, an SS officer (foreground) decides who shall live and who shall die. Men and women are in separate lines. Those judged incapable of work are sent toward the gas-chamber building, at the left of the guard tower. Able-bodied Jews are sent into the camp for slave labor. May 31?. 1944.
8. HOLOP6_150405_104.JPG: Prisoners of the Camps
9. HOLOP6_150405_107.JPG: Prisoners of the Camps
10. HOLOP6_150405_115.JPG: Homosexuals Political Prisoners and Jehovah's Witnesses
11. HOLOP6_150405_117.JPG: Roma (Gypsies)
12. HOLOP6_150405_118.JPG: This map, drawn shortly after the war ended in 1945, shows the locations of Gestapo prisoners, death camps, and concentration camps with their satellite camps. During the war, the number of Nazi camps expanded into the thousands, and at its peak the camp system contained over 700,000 prisoners.
13. HOLOP6_150405_159.JPG: Prisoner Badges in Nazi Concentration Camps
14. HOLOP6_150405_163.JPG: Prisoner Photographs
15. HOLOP6_150405_170.JPG: The SS issued this badge to Eva Szege, one of 323 Hungarian Jewish women who were imprisoned in the Lenzing concentration camp.
16. HOLOP6_150405_174.JPG: In some Nazi concentration camps, inmates were forced to carry metal identification tags marked with their prisoner numbers. This bracelet with the number 70766 was worn by Antal Pal, a prisoner in Melk, a subcamp of the Mauthausen concentration camp.
17. HOLOP6_150405_183.JPG: All incoming prisoners in the Nazi concentration camp system were assigned numbers and triangles. This red triangle from Dachau identified the inmate as a political prisoner.
18. HOLOP6_150405_199.JPG: "Arbeit Macht Frei"
19. HOLOP6_150405_209.JPG: Several hundred Auschwitz inmates were assigned to unload and sort the belongings that deportees brought with them. These inmates are unloading the suitcases and duffel bags of Hungarian Jews, most of whom were gassed immediately after their arrival.
20. HOLOP6_150405_214.JPG: Victims' Belongings
21. HOLOP6_150405_236.JPG: The SS seized Jewish religious objects, such as tallitot (prayer shawls) from incoming prisoners. Alexander Kuchel secretly kept these tefillin, phylacteries worn during daily prayers, and a tallit katan, a fringed religious garment, while an inmate.
22. HOLOP6_150405_242.JPG: This suitcase originally belonged to Pauline Eisenhardt, who was deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto, where she died soon afterwards. The luggage then ended up at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp and was given to the Freudenthal family to travel to Palestine in exchange for German prisoners.
23. HOLOP6_150405_265.JPG: Hannah Waldner took her husband's gold pocket watch with her when she was deported to a Nazi labor camp. At the munitions factory, where she worked, Hannah bribed the plant manager with the watch to obtain a little extra food. After the war, the reclaimed her husband's timepiece.
24. HOLOP6_150405_273.JPG: Victims' Belongings
25. HOLOP6_150405_281.JPG: This group of Jewish men, women, and children from Hungary was photographed a short distance from the gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau killing center. Unaware of their fate, they were sent to their deaths soon afterward. 1944.
26. HOLOP6_150405_290.JPG: The Concentration Camp Universe
27. HOLOP6_150405_294.JPG: The Concentration Camp Universe
28. HOLOP6_150405_305.JPG: Treblinka Path
29. HOLOP6_150405_319.JPG: Auschwitz Barracks
30. HOLOP6_150405_341.JPG: Bunks
31. HOLOP6_150405_353.JPG: Life and Death in Nazi Camps
32. HOLOP6_150405_358.JPG: In December 1943, the Grunwald family was deported to the Auschwitz-Birkenau killing center. On July 11, 1944, Vilma (shown here with her sons John and Misa) wrote this final letter to her husband Kurt (above, with Vilma). That day, she and John were sent to the gas chambers.
33. HOLOP6_150405_368.JPG: Eating utensils were prized possessions for inmates in Nazi concentration camps. Some succeeded in smuggling in spoons, while others had to buy them on the camp's black market by exchanging significant portions of their meager food rations with prisoners who had access to the warehouse filled with prisoner belongings.
34. HOLOP6_150405_385.JPG: Clandestine photograph taken of Maria Kusmierczuk, a Polish prisoner at the Ravensbruck concentration camp, showing the damage to her leg caused by SS medical experiments using antibiotic drugs. The wound never healed and she remained permanently crippled.
35. HOLOP6_150405_395.JPG: Medical Experiments in the Camp
36. HOLOP6_150405_409.JPG: The labor of large numbers of concentration camp prisoners helped to support the German war effort. These inmates of the Neuengamme camp are building a bombproof hangar for submarines. Bremen, Germany, 1944.
37. HOLOP6_150405_415.JPG: As Germany's military situation worsened, concentration camp inmates were increasingly assigned to make weapons. An SS-owned munitions plant used inmates of the Dachau concentration camp to assemble rifles. 1943-1944.
38. HOLOP6_150405_435.JPG: The SS exploited concentration camp prisoners in a variety of economic enterprises. These figures were produced in an SS-owned factory in Allach, where several dozen Dachau and Buchenwald prisoners manufactured porcelain objects.
39. HOLOP6_150405_452.JPG: In 1944-1945, the SS erected hundreds of concentration camps for prisoners forced to work in the German armaments industry. This secret SS production chart indicates the code names of more than a dozen camps, where almost 11,000 civilians and prisoners worked in underground factories.
40. HOLOP6_150405_460.JPG: In the final years of the war, Nazi Germany forced concentration camp prisoners to work in underground factories to produce aircraft, rockets, and munitions. Inmates at the Dora-Mittelbau camp, laboring under brutal conditions, used blow torches such as these (above) to build V-2 rockets.
41. HOLOP6_150405_466.JPG: Slave Labor
42. HOLOP6_150405_470.JPG: Slave Labor
43. HOLOP6_150405_475.JPG: Prisoners tried to avoid construction work because it was physically exhausting and was done outdoors, with no protection from wind, rain, or snow. After the SS officer's visit, these Mauthausen prisoners returned to pulling cartloads of earth. 1941-1944.
44. HOLOP6_150405_479.JPG: Of all the kinds of concentration camp labor, quarry work was among the most punishing. These prisoners at Flossenburg camp, in Germany, had to cut and haul stones in all kinds of weather.
45. HOLOP6_150405_488.JPG: "Staircase of Death"
46. HOLOP6_150405_497.JPG: These starved Soviet prisoners of war were worked to exhaustion at Melk, a subcamp of Mauthausen, digging tunnels for underground war production factories. They were photographed at Mauthausen on September 21, 1944. Unable to work any longer, they were killed there on September 25 and 26.
47. HOLOP6_150405_505.JPG: More than 1,500 inmates of the Neuengamme concentration camp had to dig a canal leading from the Elbe River to a brickyard near the camp. For two years, the "Elbe brigade" excavated the wet earth, until the canal was completed. Hamburg, Germany, 1941-1942.
48. HOLOP6_150405_511.JPG: Female prisoners were required to perform every kind of slave labor in concentration camps. The Ravensbruck camp, located in a wooded area north of Berlin, housed only women.
49. HOLOP6_150405_517.JPG: At Auschwitz-Birkenau, this prisoner brigade deepened the ditch separating barracks from the railroad spur that led into the camp. 1942-1943.
50. HOLOP6_150405_523.JPG: Richard Grune, a Bauhaus-trained artist, was imprisoned for 8 years in Nazi concentration camps because he was a homosexual. In late April 1945, he escaped from the evacuation of the Flossenburg camp and soon afterwards began depicting the prisoners' experiences and SS brutalities.
51. HOLOP6_150405_531.JPG: Approximately half of the Birkenau camp is visible in this photograph, taken after liberation from the watchtower over the camp's main entrance. At the lower right is the railway platform where incoming Jewish prisoners were selected for slave labor or for immediate gassing. February 1945.
52. HOLOP6_150405_537.JPG: In The Camps
53. HOLOP6_150405_541.JPG: In The Camps
54. HOLOP6_150405_544.JPG: Humiliation and degradation were key elements of SS rule in the concentration camps. Following their selection for forced labor at Auschwitz-Birkenau, these Hungarian Jewish women had their hair shorn and were given camp uniforms. May-June 1944.
55. HOLOP6_150405_548.JPG: The SS carried out brutal punishments in the camps every day. Here, two guards beat a prisoner in front of his fellow inmates at Poniatowa, a subcamp of the Majdanek concentration camp.
56. HOLOP6_150405_562.JPG: In 1945, some 350 US prisoners of war and 3,300 concentration camp prisoners were forced to work at Berga, a Buchenwald subcamp. Hundreds of camp inmates and about 73 Americans died as a result. At war's end, the survivors were nursed back to health.
57. HOLOP6_150405_579.JPG: These dog tags belonged to Norman Fellman, one of the captured Jewish American soldiers imprisoned at Berga. When he was liberated by US troops in late April 1945, he weighed only 86 pounds.
58. HOLOP6_150405_592.JPG: SS guards frequently carried out collective reprisals against the prisoner population for the infractions of a single individual. Beatings, punitive exercises, and executions were commonplace. These 20 Buchenwald prisoners weer hanged for the killing of a single German policeman.
59. HOLOP6_150405_601.JPG: Why Auschwitz Was Not Bombed
60. HOLOP6_150405_605.JPG: Why Auschwitz Was Not Bombed
61. HOLOP6_150405_633.JPG: In this letter, Assistant Secretary of War John J. McCloy rejected a request forwarded by the World Jewish Congress to bomb the Auschwitz gas chambers.
62. HOLOP6_150405_653.JPG: This May 31, 1944, Allied aerial photograph of Auschwitz-Birkenau shows railcars inside the camp. That day, two trains with Jews from Hungary arrived and the large-scale gassing of these Jews had already begun. The four Birkenau crematoria are visible at the top of the photograph.
63. HOLOP6_150405_669.JPG: Names of Victims: The names etched on these glass panels represent Jewish victims of the Nazi Holocaust -- those who survived, as well as those who perished.
64. HOLOP6_150405_686.JPG: We are the shoes, we are the last witnesses, We are shoes from grandchildren and grandfathers from Prague, Paris, and Amsterdam, and because we are only made of fabric and leather and not of blood and flesh, each one of us avoided the hellfire. -- Yiddish poet, Moses Schulstein (1911-1981)
65. HOLOP6_150405_698.JPG: Shoes
66. HOLOP6_150405_723.JPG: Tattoos
67. HOLOP6_150405_730.JPG: Many Soviet prisoners of war had numbers tattoed on their chest, not their forearm. This is one of the few pre-liberation photographs showing such tattoos. It was taken on September 21, 1944, the day when these prisoners were transferred to the Mauthausen camp. They were killed there of September 25 and 26.
68. HOLOP6_150405_741.JPG: All of the 131,000 women selected for slave labor at Auschwitz had their hair shorn on arrival, among them this group of Hungarian Jewish women. Men are shorn as well. In some killing centers, victims' hair was cut prior to gassing; in others, afterward. May 1944.
69. HOLOP6_150405_748.JPG: The State Museum of Auschwitz in Poland exhibits hair from about 40,000 deportees. The hair in this photograph represents a minuscule fraction of the total amount shorn from concentration camp prisoners and genocide victims.
70. HOLOP6_150405_753.JPG: The hair shorn from arrivals at Nazi camps and killing centers was sold very cheaply to private firms, which used it to make felt slippers, bumpers for boats, and stuffing for mattresses. At liberation, Soviet troops found about 15,000 pounds of human hair at Auschwitz, in bales averaging 40 pounds in weight. 1945.
71. HOLOP6_150405_779.JPG: Consequence, 1993 by Sol LeWitt
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