BGuthrie Photos: DC -- U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum -- Permanent: (1) Beginnings

DC -- U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum -- Permanent: (1) Beginnings:

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. HOLOP1_150405_024.JPG: The things I saw beggar description... The visual evidence and the verbal testimony of starvation, cruelty and bestiality were... overpowering... I made the visit deliberately in order to be in a position to give first-hand evidence of these things if ever, in the future, there develops a tendency to charge these allegations merely to "propaganda." -- General Dwight D. Eisenhower, April 15, 1945
2. HOLOP1_150405_029.JPG: Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, and George Patton view the corpses of concentration camp prisoners. Ohrdruf, Germany, April 12, 1945.
3. HOLOP1_150405_035.JPG: The Victims: The Nazi state persecuted millions of people, robbing them of their possessions, forcing them from their homes, and confining them in prisons and camps. These uniforms were worn by prisoners at the Majdanek concentration camp.
4. HOLOP1_150405_043.JPG: Before the Holocaust
5. HOLOP1_150405_066.JPG: Jewish Population in Europe and North Africa, c 1933
6. HOLOP1_150405_073.JPG: Takeover of Power, 1933
7. HOLOP1_150405_081.JPG: Takeover of Power, 1933
8. HOLOP1_150405_084.JPG: Many German college students enthusiastically supported the Nazi regime. This May 8, 1933, Bavarian student newspaper announces a "National Revolution" on torchlight procession and book burning on May 10.
9. HOLOP1_150405_121.JPG: The Terror Begins
10. HOLOP1_150405_124.JPG: The Terror Begins
11. HOLOP1_150405_127.JPG: Political violence became official when members of the SA and the SS were drafted as auxiliary police. Here, an SS man accompanies a policeman. Berlin, March 5, 1933.
12. HOLOP1_150405_137.JPG: The Nazis also directed their terror against high public officials. In Chemnitz, storm troopers arrested the former Prime Minister of the state of Oldenburg, March 9, 1933.
13. HOLOP1_150405_143.JPG: Hitler used the Reichstag fire as justification for declaring a state of emergency. Soon afterward, political parties other than the NSDAP were outlawed or forced to dissolve. Berlin, February 27, 1933.
14. HOLOP1_150405_149.JPG: As the government increased its control over citizens, random searches on the streets became common. Berlin, 1933.
15. HOLOP1_150405_153.JPG: The regular police generally cooperated in the Nazi roundups of political opponents. Berlin, 1933.
16. HOLOP1_150405_163.JPG: In 1933 and 1934, the SA established dozens of temporary ("wild") concentration camps throughout Germany. These Communists were imprisoned in Oranienburg, a camp near Berlin. March 6, 1933.
17. HOLOP1_150405_173.JPG: During the crackdown on political opponents, German fails such as this were filled with Communists and Social Democrats. April 10, 1933.
18. HOLOP1_150405_192.JPG: Boycott
19. HOLOP1_150405_193.JPG: Most Germans who tried to enter Jewish-owned shops on April 1, 1933, encountered Nazi storm troopers in uniforms such as this. The abbreviation "SA" stood for Sturmabteilung, or "storm detachment."
20. HOLOP1_150405_201.JPG: Boycott
21. HOLOP1_150405_204.JPG: In Berlin, SA men picket the offices of a Jewish manufacturer of linens and children's clothing. April 1, 1933.
22. HOLOP1_150405_209.JPG: In Munich, an SA man stands at the entry to offices of Jewish attorneys. April 1, 1933.
23. HOLOP1_150405_213.JPG: Storm troopers blocked entry into Woolworth department stores, which the Nazis believed were owned by American Jews. Berlin, April 1, 1933.
24. HOLOP1_150405_221.JPG: Berlin. April 1, 1933.
25. HOLOP1_150405_223.JPG: Berlin. April 1, 1933.
26. HOLOP1_150405_228.JPG: Berlin? April 1, 1933
27. HOLOP1_150405_230.JPG: Berlin. April 1, 1933.
28. HOLOP1_150405_235.JPG: When books are burned, in the end people will be burned. -- Heinrich Heine (1797-1856), German Jewish Poet
29. HOLOP1_150405_242.JPG: The Burning of Books
30. HOLOP1_150405_247.JPG: The Burning of Books
31. HOLOP1_150405_252.JPG: Nazi university students unload "un-German" books for burning in Berlin. May 10, 1933.
32. HOLOP1_150405_264.JPG: The Nuremberg Laws, 1935
33. HOLOP1_150405_269.JPG: The Nuremberg Laws, 1935
34. HOLOP1_150405_279.JPG: In 1935, the regime disseminated charts such as this to inform the public of the complicated racial and legal distinctions between "full Jews" and first- and second-class "mixed-breeds."
35. HOLOP1_150405_287.JPG: The Nuremberg Laws served as one of the legal bases for the systematic eradication of civil rights for Germany's Jews. This official German legislative gazette displays the Eighth Ordinance of the Reich Citizenship Law (January 17, 1939), which banned Jews from working as physicians, dentists, and pharmacists.
36. HOLOP1_150405_317.JPG: When the Nazis spoke of "race defilement" (Rassenschande), they usually conjured up images of Jewish men seducing or raping German women or girls. The stereotype is illustrated in this advertisement (translated below) for a special edition of the antisemitic tabloid Der Sturmer, edited by Julius Streicher. 1938. Race Defilement: Since the year 1923, Julius Streicher has been educating the public on the crime of race defilement. In 1935, the Fuhrer declared race defilement a criminal offense, to be punished with prison. In spite of this, Jews still commit thousands of racial crimes in Germany. What is Race Defilement? * Why did the Fuhrer issue the Nuremberg Laws? * Why do Jews massively and systematically perpetrate race defilement against German women? * What are the consequences of race defilement for German women and German girls? * What are the consequences of race defilement for the German people? The new Sturmer Special Edition
37. HOLOP1_150405_320.JPG: Police officers, too, harassed people who broke Nazi racial taboos. Here, a man wears a sign reading: " am a race defiler." Norden, July 1935.
38. HOLOP1_150405_331.JPG: Nazi Propaganda
39. HOLOP1_150405_342.JPG: Nazi Propaganda
40. HOLOP1_150405_376.JPG: These children's books were intended to indoctrinate young Germans in nationalism, antisemitism, love for Hitler, and obedience to his will. They include two Nazi era textbooks and The Poisonous Mushroom, an antisemitic storybook.
41. HOLOP1_150405_386.JPG: Youngsters were exposed to Nazi ideology from an early age. These children are reading The Poisonous Mushroom, an antisemitic picture book. 1938?
42. HOLOP1_150405_398.JPG: Brown-shirted SA men compelled this woman to wear a sign reading: "I am a German girl and I allowed myself to be defiled by The Jew." Norden, July 1935.
43. HOLOP1_150405_410.JPG: Even before the race laws, storm troopers publicly humiliated couples who broke the taboos against sexual relations between Jews and Germans. This woman was made to wear a sign that read: "I am the biggest pig in town and have relations only with Jews!" Cuxhaven, July 27, 1933.
44. HOLOP1_150405_416.JPG: The posters on these SA propaganda trucks promoted the idea that Communism and Judaism were two aspects of a single evil, which the Nazis sought to destroy. One poster reads: "He who knows the Jew knows the devil." August 18, 1935.
45. HOLOP1_150405_421.JPG: In 1938, on Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels's birthday, radios were given to 500 needy citizens.
46. HOLOP1_150405_428.JPG: Hitler's friend Leni Riefenstahl directs Triumph of the Will, a propaganda documentary on the 1934 Nazi party rally in Nuremberg.
47. HOLOP1_150405_435.JPG: The "Science of Race"
48. HOLOP1_150405_444.JPG: The "Science of Race"
49. HOLOP1_150405_451.JPG: Throughout Nazi Germany, racial specialists examined eye and hair color and measured facial dimensions in order to determine whether individuals were racially "Aryan" or "alien." A series of decrees and laws treated persons of "superior" and "Inferior" race differently. Many Germans went to pains to prove their "Aryan" ancestry.
50. HOLOP1_150405_468.JPG: Caliber for measuring nose width donated by the Institut fur Humangenetik der Universitat Gottingen, Germany.
51. HOLOP1_150405_472.JPG: Caliper for measuring skull width donated by the Institut fur Humangenetik der Unisersitat Gottingen, Germany.
52. HOLOP1_150405_494.JPG: Technology and Persecution
53. HOLOP1_150405_508.JPG: The Nazi tabloid Der Sturmer (The Attacker) propaganda racial stereotypes of Jews. This poster advertising Der Sturmer stated that because Jews are "born criminals," they cannot laugh but can only twist their faces in "a devilish grin."
54. HOLOP1_150405_512.JPG: "Racial studies" were included in the curricula of German universities in an effort to give academic respectability to Nazi racial doctrines. These slides were used by the geneticist and racial hygienist Dr. Otmar von Verschuer to illustrate some of the "objects" of his research into the racial and biological foundations of human nature.
55. HOLOP1_150405_515.JPG: Dr. Robert Ritter, head of a research unit at the national police headquarters in Berlin, interrogates and examines Roma (Gypsy) women. Ritter compiled a racial catalog of German Roma that was later used to help locate and victimize them.
56. HOLOP1_150405_544.JPG: Among the earliest victims of Nazi "racial hygiene" policies were the children of unions between German women and African soldiers serving in the French occupation forces in the Rhineland after World War I. The child at the right is one such youngster. In 1937, such children were sterilized. Germany, 1934.
57. HOLOP1_150405_552.JPG: Hollerith Machines
58. HOLOP1_150405_555.JPG: We are recording the individual characteristics of every single member of the nation on a little card... We are proud to be able to contribute to such a task, a task that provides the physician of our German body politic [Hitler] with the material for his examination, so that our physician can determine whether, from the standpoint of the nation's health, the computed data correlates in a harmonious, that is, healthy, relationship -- or whether diseased conditions must be cured by corrective interventions... We have firm confidence in our physician and will follow his orders in blind faith, for we know that we will lead our nation toward a great future. Heil to our German people and their leader! -- Willy Heidinger, Managing Director of DEHOMAG, January 8, 1934
59. HOLOP1_150405_559.JPG: The 1939 census gave the regime precise information about the location and size of Jewish communities in Germany. This map, which utilized that information, is titled: "Jews and Jewish Mixed-Breeds according to the Census of May 17, 1939." It distinguishes between "full Jews" and the two categories of "mixed-breeds."
60. HOLOP1_150405_573.JPG: From Citizens to Outcasts
61. HOLOP1_150405_576.JPG: From Citizens to Outcasts
62. HOLOP1_150405_594.JPG: Following the German occupation of Austria in March 1938, Nazi authorities unleashed a wave of violence against the Jewish population there. In her diary, American Helen Baker recorded her reactions to Nazi anti-Jewish policies in newly incorporated Austria. (The large notations were added later.)
63. HOLOP1_150405_603.JPG: April 7: ... went to Central Friedhof [Cemetery]. Saw graves of Brahms, Beethoven, Schubert, H. Wolf, the Strausses, Pleyer etc. Also went to Jewish section & saw a row of 8 new graves & 13 ready dug in a row!! Rumor -- there are 100-200 suicides daily.
64. HOLOP1_150405_612.JPG: On October 5, 1938, the Reich Ministry of Interior issued new guidelines that required Jews to have their passports stamped with a large J to indicate that the bearer was a Jew.
65. HOLOP1_150405_617.JPG: The Nazi regime emulated racial-segregation laws then current in the United States. This woman is sitting on a park bench bearing a sign that reads: "For Jews only!" Austria, 1938?
66. HOLOP1_150405_624.JPG: In July 1933, the Nazi regime passed a law aimed at depriving eastern European Jews and anti-Nazi emigres of their German citizenship. This card, from a registry book for the letter K, represents one of those individuals who had their citizenship revoked.
67. HOLOP1_150405_634.JPG: "Jews have no business in Ahrbergen."
68. HOLOP1_150405_636.JPG: "The Jew is our misfortune. May he keep away from us."
69. HOLOP1_150405_640.JPG: "No one thinks hyenas are decent, and Jews aren't either. Jews get out!"
70. HOLOP1_150405_644.JPG: Jewish Responses
71. HOLOP1_150405_647.JPG: Jewish Responses
72. HOLOP1_150405_652.JPG: The Cultural Society of German Jews (Kulturbund Deutcher Juden) provided a creative outlet for many Jewish artists, musicians, and actors who had been dismissed from their jobs. This almanac highlights the vitality of the organization and its programs in 1934 and 1935.
73. HOLOP1_150405_662.JPG: This oboe belonged to Kurt Michaelis, one of hundreds of musicians and artists employed by the Jewish Cultural Society in Berlin until the Nazi state disbanded it in 1941. The oboe was restored in 1991 by the firm of A. Laubin.
74. HOLOP1_150405_669.JPG: Many Jewish youths found solace and comaraderie in Jewish clubs after being excluded from German organizations. In 1933, Gerd Zwienicki joined the Bremen branch of the Pathfinders, a Jewish scouting group (left), with whom he studied first aid (right).
75. HOLOP1_150405_673.JPG: In response to increased persecution, many Jews in Nazi Germany turned inward to their Judaism to find spiritual strength, guidance, and pride. Studying Biblical history (above) provided inspiration in difficult times.
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