BGuthrie Photos: DC -- U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum -- Exhibit: Some Were Neighbors: Collaboration & Complicity in the Holocaust

DC -- U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum -- Exhibit: Some Were Neighbors: Collaboration & Complicity in the Holocaust:

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Description of Pictures: Some Were Neighbors: Collaboration & Complicity in the Holocaust:
Some Were Neighbors: Collaboration & Complicity in the Holocaust addresses one of the central questions about the Holocaust: How was it possible? The central role of Hitler and other Nazi Party leaders is indisputable. Less well understood is these perpetrators’ dependence on countless others for the execution of Nazi racial policies. Within Nazi Germany and across German-dominated Europe, circles of collaboration and complicity rippled throughout governments and societies wherever victims of persecution and mass murder lived.
Some Were Neighbors examines the spectrum of motives and pressures that influenced individual choices to act: fear, indifference, antisemitism, career, community standing, peer pressure, chances for material gain. It also looks at individuals who did not succumb to the opportunities and temptations to betray their fellow human beings, reminding us that there is an alternative to complicity in evil acts—even in extraordinary times.

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. HOLONE_150405_005.JPG: Some Neighbors Collaboration & Complicity in the Holocaust
2. HOLONE_150405_013.JPG: True Believers, Opportunists, Conformists, Resisters Fear and Hate Pervade Everyday Life
3. HOLONE_150405_018.JPG: Complicity in Exclusion
4. HOLONE_150405_029.JPG: True Believers?
5. HOLONE_150405_053.JPG: Does Presence Make One Complicit?
6. HOLONE_150405_058.JPG: The Jews are our misfortune!
7. HOLONE_150405_063.JPG: Exclusion from the Workplace
8. HOLONE_150405_066.JPG: Report Neighbor's Suspect Behavior
9. HOLONE_150405_090.JPG: The Gestapo's Helpers
10. HOLONE_150405_095.JPG: Complicity in Acts of Public Terror
11. HOLONE_150405_101.JPG: Adults' Corruption of Young People
12. HOLONE_150405_116.JPG: Participants in Kristallnacht Crimes
13. HOLONE_150405_124.JPG: Firemen and Neighbors Rebuff Storm Troopers
14. HOLONE_150405_126.JPG: Turns Jewish Teacher over to SS
15. HOLONE_150405_129.JPG: Protects Jewish Family from Mob
16. HOLONE_150405_133.JPG: Jewish Objects Defaced by Participants in Terror
17. HOLONE_150405_157.JPG: Complicity in Looting
18. HOLONE_150405_161.JPG: Complicity in Looting
19. HOLONE_150405_164.JPG: Should I Help Them?
20. HOLONE_150405_171.JPG: Chooses to Help
21. HOLONE_150405_176.JPG: Ship postcard and suitcase saved by Jewish immigrants to the US as painful souvenirs of their forced flight from Nazi Germany. Prior to the Nazi takeover, they had felt politically and socially integrated in their homelands.
22. HOLONE_150405_185.JPG: Complicity in the Deportations
23. HOLONE_150405_191.JPG: Complicity in the Deportations
24. HOLONE_150405_194.JPG: Antisemitic Illustrations in Children's Book: Rupprecht illustrated this book titled "The Poisonous Mushroom," published by Der Sturmer. The image conveys the stereotype of the wealthy Jewish businessman sitting on his moneybag.
25. HOLONE_150405_203.JPG: Reinforces Racist Stereotypes
26. HOLONE_150405_213.JPG: Jewish Property Becomes Property of the Nation
27. HOLONE_150405_217.JPG: From Illegal to "Legal" Looting
28. HOLONE_150405_223.JPG: Behind the Enemy Powers: the Jew
29. HOLONE_150405_226.JPG: Behind the Enemy Powers: the Jew
30. HOLONE_150405_241.JPG: Reactions to Badging
31. HOLONE_150405_256.JPG: Auction of Jewish Belongings
32. HOLONE_150405_262.JPG: War Medals Returned by German Archivist
33. HOLONE_150405_266.JPG: Earrings Saved by Neighbor
34. HOLONE_150405_278.JPG: Removal of the "Enemy Within"
35. HOLONE_150405_281.JPG: Uniformed Gestapo officials load Jews into trucks for deportation in full view of many onlookers. Kerpen, Germany, 1942.
36. HOLONE_150405_283.JPG: Left to right: Maria Kehl, Maria Schwarz, and Appolonia Pfeuffer, along with four other secretaries employed by the Wurzberg Gestapo, conducted body searches of Jewish women to look for possible hidden valuables prior to the deportations.
37. HOLONE_150405_285.JPG: Jews Removed from Community
38. HOLONE_150405_290.JPG: Onlookers observe Roma (Gypsies) walking to the train station for transport to German-occupied Poland. Hohenaspberg, Germany, May 18, 1940. Nazi law categorized Roma, like Jews, as racially "alien." Up to 30,000 German and Austrian Roma were deported to occupied Poland; few returned.
39. HOLONE_150405_294.JPG: Just Doing My Job? Civil Servants Enforce Discriminatory Laws
40. HOLONE_150405_298.JPG: Processes Punitive Assessments
41. HOLONE_150405_302.JPG: The steep "Tax on Jewish Property" -- initially 20% of all assets, later raised to 25% -- was paid to the tax office [Finanzamt] in quarterly installments, on the 15th of December, February, May, and August, as listed above. This meant that the hundreds of tax office employees processed the forms not just once but four times.
42. HOLONE_150405_315.JPG: Memento of Forced Flight
43. HOLONE_150405_319.JPG: Watch Saved by a German Friend
44. HOLONE_150405_323.JPG: A Rescued Teen's Keepsake
45. HOLONE_150405_327.JPG: Precious Metals Seized in "Pawnshop Action"
46. HOLONE_150405_331.JPG: Plundered Paintings
47. HOLONE_150405_343.JPG: Collaboration and Complicity in Subjugating Conquered Peoples
48. HOLONE_150405_355.JPG: Ethnic German Collaborators and Civilian Onlookers
49. HOLONE_150405_358.JPG: Harassment of Marked Youth
50. HOLONE_150405_365.JPG: Seeks Profit from Others' Misery
51. HOLONE_150405_368.JPG: Helped Friends in Need
52. HOLONE_150405_375.JPG: Different Policies for Jews and Poles
53. HOLONE_150405_383.JPG: Different Policies for Jews and Poles
54. HOLONE_150405_385.JPG: Benefiting from the Plight of Neighbors?
55. HOLONE_150405_388.JPG: Building a Dividing Wall
56. HOLONE_150405_398.JPG: Collaboration and Complicity in Mass Murder
57. HOLONE_150405_415.JPG: German Occupiers, Local Recruits, Neighbors
58. HOLONE_150405_417.JPG: An Unwilling Collaborator?
59. HOLONE_150405_420.JPG: Ford Autoworker Tried for Collaboration
60. HOLONE_150405_427.JPG: Collaboration and Complicity in the Ghettos' Final Days
61. HOLONE_150405_438.JPG: From Prisoners of War to Collaborators
62. HOLONE_150405_460.JPG: German Soldiers, Jewish Captives, and a Priest
63. HOLONE_150405_466.JPG: Benefiting From the Destruction of Communities
64. HOLONE_150405_469.JPG: Collaboration in the Destruction of Communities
65. HOLONE_150405_471.JPG: Changes Sides to Survive
66. HOLONE_150405_476.JPG: Local Collaboration in German-led Crimes
67. HOLONE_150405_483.JPG: Before the Massacre: All-Jewish Fire Brigade
68. HOLONE_150405_490.JPG: After the Massacre: All-Lithuanian Fire Brigade
69. HOLONE_150405_497.JPG: The home address sign is the only trace of the Israel Percikavicius family, victims of the Germans and their local collaborators. It remained on the Butrimonys house until 2012, hidden in the shadow of the roof overhang.
70. HOLONE_150405_511.JPG: Locals' Participation in SS and Police Shootings
71. HOLONE_150405_514.JPG: Locals Used to Drive Wagons, Dig and Refill Graves, Cook
72. HOLONE_150405_521.JPG: Rings found near a mass grave in Busk, Ukraine/Soviet Union. German SS and police and Ukrainian auxiliary police killed most of the 1,900 members of the Busk Jewish community.
73. HOLONE_150405_527.JPG: Her Aunt Cooked for German Forces
74. HOLONE_150405_535.JPG: Crimes of German Civil Administrators
75. HOLONE_150405_541.JPG: Crimes of German Soldiers
76. HOLONE_150405_544.JPG: Complicity of German Women Serving in the East?
77. HOLONE_150405_547.JPG: Complicity of Perpetrators' Female Relatives
78. HOLONE_150405_550.JPG: Himmler Family Album, 1911-1942: Images showing Himmler in uniform at work are intermingled with those of him with his family at leisure. His beloved daughter Gudrun ("Puppi") assembled the album, which included the photos he sent her documenting his life in his headquarters or on trips. It is one of four volumes found by a US soldier after the war.
79. HOLONE_150405_564.JPG: "The neighbors waited like vultures for us to leave the apartment." -- Sara Gleykh, A Jewish resident of Mariupol, Ukraine/Soviet Union, October 18, 1941
80. HOLONE_150405_565.JPG: Looting in a ghetto that has been cleared of its Jewish inhabitants. Olkusz, Poland, 1942.
81. HOLONE_150405_572.JPG: Witnessing the Destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto
82. HOLONE_150405_578.JPG: Editor "Erases" Jewish Sites in Travel Guide
83. HOLONE_150405_583.JPG: Polish Report Informs World About Genocide
84. HOLONE_150405_586.JPG: Documents Responses to German Terror
85. HOLONE_150405_590.JPG: Photo of ghetto deportations taken clandestinely (through an open jacket?) by a member of the Polish underground. Siedtce, Poland, August 22-24, 1942. Photographs such as these were sent to the Polish Government-in-Exile in London to inform leaders abroad of Nazi crimes against Polish Jewish citizens.
86. HOLONE_150405_597.JPG: Zealous Collaboration and Complicity in Wake of Occupation
87. HOLONE_150405_602.JPG: Koszeg, Hungary, July 4, 1944. Gendarmes more of less zealously followed their Hungarian commanders' orders that in turn came from Hungarian officials fulfilling German requests.
88. HOLONE_150405_607.JPG: Helped Conduct Body Searches
89. HOLONE_150405_610.JPG: Hungarian officials and police rounded up about 440,000 Jews in the eight weeks between May 15 and July 9, 1944. Three out of four were killed by gassing upon arrival at Auschwitz.
90. HOLONE_150405_613.JPG: Jewish women selected for forced labor. Auschwitz-Birkenau, May 1944. The photo, like those above and to the right, is one of 193 pictures taken by SS officers and presented, as an album, to the camp commandant.
91. HOLONE_150405_618.JPG: Arrival of a Hungarian transport of Jewish men, women, and children. Auschwitz-Birkenau, May 1944.
92. HOLONE_150405_620.JPG: These deportees will soon be herded into gas chambers. They had not heard the reports about gassings then circulated among foreign leaders and airing on the BBC. Auschwitz-Birkenau, May 1944.
93. HOLONE_150405_626.JPG: Zyklon B, distributed by the German company Degesch. The deadly gas, contained in chalky pellets, was normally used as an insecticide. At Auschwitz, it killed human beings.
94. HOLONE_150405_630.JPG: Who Betrayed Anne Frank?
95. HOLONE_150405_635.JPG: "Footsteps in the house, in the private office, kitchen, then... on our staircase, no one breathed audibly now... then a rattling of the swinging cupboard. This moment is indescribable. Now we are lost!" -- Anne Frank, diary entry, April 4, 1944, about a false alarm of being discovered
96. HOLONE_150405_648.JPG: Autograph album inscribed by Anne Frank for its owner, Eva Goldberg. January 29, 1939. Anne included a part of a poem by Johann Gaudenz von Salis.
97. HOLONE_150405_666.JPG: Wears Fake Badge to Mock German Measure
98. HOLONE_150405_669.JPG: Badge worn by French student Maurice Lombart (photo, right) to protest German anti-Jewish measures. "Swing" and "Zazou," added on many such badges, were names of anti-authoritarian youth groups.
99. HOLONE_150405_673.JPG: Star of David badges issued to Dutch, French, and Belgian Jews on orders of German occupation officials. 1942.
100. HOLONE_150405_676.JPG: Collaboration of Dutch Civil Servants
101. HOLONE_150405_691.JPG: "Stamps" designed by Karl Schwesig while imprisoned in a French internment camp. An anti-Nazi who fled Germany in 1935, Schwesig mocked French Republican ideals ["Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"] betrayed, in his view, by the existence of the camps. 1940. He survived the war.
102. HOLONE_150405_697.JPG: French police guard Jewish men, most of them Polish-born, who were among 3,747 men transported in four trains from Paris to French-guarded internment camps southwest of the city. Paris, May 14, 1941. Spread thin in France, German officials relied on the help of French police who mostly obeyed their superiors in the chain of command, some more zealously that others.
103. HOLONE_150405_703.JPG: A French policeman watches over Jewish inmates at forced labor in an internment camp. Pithiviers, France, June 10, 1941.
104. HOLONE_150405_705.JPG: Betrayal of Democratic Traditions
105. HOLONE_150405_712.JPG: Buses from Paris's public transportation system, the Compagnie du Metropolitain, used to transport Jews arrested by French police, at the entrance to the Velodrome d'Hiver stadium. Paris, July 16-17, 1942. Was the bus company requisitioned for this task complicit in the persecution of the Jews? The drivers of the 50 buses used?
106. HOLONE_150405_716.JPG: Helped Jews Avoid Arrest
107. HOLONE_150405_722.JPG: "This crime was committed in France, by France... against her values, against her principles, against her ideals." -- Francois Hollande, President of France, speech commemorating the Vel d'Hiv Roundups, July 22, 2012
108. HOLONE_150405_725.JPG: What Did People Know About Their Destinations?
109. HOLONE_150405_727.JPG: The owners of this farm hid a Jewish neighbor and his son for months, until the Jews were discovered and shot by German police. The pair had earlier escaped from a nearby home, where a gang of ten local men help captive 18 Jews who had evaded German roundups. For two days, the gang members raped the women and tortured the men, then handed them over to the Germans. The criminals' motive: to find out where -- with which trusted neighbors -- the victims had hidden their belongings. Gniewczyna, Poland.
110. HOLONE_150405_733.JPG: Should I Take the Risk to Help?
111. HOLONE_150405_742.JPG: Dora and Shifra Reznik (in the flowered dresses) with friends in prewar times in Butrimonys, Lithuania. The two Jewish women escaped the massacre of September 9, 1941, in which Germans and their Lithuanian collaborators killed 740 men, women, and children in fields outside the town. They survived in hiding until liberation, thanks to the help they received from their neighbors, Jonas and Felicija Radlinskas.
112. HOLONE_150405_752.JPG: Hania Seremet (right) hid Alona Goldman (left) shortly before the liquidation of the L'viv ghetto. Seremet later returned the girl to her parents in their separate hiding place. years later, the adult Alona described Hania as a "money-hungry" woman who "dumped" her when the funds her parents provided for her upkeep ran out. Hania's tense letters to Alona's parents written in 1943 reveal the stress under which she lived and the challenge of finding a secure haven for Alona.
113. HOLONE_150405_756.JPG: Jews assembled for transport to Westerbork transit camp (the way station to Auschwitz), in a photograph taken clandestinely from an adjacent building. Amsterdam, June 20, 1943. Neighborhood boys watch from the corner (left) and other local residents from their window (center).
114. HOLONE_150405_762.JPG: "All he had to do was to tell us to get lost and he would never have seen us again. He never did. He fed us all along." -- Jack Pariser, who survived because of a family friend
AAA "Gem": AAA considers this location to be a "must see" point of interest. To see pictures of other areas that AAA considers to be Gems, click here.
Bigger photos? To save server space, the full-sized versions of these images have either not been loaded to the server or have been removed from the server. (Only some pages are loaded with full-sized images and those usually get removed after three months.) I still have them though. If you want me to email them to you, please send an email to guthrie.bruce@gmail.com and I can email them to you, or, depending on the number of images, just repost the page again will the full-sized images.
Connection Not Secure messages? Those warnings you get from your browser about this site not having secure connections worry some people. This means this site does not have SSL installed (the link is http:, not https:). That's bad if you're entering credit card numbers, passwords, or other personal information. But this site doesn't collect any personal information so SSL is not necessary. Life's good!
Photo Contact: [Email Bruce Guthrie].