BGuthrie Photos: TN -- Spring Hill -- Battlefield

TN -- Spring Hill -- Battlefield:

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. SPRINB_140526_010.JPG: Confederate Attacks at Spring Hill November 29, 1864 On November 29, 1864, General Nathan B. Forrest approached Spring Hill from the east at 11:30 a.m. From here, General James Chalmers launched an attack to seize the Columbia-Nashville Pike to the west. Surprised by strong Union forces, Chalmers was defeated. Upon his return, Forrest noted "They was in there sure enough, wasn't they, Chalmers?" At 3:45 p.m., Major General Patrick Cleburne's division attacked the Union forces and defeated Brigadier General Luther P. Bradley's brigade. Union resistance and darkness halted Cleburne's pursuit of Bradley's brigade.
2. SPRINB_140526_018.JPG: Forrest's 3:00pm Cavalry Attack: As Forrest's cavalry fought their way to the outskirts of Spring Hill by 2:30pm, they observed Brig. Gen. George Wagner's division marching into the town. Forrest, aggressive as ever, determined to attack quickly to seize the town and pike. Brig. Gen. James Clambers, whose division Forrest selected to make the attack, protested the Federal infantry and artillery were present in force. Forrest ordered Chalmers to "drive those fellows off... I think you are mistaken; that is only a small cavalry force." One Confederate cavalry office described the ensuing charge: "We had almost reached the edge of the woods when the shock came. Twenty pieces of artillery opened upon us, followed by the fire of a long line of infantry. Horses tumbled over each other and fell, men were shot, and horses galloped away riderless, and limbs and bark covered the ground. It was a dreadful few minutes..." With the charge a failure, Chalmers went back to Forrest, who remarked, "They was in there sure enough, wasn't they, Chalmers?"
3. SPRINB_140526_036.JPG: Confederate Deployment: 4:00pm, November 29, 1864: By 4:00pm, Patrick Cleburne had marched his division north on the Rally Hill Pike. A brief meeting with several of Forrest's officers indicated that Federals were located in force between Rally Hill Pike and the Columbia-Franklin Pike due west. Accordingly, Cleburne aligned his division of 3,000 men parallel to the Rally Hill Pike. Cleburne's three brigades were aligned en echelon fronting westward, Brigadier General Hiram Granbury's brigade on the left (south), Brigadier General Daniel Govan's brigade in the center, and Brigadier General Mark Lowrey's brigade on the right (north). Colonel Tyree H. Bell's brigade of Forrest's cavalry formed on Cleburne's right (north) flank, even though they were out of ammunition. One Confederate cavalry officer remembered, "It is well understood that our command had no ammunition, and the only thing we could do was to yell." Lowrey's brigade marched across the ground where this marker is located [halfway up the hill]. Bell marched to the north, and Govan and Granbury to the south. Govan and Granbury followed the approximate route of the modern Saturn Parkway, with Govan to the north, and Granbury to the south of the parkway.
4. SPRINB_140526_070.JPG: Federal Defense of Spring Hill: On the morning of November 29, 1864, Spring Hill was guarded by a small Union garrison. Throughout the morning, this garrison would be strengthened by additional Federal units consisting of the 103rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, and several companies of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Tennessee (U.S.) cavalry. This garrison fought well but by midday was forced back to the town of Spring Hill by Forrest's cavalry. About 12:30pm, Federal forces under the direct command of Major General David Stanley, commander of Schofield's 4th Army Corps, including lead elements of Wagner's division, entered Spring Hill from the south. Colonel Emerson Opdycke's veteran brigade marched through the town to occupy a ridge just north of Spring Hill. Colonel James Q. Lane's brigade followed, and extended Opdycke's line east of town. Brig. Gen. Luther P. Bradley's brigade assumed the critical position on a knoll south of town. The 103rd Ohio Infantry and a section of Battery A, 1st Ohio Light Artillery were placed across the Columbia and Franklin Pike. Eighteen artillery pieces were emplaced on a prominent ridge on the southern outskirts of town. Lane had approximately 1,700 men in position, and Bradley mustered about 2,00. These soldiers began constructing light fortifications of fence rails. Stanley had placed Wagner's division in a well chosen position, which was occupied barely in time to prevent Forrest's cavalry from capturing Schofield's line of retreat on the pike through town.
5. SPRINB_140526_098.JPG: Cleburne's Attack 4:00-4:30pm, November 29, 1864: Cleburne's division moved west from the Rally Hill Pike at approximately 4:00pm. Cresting the hill west of the pike, it crossed a light strip of woods and moved into an open field. Their line of march took them across the front of Bradley's brigade, which raked the exposed right flank of Lowrey's brigade with "a very destructive fire." Because of the division's alignment, Lowrey was forced to wheel his brigade to the right and fight Bradley without assistance. Lowrey told Cleburne that the enemy was about to charge his flank. Cleburne replied, "I'll charge them" and turned his other two brigades to Lowrey's support, changing their line of advance from west to north. Lowrey's brigade was stunned by the violence of Bradley's initial fire, but many of the Federals were inexperienced and poorly drilled recruits in their first fight. They were opposed by hardened veterans who were arguably among the toughest fighters in an army of fighters. As Gowan and Granbury came on line with Lowrey, Cleburne's division moved forward en masse, and the result was inevitable. Bradley's lines began to waver, then crumble, and finally shattered. Bradley was wounded in the assault, the highest ranking officer on either side to become a casualty at Spring Hill.
6. SPRINB_140526_105.JPG: Cleburne's Pursuit 4:30-5:00pm, November 29, 1864: Cleburne's advance rolled north in pursuit of Bradley's brigade, which fled north of McCutcheon Creek to establish new lines at the southern edge of town. Reacting prompting to the retreat of Bradley, Lane's brigade began to reposition itself to the south. Cleburne's pursuit was brought to a sudden halt by massive volleys of artillery and the veteran 103rd Ohio Infantry positioned across the Columbia-Franklin Pike. Cleburne's veterans pulled up short and sought cover under an intense and deadly accurate barrage from the well positioned Union artillery. It was now nearly 5:00pm. Sunlight had faded into sunset (sunset was 4:49pm), and Cleburne had run into unexpectedly heavy opposition. He halted his advance and called for support and instructions.
7. SPRINB_140526_122.JPG: Center of the Union Defensive Position: Lane's Brigade: [By the spot where the road crosses the creek.] You are located at the center of the Union defensive position established to the north, east, and south of Spring Hill by Brig. Gen. George D. Wagner's division. The defense of Spring Hill was orchestrated by Maj. Gen. David S. Stanley, commanding officer of Schofield's IVth Army Corps. Colonel John Q. Lane's brigade was typical in both strength and composition of the Federal forces that fought at Spring Hill. Consisting of the 100th Illinois Infantry, 40th Indiana Infantry, 57th Indiana Infantry, 28th Kentucky Infantry, 26th Ohio Infantry, and 97th Ohio Infantry, the brigade fielded 80 officers and 1,586 enlisted men. When Lane approached Spring Hill, "... it became apparent that the enemy was trying to get possession of that place... I moved my command at the double quick t the east side of town, formed line of battle, deployed the 28th Kentucky as skirmishers and... moved at once on the enemy." After driving off Forrest's cavalry, Lane withdrew to this position, where he constructed a line of rifle pits on this ridge, a small stream protecting his front. When Bradley's brigade was driven north of McCutcheon Creek, Lane shifted his brigade to protect the south of the town.
8. SPRINB_140526_141.JPG: Ewell Farm Spring Hill Battlefield On a knoll just southwest of the railroad depot is the antebellum home of the widow Lizinka Brown. Her son, Campbell Brown was a staff officer with Confederate General Richard S. Ewell of the Army of Northern Virginia. Ewell and Mrs. Brown married in 1863 and returned here at the end of the war. Ewell became a quite farmer and made several contributions to agriculture, including the introduction of the Jersey Cow to Tennessee and the South. He was also instrumental in the birth of harness racing. Ewell and his wife both died in 1872, and re buried together in Nashville. The home is in private hands today, and the family's privacy should be respected.
9. SPRINB_140526_147.JPG: Left of the Union Defensive Position Opdycke's Brigade Line At approximately 12:30 p.m. on November 29, 1864, Col. Emerson Opdycke's veteran brigade known unofficially as "Opdycke's tigers," marching in the lead of Wagner's division, swept through Spring Hill to secure the town from Confederate cavalry which was working its way north of the town. Opdycke established his lines from the Nashville and Decatur Railroad extending east across the Columbia-Franklin Pike to the Mount Carmen Road where he connected with Lane's brigade. His regiments occupied as slight rise of ground with a small flooded stream guarding their front. This ridge is located approximately one mile west of here. Several miles to the north, an attempt would be made by Forrest's cavalry to sever the pike at Thompson's Station, but the arrival of Federal infantry rapidly cleared the road. There would be no further attempt to cut Schofield's retreat route north of Spring Hill. Opdycke experienced no combat action at this location, and his brigade served as the rear guard for Schofield's army. Opdycke's last men did not leave the town until 5:00 a.m. on November 30th, just before first light. That afternoon, this brigade won eternal fame when it repulsed a Confederate breakthrough at the Carter House in Franklin.
10. SPRINB_140526_152.JPG: Nashville and Decatur Railroad Just west of this site is the antebellum Nashville and Decatur Railroad. During Sherman's Campaign against Atlanta, from May to September 1864, this railroad played a critical logistical role when it served as the northbound or return route for his supplies. Trains returning from Sherman's army carried wounded soldiers, confederate prisoners of war, southern refugees, mail and empty freight cars. In the fall of 1864, this railroad was used as a major supply line for Union garrisons throughout Tennessee, north Alabama and north Georgia, Spring Hill was an important wood and water stop on this railroad, and an antebellum railroad depot stood approximately where the modern depot is today.
11. SPRINB_140526_168.JPG: Caldwell House: Nathan Bedford Forrest's Headquarters: About 11:30am, Nathan Bedford Forrest's Cavalry approached Spring Hill from the east. Approximately two miles east of town, Forrest encountered advanced skirmishers of the small Federal garrison. For the next two and a half hours, Forrest's Cavalry, well organized and heavily outnumbering the impromptu Federal covering force, drove them back toward Spring Hill. The Union defenders resisted stubbornly in heavy skirmish lines, taking full advantage of the terrain and their superior fire power, which consisted of Spencer carbines, other breech loading carbines, and Colt Revolving Rifle Muskets. Arriving Federal infantry and artillery repulsed Forrest's attempts to capture Spring Hill. Forrest's men were fatigued after two long days in the saddle and three hours of combat, and their ammunition was nearly exhausted. Forrest had performed his job admirably, but Hood' infantry would have to continue the work that his cavalrymen had begun. That evening, Forrest established his headquarters at the Caldwell home. Only the family cemetery remains today.
12. SPRINB_140526_212.JPG: Oak Lawn: The Absalom Thompson Home, Hood's Headquarters: Late in the afternoon of November 29, 1864, Hood established the headquarters of the Army of Tennessee at this location. Hood spent part of the evening sitting on a log near the fish pond of the house, while officers and generals came and went seeking orders. While Confederate attacks and units went awry south of town, Hood told one General, "General Forrest... holds the turnpike with a portion of his forces north of Spring Hill, and will stop the enemy if he tries to pass toward Franklin, and so in the morning we will have a surrender without a fight... We can sleep quietly tonight." The Thompson family provided Hood and his staff with "a big feast." Hood, his left army crippled at Gettysburg and his right leg amputated at Chickamauga, had to be strapped into his saddle. During the afternoon, his horse had slipped on the treacherous roads and fallen on Hood. He was in physical pain, and it has been suggested that he used whiskey or laudanum (an opium derivative) to dull his agony. Believing that Schofield's army was trapped and being incapacitated by his injuries, Hood went to be at 9:00 in the evening. Meanwhile, Schofield's army was continuing to move north on the Columbia-Franklin Pike.
13. SPRINB_140526_238.JPG: Martin Cheairs Home, Headquarters of Confederate General Earl Van Dorn, April-May 1863: In Spring 1863, Confederate Major General Earl Van Dorn established the headquarters of his cavalry command of the Army of the Mississippi at Spring Hill. On March 5, 1863, Van Dorn had commanded his cavalry in a fight at Thompson's Station which resulted in the overwhelming defeat of a Federal brigade. Van Dorn, a veteran of the Mexican War and several engagements with Indians on the frontier, was a successful cavalry commander, but also had the reputation (deserved or undeserved) as a "lady's man." Van Dorn originally established his headquarters at the residence of Dr. Aaron White on modern Duplex Road. Officially because of crowded conditions, but according to local tradition because of improper social activities, Van Dorn moved his headquarters to the larger Martin Cheairs Home in late April. On May 7, 1864, Dr. George B. Peters, a prominent Spring Hill physician and politician, visited Van Dorn to discuss allegations that Van Dorn had been having an affair with his wife, and possibly with his oldest daughter. Sometime during the interview, Dr. Peters shot Van Dorn in the back of his head with a pistol. Van Dorn died within hours without regaining consciousness, and Dr. Peters was never prosecuted for his actions. After the war, the Cheairs residence became the Branham-Hughes Military Academy, and is today part of the Tennessee Childrens Home. The home is not currently open to the public.
14. SPRINB_140526_262.JPG: Ewell Farm <-- 1 mi.--- This was the last home of Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell, CSA. Here his wife and her son, Maj. Campbell Brown , with Capt. M.C. Campbell and W.J. Webster, brought the first Jersey cattle imported from the Channel Island to Tennessee. Here, also, was developed the "Hal" strain of pacers. Little Brown Jug and his brother, Brown Hal, are buried in the vicinity.
15. SPRINB_140526_279.JPG: The Town of Spring Hill, Tennessee The area on which most of the town of Spring Hill is located was originally part of land grants to three Revolutionary War veterans, George Doherty, John Hardin and Ezekiel Polk. Albert Russel of Virginia, another Revolutionary War veteran, constructed the first home on the site in 1808-1809. James Peters built a church here in 1819, and the site became a popular religious revival location in the first half of the nineteenth century. General Richard Ewell bought the first Jersey cows here in 1867, and he is also credited with contributing to the birth of harness racing. Branham and Hughes Military Academy was established in 1897 in the community, and educated thousands of young men before its closing in 1932. Intersection of Main Street and Depot Street Looking North c. late 1800s In 1935 the Tennessee Children's Home opened in Spring Hill. In 1938 a disastrous fire destroyed the entire business district on the eastern side of town, and another conflagration in 1940 damaged much of the western business district. A tornado in January 1963 also devastated the community. The town's population had remained steady at approximately 1,200 between 1900 and 1989. The opening of the Saturn Automobile Company in 1989 has resulted in great growth in Spring Hill, which is expected to continue into the 21st century.
16. SPRINB_140526_286.JPG: Spring Hill, Tennessee ~ November 29, 1864 In 1864, Spring Hill was a small, prosperous farming community. Although the town had been occupied by both Confederate and Federal forces at various times, it had not been seriously impacted by the war. All that changed as Hood's and Schofield's armies clashed south of town. Hundreds of wagons and artillery pieces passed through the town, earthworks were erected around the town by Union defenders, and both armies marched past on their way to Franklin. During the evening of November 29, Schofield made the McKissack House his field headquarters. The next day, hundreds of southern and northern wounded were left behind by the armies to be cared for by the community. On the night of December 17, 1864, Hood's Army was again camped overnight south of Spring Hill, following their retreat from the Battle of Nashville. A brief cavalry skirmish would be fought north of town, and then the Union army would pass through in pursuit. For the rest of the war, Federal units would garrison the town.
Wikipedia Description: Battle of Spring Hill
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Battle of Spring Hill was fought November 29, 1864, in Maury County, Tennessee, as part of the Franklin-Nashville Campaign of the American Civil War.

Background:

Spring Hill was the prelude to the Battle of Franklin. On the morning of November 29, 1864, following the inconclusive Battle of Columbia, Confederate General John Bell Hood’s Army of Tennessee marched from Columbia toward Spring Hill to isolate major portions of Union forces from each other, hoping to defeat each in turn before they could unite and overwhelm him. Union Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas's Army of the Cumberland was north of Spring Hill in Nashville, Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield’s Army of the Ohio was south in Pulaski and divided into fragments.

Hood sent the corps of Lt. Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham and Lt. Gen. Alexander P. Stewart on a flanking march north, crossing the Duck River east of Columbia while the corps of Lt. Gen. Stephen D. Lee on the southern bank diverted a Union division under Brigadier General Jacob D. Cox across the river. Hood rode near the head of the column and hoped to catch Schofield by surprise.

Cavalry skirmishing between Brig. Gen. James H. Wilson’s Union cavalry and Maj. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest’s Confederate troopers continued throughout the day as the Confederates advanced. Forrest had executed a wide turning movement with 4,000 troopers that forced Wilson north to Hurt's Corner, preventing the Union horsemen from interfering with Hood's infantry advance. However, Wilson did manage to warn Schofield of Hood's advance and the Union trains—800 wagons—were sent north in the direction of Franklin.

Battle:

While Hood’s infantry crossed the Duck River and converged on Spring Hill, Schofield sent troops to hold the crossroads there: Maj. Gen. David S. Stanley, commander of the IV Corps, with two divisions under Maj. Gen. George D. Wagner and Maj. Gen. Nathan Kimball. Starting at 4:00 p.m., close to sunset, the Federals repulsed infantry attacks launched by Cheatham's corps. The attacks failed for four reasons: poorly coordinated, piecemeal attacks by Cheatham; excellent Union defensive artillery support and a decision by Hood to leave most of his artillery pieces in the rear; mispositioning by Hood of Stewart's corps, left too far to the south at Rutherford Creek to support Cheatham until Hood released it after dark; and the failure of Forrest to arrive before dark.

By nightfall, the Confederates had finally positioned their corps where they could attack and severely damage Schofield's force, but they erred by allowing the Union army to maintain possession of the road and keep a route open for withdrawal. Believing the battle largely finished, Hood left command of the field to his most capable commander, Maj. Gen. Patrick Cleburne (the "Stonewall of the West"), after sending the order to attack Schofield. However, due to a communications failure of unknown cause, Cleburne never received the message, and never attacked. When Stewart arrived, his corps merely went into bivouac next to Cheatham and the soldiers of both corps cooked their supper and went to bed.

Aftermath:

The result of miscommunication and simply bad military management was that during the night, all of Schofield’s command, including Cox, passed from Columbia through Spring Hill while the Confederate commanders slept. The passage of the army did not go unnoticed, but no effort was made to block the pike. By 6:00 a.m. on November 30, all of Schofield's army was well north of Spring Hill and its vanguard had reached Franklin, where it began to build breastworks. In the morning Hood discovered Schofield's escape, and after an angry conference with his subordinate commanders in which he blamed all but himself for the failure, ordered his army to resume its pursuit, setting up the Battle of Franklin that afternoon.

This had been, perhaps, Hood’s best chance to isolate and defeat the Union army. The engagement has been described as "one of the most controversial non-fighting events of the entire war". A Texas lieutenant in Cleburne's division said afterwards, "The most charitable explanation is that the gods of war injected confusion into the heads of our leaders," but historical speculation has attributed the failure to the possibilities of drunkenness among some generals, Hood's debilitation from ingesting laudanum after falling from his horse that day, to the influence of Mrs. Jessie Peters, a notorious resident of Spring Hill whose dalliance with CSA Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn a year earlier had led to his murder at the hands of her husband.
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