BGuthrie Photos: MD -- Baltimore -- Baltimore Civil War Museum

MD -- Baltimore -- Baltimore Civil War Museum:

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. CWM_140223_009.JPG: Baltimore Riot Trail Death at President Street Station Baltimore -- A House Divided In 1861, as the Civil War began, Baltimore secessionists hoped to stop rail transportation to Washington and isolate the national capital. On April 19, the 6th Massachusetts Regiment arrived here at the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad's President Street Station at 10 a.m., en route with other troops to Washington to answer President Abraham Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers to counter the "rebellion." Because of anti-Unionist demonstrations the day before, the 720 soldiers were ordered to load their weapons while horses pulled their cars to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's Camden Station (locomotives were banned from the city streets). Regiment commander Col. Edward Jones led the first of seven cars to Pratt Street and safely across the waterfront. The eighth car turned back after Southern sympathizers blocked the rails. From Camden Station, Jones sent orders to Capt. Albert S. Follansbee, commanding the remaining four companies here: "You will march to this place as quick as possible [and] follow the rail-road track." The Lowell City Regimental Band, baggage, and supply cars remained here after Follansbee left, awaiting their own instructions. When a pro-Confederate mob threw bricks at the musicians, they tore the stripes from their uniform trousers to be less recognizable as soldiers and fled on foot into the city. Col. William F. Small's 1,200-man 26th Pennsylvania Volunteers (Washington Brigade of Philadelphia) had also arrived with the 6th Massachusetts. As Small persuaded railroad officials to pull the train and troops out of the city to safety, the mob attacked, fatally injuring Pennsylvania Volunteer George Leisenring. The riot here lasted for more than two hours, until Baltimore Police Marshal George P. Kane restored order.
2. CWM_140223_013.JPG: President Street Station Completed in 1851, the President Street Station is an icon of railroad architecture, featuring Classical Revival elements and incorporating a barrel vault roof design -- the first for a railroad station. Its history is also tied to significant events in Baltimore's Civil War history and courageous journeys on the Underground Railroad. President Street Station is the oldest surviving passenger railroad station located in a large urban area. The station served passengers traveling along the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad. The station's head house (still standing) and original shed (now lost) were the first buildings to incorporate a Howe truss, a support system more common in mid-nineteenth century railroad bridge design. In February 1861, Abraham Lincoln secretly passed through the station as he made his way to his presidential inauguration in Washington, DC. Wary of a possible assassination attempt, Lincoln entered the city during the early morning hours. Arriving at Presidential Street Station, he then traveled across the city to Camden Station to continue his trip south to the nation's capital. On April 19, 1861, Baltimore was the site of the first bloodshed of the Civil War. Union troops from Massachusetts and Pennsylvania arrived at the station and began the process of changing to trains located several blocks away at Camden Station. Crowds of southern sympathizers blocked the path along Pratt Street and began to pelt the soldiers with bottles and rocks. Gunshots were heard, and the officers ordered the troops to fire into the crowd. Ten rioters, one innocent bystander, a recently recruited Confederate soldier, and at least four Union soldiers were killed. Many soldiers and civilians were wounded. A number of slaves, including Frederick Douglass, used the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad to escape to freedom. In 1849, Henry "Box" Brown may have passed through the under-construction station. Brown, a slave in Richmond, Virginia, arranged to have himself transported to Philadelphia in a wooden crate marked "direct express to Philadelphia." His successful escape made him an icon of the Underground Railroad.
3. CWM_140223_016.JPG: Baltimore on the Eve of War
4. CWM_140223_019.JPG: With its navigable harbor, Baltimore enjoyed a thriving economy in large part because railroads -- principally the Baltimore and Ohio -- made its port competitive with the Port of New York and the Erie Canal in trading with the west. Easy access to the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean and the most developed rail system in the nation, helped Baltimore build a brisk trade importing Coffee, Gold, Silver, Guano (Fertilizer), Sugar and Copper and exporting Maryland's Flour, Textiles, Coal and Tobacco. Saved from becoming a backwater, its population increased nearly 26% during the decade 1850-1860. The population of white citizens grew by almost 30,000 and the immigrant population by some 17,000. The black population, both slave and free, remained fairly constant, but, at nearly 26,000, Baltimore's free black community was the largest in the nation.
5. CWM_140223_022.JPG: Election of 1860 Lincoln's Secret Passage
6. CWM_140223_025.JPG: President-elect Lincoln and his family left Springfield, Illinois on February 11, 1861. Along the way he was scheduled to make many appearances including stops in Philadelphia, Harrisburg and Baltimore. Samuel Felton, President of the PW&B Railroad hired detective Allan Pinkerton to investigate rumors of an assassination plot unfolding in Baltimore. He advised Lincoln to cancel his Harrisburg appearance, and to travel to Baltimore immediately from Philadelphia. The President refused and leaving his family behind, was secreted to Philadelphia where he boarded a late night PW&B train for Baltimore. He arrived at President Street Depot at 3:30am on February 23, 1861. While Baltimore slept, his car was drawn by horses across Pratt Street to the Camden Station where he boarded a B&O train to Washington. Later that day, Lincoln's wife and family arrived, as scheduled, on the Northern Central Railroad from Harrisburg. Already unpopular in Baltimore, Lincoln's absence disappointed many citizens and triggered much hostile press.
7. CWM_140223_028.JPG: Election of 1860 The four presidential candidates of 1860 reflected the deep divisions at hand in the country, with states rights, slavery and economics leading the contentious issues. Baltimore was no exception, and its election results surprised many throughout the nation. John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat Votes 14,950 Pro-slavery-states rights John Bell Constitutional Unionist Votes 12,619 Support the Union, opposed sectionalism. No position on slavery. Stephen Douglas Northern Democrat Votes 1,502 Unionist, supported a neutral, Constitutional position on controversial issues. Abraham Lincoln Republican Votes 1,084 Unionist, opposed any further extension of slavery
8. CWM_140223_038.JPG: Getting Through Baltimore: The Railroads Each of the city's four major rail lines terminated within its respective depot. A Baltimore ordinance passed during the great railroad boon of the 1830s prohibited locomotives from running through the City. Journeying through Baltimore to another city meant transferring from one station to the other. A rail line across Pratt Street between the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore's President Street Depot and the Baltimore & Ohio Camden Station was used by both railroads to transfer passengers. A team of horses hitched to each rail car pulled passengers and freight across the city.
9. CWM_140223_053.JPG: Prelude to Conflict The Call to Arms: April 15, 1861 ... President Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers to end the rebellion Off to War April 18, 1861
10. CWM_140223_056.JPG: The Union Falters The Southern states -- shaken by threats to their slave-based economy and defending principles of state's rights -- threatened secession. The election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency forced their hand. In December of 1860, South Carolina passed an Ordinance of Secession. Within months, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia, Florida, Texas, North Carolina, and Virginia had departed.
11. CWM_140223_058.JPG: The South Breathes Fire: At 4:30am on April 12, 1861, the first shot was fired upon Fort Sumter by South Carolina militia in Charleston harbor. Within 48 hours the garrison under the command of Major Robert Anderson would surrender. No one died in the action, but the ideal of a United States perished in the fierce fight. The American people -- North and South -- were now locked in mortal combat.
12. CWM_140223_065.JPG: Divided Loyalties in the Monumental City: Graphic images of Union and Secession spilled form Baltimore's printing presses, and increasingly violent rhetoric came from her newspapers. Marylanders, severely divided, wrestled with the question of whether to leave the Union or to stay. Governor Thomas Holliday Hicks failed to lead the state in either direction and the voices of Union and Secession in Maryland and Baltimore grew louder with each passing day. Hicks refused, however, to call a Special Session of the Legislature fearing that an ordinance of secession would pass. In Baltimore, Confederate recruiting stations operated openly and the American flag all but disappeared.
13. CWM_140223_076.JPG: Death to Traitors
14. CWM_140223_079.JPG: "In the Vise" Maryland on the Edge of Secession With the Mason-Dixon Line forming its northern border and Virginia to the south, Maryland, a slave holding state, lay politically and geographically on the edge of secession. In 1860 the Maryland Legislature had moved to support "... her sister states of the South and abide their fortune to the fullest extent." With the US Capitol carved out of its southern edge, Maryland's decision could tip the balance to either side.
15. CWM_140223_083.JPG: The 6th Massachusetts Regiment passing in review before Governor Andrew and the Massachusetts State House, April, 1861.
16. CWM_140223_092.JPG: Prelude to Conflict: Boston On April 17th, 1861 Colonel Edward F. Jones, Commander of the 6th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, left Boston with 700 smartly uniformed and armed troops amid cheering crowds. Passing through New York and Jersey City, the Regiment reached Philadelphia by the evening of April 18th. Transferring to the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, the 6th Massachusetts was joined by 10 companies of the 26th and 27th Pennsylvania Infantry known as the "Washington Brigade." In civilian dress and unarmed, the Pennsylvania troops boarded a second train. Jersey City The 6th Massachusetts Regiment inside the Jersey City railroad depot on their way to Baltimore, April 18, 1861. Philadelphia While in Philadelphia, Colonel Jones received a report that their passage through Baltimore would be resisted. He ordered ammunition distributed and muskets loaded while he entered each car issuing the following orders: "The regiment will march through Baltimore... you will undoubtedly be insulted, abused, and, perhaps, assaulted, in which you must pay no attention whatever, but march with your faces square to the front, and pay no attention to the mob, even if they throw stones, bricks or other missiles; but ... if you are fired upon and any one of you is hit, your officers will order you to fire. Do not fire into any promiscuous crowds, but select any many whom you may see aiming at you, and be sure to drop him." Baltimore
17. CWM_140223_095.JPG: The Meeting in Monument Square: On the meeting of April 19th, as the troops raced toward Baltimore, the National Volunteer Association organized a rally in Monument Square. The Association was a local group of prominent businessmen and leaders sympathetic to the Southern cause. The crowded meeting, lead by T. Parkin Scott, included speeches denouncing the Lincoln administration, supporting Virginia's secession two days earlier and pressing Maryland to separate from the Union.
18. CWM_140223_109.JPG: April 19, 1861 More angry citizens filled the streets and the Pratt Street tracks were blocked with stones, boards, carts of sand and anchors from the wharf. Barricades were placed at the bridge across the Jones Falls and at Gay Street. Four companies of the 6th Regiment under the command of Captain A.S. Follansbee, unable to pass by horse drawn car, formed ranks in the street to march across the city while the howling crowd threw objects and fired shots into the air. A citizen carrying the Palmetto flag of South Carolina walked before the regiment forcing the troops to march behind the banner of secession. Soldiers were knocked down by missiles and sporadic gunfire was fired into the ranks wounding several. "The outbreak of the 19th.... resulted from the irrepressible indignation of the people at seeing armed men pass over our soil to subjugate our brethren of the South." -- Corporal McHenry Howard, 53rd Infantry Regiment, The Maryland Guard, Baltimore City Militia The locomotive was uncoupled, horsed attached to the rail cars and the first seven companies of the 6th Massachusetts sped across Pratt Street to Camden Station. The cars were pelted with stones, bricks and other debris and the troops drew the shades and lay below the windows of the cars. Large crowds had assembled at Camden Station, along Pratt Street and at the President Street Depot. The Baltimore Police under Marshall George P. Kane fielded about 50 officers at the B&O station. "After the first of the troops reached Camden station a rush of people was made at the cars in which they then were, but the police interfered and drove them off." -- George M. Gill, Esquire, Baltimore City Solicitor The Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore trains carrying the 6th Massachusetts and the Washington Brigade arrived at the President Street Depot in Baltimore about 10:30am. "... the excitement which had been gradually rising in this city for some days, with reference to the passage of northern volunteer troops southward, reached its climax upon the arrival of the Massachusetts and other volunteers, some from Philadelphia, at President Street Depot at 10 and a half o'clock." -- The Sun, Baltimore, Maryland, April 20, 1861
19. CWM_140223_113.JPG: Hearing of the violence on Pratt Street, Mayor George William Brown proceeded from Camden Station to the head of the Massachusetts column and marched with them. Numerous soldiers and citizens had been wounded in the violence. It was reported that Mayor Brown, frustrated with his inability to calm the disturbance, took up a musket from one of the soldiers and fired into the crowd himself. Brown would later deny this. "At last, when I found that my presence was of no use, either in preventing the contest of saving life, I left the head of the column..." -- George William Brown, Mayor of Baltimore Marshal George P. Kane and his Baltimore City Police officers formed a column at the rear of the Massachusetts soldiers and, with revolvers drawn, escorted the troops. At the corner of Commerce and Pratt Streets a pistol shot killed one of the Massachusetts Volunteers. The column turned, but the crowd was so thick at this intersection that the soldiers could scarcely raise their muskets to fire. The troops fired several volleys into the angry mob killing several and wounding others. "As one of the soldiers fired, he was struck with a stone and knocked down, and as he attempted to arise another stone struck him in the face, when he crawled into a store, and prostrating himself on the floor, clasped his hands and begged piteously for his life..." -- The Sun, Baltimore, Maryland, April 20, 1861 The 6th Regiment was ordered to the "double quick" to speed its passage. Thinking the soldiers had no ammunition and were on the run, the crowd was further enraged. More citizens gathered and the streets became so jammed that it nearly prevented the troop's passage. Reaching the barricade at Gay Street, the troops fired a volley over the heads of the crowd and into a brick wall. The resulting shower of debris into the mass of citizens wounded several. Infuriated Baltimoreans looted nearby stores for more arms and ammunition for the crowd. Loose paving stones, bricks and bottles were snatched up for the fight. "The mob became so frenzied that they bared their bosoms daring the troops to shoot. Some cried out... don't be afraid, down with the Yankee hirelings." -- Ernest Wardell, Eyewitness
20. CWM_140223_115.JPG: The Pratt Street incident on April 19th, 1861 resulted in the first deaths of the American Civil War. The Northern press would call it "The Lexington of 1861" referring to the engagement between British and American troops at Lexington & Concord exactly 85 years earlier on April 19, 1776. The Southern press recalled the British tyranny and attack at the Boston Massacre headlining their stories "The Massacre at Baltimore." Reaching Camden Station, the troops boarded their cars as quickly as they could. The civil unread continued around Camden Station. Angry civilians marched on the southbound tracks to prevent the train from leaving for Washington. The Baltimore Police, however, were finally able to clear the crowd and tracks enough to allow the train to leave around 12:30 PM. " ... a dense crowd ran down the platform and out the railroad track towards the Spring Garden, until the track for a mile was black with an excited rushing mass." -- The Daily Exchange, April 20, 1861 As the Massachusetts soldiers continued their difficult journey across Pratt Street, more shots were fired and projectiles thrown at the troops at nearly every intersection. The soldiers returned fire and avoided thrown debris as they were able. As they crossed Light Street, a volley of gunfire came from the upper verandah of the Maltby Hotel. " ... the upper windows and roofs of houses were made use of to launch great lumps of coal, stone jars, bottles, pitchers, dishes and every conceivable form of weapon... [from the Maltby Hotel] poured a heavy fire of gun and piston shots..." -- Ernest Wardell, Eyewitness
21. CWM_140223_117.JPG: Gangs of New York
22. CWM_140223_124.JPG: The Pratt Street incident on April 19th, 1861 resulted in the first deaths of the American Civil War. The Northern press would call it "The Lexington of 1861" referring to the engagement between British and American troops at Lexington & Concord exactly 85 years earlier on April 19, 1776. The Southern press recalled the British tyranny and attack at the Boston Massacre headlining their stories "The Massacre at Baltimore." Reaching Camden Station, the troops boarded their cars as quickly as they could. The civil unread continued around Camden Station. Angry civilians marched on the southbound tracks to prevent the train from leaving for Washington. The Baltimore Police, however, were finally able to clear the crowd and tracks enough to allow the train to leave around 12:30 PM. " ... a dense crowd ran down the platform and out the railroad track towards the Spring Garden, until the track for a mile was black with an excited rushing mass." -- The Daily Exchange, April 20, 1861
23. CWM_140223_135.JPG: The gilt cloth dress epaulettes worn by Colonel Edward Franc Jones, 6th Massachusetts Volunteer Militia.
24. CWM_140223_138.JPG: Luther Ladd: A young boy from Lowell who enlisted in the 6th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Militia was shot dead on the streets of Baltimore on April 19, 1861. His youthful face, photographed days before he left for war, rallied the North and made him the first martyr of the Civil War. His haunting image appeared across the North on envelopes, in newspapers, journals and in books as a reminder of the bloodshed in Baltimore.
25. CWM_140223_139.JPG: Baltimore Police Belt Plate 1861 excavated from a privy site on Lee Street in 1972.
26. CWM_140223_147.JPG: Action at the President Street Depot
27. CWM_140223_151.JPG: Fourteen coaches, filled with about 1,000 un-uniformed and unarmed members of the "Washington Brigade" and the 6th Massachusetts Regimental Band were left behind at the President Street Depot. With the first body of soldiers out of the city, the crown turned its rage upon the stranded railroad cars and the volunteers within. The mob began to attack the railroad cars shattering windows, wounding several and causing the soldiers to flee. Unionist Baltimoreans -- mainly Irish and German immigrants -- poured out of "Mechanics' Row" (now Little Italy) and joined the violence. Baltimore Police Marshal Kane had disbanded his force at Camden Square before he was informed of the violence occurring on the other side of the city. "... some of the troops began jumping from the train just as I got there, and were immediately set upon by an infuriated populace." -- George P. Kane, Baltimore Police Marshal
28. CWM_140223_153.JPG: The 6th Massachusetts Regimental Band, waiting in the very last of the remaining cars were fiercely attacked. Approaching their car, the crowd... "poured in upon them a shower of stones, broken iron, and other missiles, wounding some severely, and demolishing their instruments. Some of the miscreants jumped upon the roof of the car, and with a bar of iron beat a hole through it, while others were calling for powder to blow them all up in a heap." -- Daily Exchange, April 20, 1861
29. CWM_140223_155.JPG: Nearly all of the Pennsylvania Troops and the Massachusetts Band escaped their rail cars and spilled into the street. The mix of Secessionists, Unionist, uniformed bandsmen and uninformed [sic] Pennsylvania troops created a battle scene where no side could be distinguished. Baggage cars weer entered and arms and ammunition stored there were disbursed among the crowd. In the midst of the melee, Colonel William F. Small, Commander of the Washington Brigade entered the President Street Depot to make arrangements to have his troops returned to Philadelphia. Clothed in civilian dress, Small avoided personal attack by calmly turning away when a rioter identified him as "one of the soldiers," and pretended to be inspecting baggage. "The most alarming state of affairs now prevails. Parties of frantic men are roaming through the street with guns and pistols ... the population are in a dread uncertainty..." -- Philadelphia Public Ledger, April 20, 1861
30. CWM_140223_158.JPG: After re-assembling his force, Police Marshal Kane successfully separated the crowds allowing most troops to re-board the train and return to Philadelphia. Many, however, in an attempt to avoid injury, were scattered throughout the City and left behind. " ... a good many were... seized with panic, and scattered through the city in different directions." -- George William Brown, Mayor of Baltimore
31. CWM_140223_161.JPG: Some of the Pennsylvanians turned themselves over to police and City militia. Baltimore Police escorted over 100 of them to the Eastern District to wait for a returning train. A reporter from a pro-Southern newspaper proclaimed that... "a more miserable set of men we have never seen than these poor deluded creatures, as they were together in the building trembling with fear." -- Daily Baltimore Republican, April 20, 1861
32. CWM_140223_166.JPG: Action at the President Street Depot
33. CWM_140223_169.JPG: The Lexington of 1861 The Massachusetts Volunteers fighting their way through the Streets of Baltimore on their march to the defence of the National Capitol, April 19th 1861. Hurrah for the Glorious 6th
34. CWM_140223_172.JPG: "Streets red with Maryland blood! Send expresses over the mountains and valleys of Maryland and Virginia for the riflemen to come without delay. Fresh hordes will be down on us tomorrow. We will fight them and whip them or die." -- George P. Kane, Baltimore Police Marshal, Telegram to Colonel Bradley T. Johnson, Frederick Mounted Dragoons, Maryland Militia, April 19, 1861
35. CWM_140223_174.JPG: Immediate Area of the Riot of April 19, 1861 Baltimore's Business District 1. President Station: 1,700 Union troops arrive at 10:30 and the first fighting breaks out. 2. Pratt and Gay Streets: After seven companies of the Sixth Massachusetts reach Camden Station via streetcar, rioters block further passage of streetcars by blockading this intersection at 11:30. 3. Pratt and Commerce Streets: Rioters block the march of 220 remaining Sixth Massachusetts troops at this intersection. The running gun battle becomes even more deadly as troops fire a volley to break through. 4. Pratt and Light Streets: Fifty police form a cordon between troops and rioters, allowing soldiers to rapidly advance to Camden Station. 5. Camden Station: Rioters and elements of the Sixth Massachusetts fight sporadically from 11:00 until the train departs. 6. President Station: Between 1:00 and 1:30 rioters return to attack the Pennsylvania Volunteers waiting inside fourteen railroad cars.
36. CWM_140223_177.JPG: Closing the City: The secessionist fervor had reached its height in Baltimore, and City and State officials tried to suppress additional violence. The City of Baltimore and the State of Maryland were, effectively, closed to the passage of Northern troops. During the 48-hour period following the clash on Pratt Street, all of the City militia were called to assembly, armed militia and citizens poured into Baltimore from every surrounding county. Telegraph and postal communications were cut. Barricades were erected at all of the major roads into Baltimore. Mayor's Office Baltimore April 19, 1861 To his Excellency the President of the United States: Sir: A collision between the citizens and the Northern troops has taken place in Baltimore, and the excitement is fearful. Send no troops here. We will endeavor to prevent all bloodshed. A public meeting of citizens has been called, and the troops of the State and City have been called out to preserve the peace. They will be enough. The H. Hicks (Governor) Geo. W. Brown (Mayor) Baltimore, Md, April 19, 1861 Hon. Simon Cameron, Secretary of War: I implore you not to send volunteer troops through our city. The rails will be destroyed. Immense excitement. John S. Gittings (President, The Chesapeake Bank, Baltimore City Council)
37. CWM_140223_181.JPG: In Defense of Baltimore Aftermath and Reaction
38. CWM_140223_184.JPG: Thomas Holliday Hicks, Governor of Maryland: Born on Maryland's Eastern shore in 1798, Hicks began his political career at an early age. He served in various posts in county and State offices representing the Whig Party. In 1857 he joined the American "Know Nothing" party and was elected Governor in November 1858 for four years. His election was characterized by fraud, voter intimidation and mob violence. His party opposed immigration, abolition and favored the rights of slave holding citizens, but Hicks was a strong supporter of the Union, believing the Maryland had no Constitutional right to secede. With the coming of Civil War, Hicks carefully avoided the issue of secession but took the actions necessary to protect Maryland from armed conflict with the Federal volunteers. In the midst of the secession crisis, Hicks was universally hated and feared for his life. His inability to lead Maryland decisively either toward secession or toward Union caused citizens to distrust him. In the end, he would cast his lot with the Lincoln administration.
39. CWM_140223_190.JPG: Thomas Holliday Hicks From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Thomas Holliday Hicks (September 2, 1798 – February 14, 1865) was a politician in the divided border-state of Maryland during the American Civil War. As Governor, opposing the Democrats, his views accurately reflected the conflicting local loyalties. He was pro-slavery but anti-secession. Under pressure to call the General Assembly into special session, he held it in the pro-Union town of Frederick, where he was able to keep the state from seceding. In December 1862, Hicks was appointed to the U.S. Senate, where he endorsed Lincoln's re-election in 1864, but died soon afterwards. Early career Born in 1798 near East New Market, Maryland, Hicks began his political career as a Democrat when he was elected town constable and then, in 1824, elected Sheriff of Dorchester County. Later, he switched to the Whig Party and was elected to the House of Delegates in 1830 and re-elected in 1836. In 1837, the legislature elected him a member of the Governor's Council, the last to be chosen before that body was abolished. In 1838, he was appointed Register of Wills for Dorchester County. He stayed in that job until his election as Governor. Governor of Maryland In 1857, as the Whig Party disintegrated, Hicks joined the Native American Party, more commonly known as the Know-Nothing Party. As such, in 1858, he ran for Governor and defeated Democrat John Charles Groome by 8,700 votes. The election, however, was notable for fraud, open intimidation of voters, and unprecedented violence. Hicks was one of the oldest men to become Governor. In his gubernatorial inaugural address, Hicks criticized the numbers of foreign immigrants coming to America and warned that they would "change the national character". Slavery and the coming of war Hicks opposed abolitionists and supported slave owners. He denounced "[t]he attacks of fanatical and misguided persons against property in slaves" and added that slave owners had a right under the "[United States] Constitution to recover their property." Hicks belatedly supported the Union of the states and sought to prevent Maryland from seceding and joining the Confederacy. This would have isolated Washington, D.C. in confederate territory. Hicks reflected the divisions in his state. In Hicks' writings about the South and its secession, he referred to it as "we." He wrote that "they", the North (and Abraham Lincoln), were wrong in "refus[ing] to observe the plain requirements of the Constitution" to permit new states to join the Union as slave states. Baltimore Riot of 1861 After the bloodshed in Baltimore, involving Massachusetts troops which were fired on while marching between railroad stations, on April 19, 1861, Baltimore Mayor George William Brown, Marshal George P. Kane, and former Governor Enoch Louis Lowe requested that Hicks burn the railroad bridges leading to Baltimore, in order to prevent further troops from entering the state. Hicks reportedly approved this proposal. These actions were addressed in Ex parte Merryman, the famous case of Maryland militia Captain John Merryman who was arrested by Union forces. After initially denying that he had authorized such actions, Hicks backtracked and voiced his support for the Union. But, writing to Lincoln on April 22, 1861, Hicks informed the new President that "I feel it my duty most respectfully to advise you that no more troops be ordered or allowed to pass through Maryland", requested that Lincoln obtain a truce with the South and suggested that Lord Lyons mediate. Hicks worried about Maryland's position as a border state in an address to the Maryland General Assembly on April 25, 1861, when he stated that "The only safety of Maryland lies in preserving a neutral position between our brethren of the North and of the South." Subsequently, many prominent men lobbied Hicks to call the General Assembly into special session, purportedly for the mixed reason of opposing secession and opposing the Northern attitude towards the South. Initially called into session in Annapolis, Hicks changed the location to Frederick. Annapolis was a Southern Democratic town, and secessionist, while Frederick was generally pro-Union. Additionally, many legislators and Southern sympathizers were arrested by Lincoln. The legislature convened in Frederick unanimously adopted a measure stating that they would not commit the state to secession. Late career and death In December 1862, his successor as Governor, Augustus W. Bradford (Union), appointed him to the U.S. Senate from Maryland following the death of his predecessor, James A. Pearce (D). Although ill, he campaigned for reelection, endorsing Lincoln's reelection in 1864. He died at the Metropolitan Hotel in Washington, D.C. on February 13, 1865. Abraham Lincoln attended his funeral in the U.S. Senate Chamber. Hicks was originally buried at his family farm in Dorchester County. He was later disinterred and moved to Cambridge Cemetery. The state erected a monument over his grave in 1868.
40. CWM_140223_193.JPG: George William Brown, Mayor of Baltimore: A Baltimore native, George William Brown was born in 1812, and pursued a career as a lawyer. As a young municipal reformer, Brown did much to change the fraudulent politics of the city, and as a founder of the new "Reform Party" Brown was elected Mayor of Baltimore in November 1860. During the violence of April 19, 1861 Brown risked his own safety to assist the Massachusetts troops through Baltimore. He was instrumental in the closing of Baltimore to Federal troops passage, but remained a neutral administrator following the military occupation of Baltimore some weeks later. On September 12, 1861, Mayor George William Brown was arrested at his home by Federal Military Police and was imprisoned at Fort McHenry, Fortress Monroe and Fort Warren. By the time of his release, his term in office had expired and another Mayor had been elected.
41. CWM_140223_196.JPG: George William Brown From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia George William Brown was the mayor of Baltimore, Maryland from 1860 to 1861. Pratt Street Riot: Brown played an important role in controlling the Pratt Street Riot, where the first bloodshed of the Civil War occurred, on April 19, 1861. Immediately following the Riot, Baltimore saw much lawlessness, as citizens destroyed the offices of pro-Union German newspapers and looted shops in search of guns and other weapons. Mayor Brown and Maryland businessmen visited the White House to urge President Abraham Lincoln to reroute Union troops around Baltimore city to Annapolis to avoid further confrontations that they felt would result from additional troops passing through the city. In the few days following the Pratt Street Riot, Governor Hicks likely assented to Mayor Brown's decision to dispatch the Maryland militiamen to destroy the railroad bridges over the rivers north of the city, to prevent more troops from passing through Baltimore. This was an act both Hicks and Brown would later deny--though Isaac Ridgeway Trimble, commanding Baltimore militia companies immediately following the Riot--later claimed that Brown authorized destruction of the railroad bridges, which may explain Brown's later arrest and imprisonment by federal authorities. Shortly thereafter, a Maryland militia captain and Baltimore County farmer, John Merryman, was arrested, held at Fort McHenry and later denied a writ of habeas corpus, on grounds that President Lincoln had suspended the writ (but only along rail lines in Maryland). This arrest sparked the case of Ex parte Merryman. President Lincoln agreed to reroute Union troops around Baltimore to Annapolis, so they could then travel to Washington. Northern troops (state militia companies) were able to arrive in Washington, thus avoiding further bloodshed in Baltimore. Imprisonment: On May 13, 1861, the Union army entered Baltimore, occupied the city, and declared martial law. Mayor Brown, the city council, and the police commissioner, who were all pro-Confederate, were arrested and imprisoned at Fort McHenry for the balance of the war. Francis Key Howard, the grandson of Francis Scott Key was also made a prisoner. Later life: Almost three years before he died, Brown wrote his memoir. In it, he referred to Quaker Johns Hopkins as a "wealthy Union man" and a member of a committee of bankers who gave $500,000 to the city of Baltimore after the first blood in the Civil War was shed there. Hopkins selected Brown as one of the trustees of the university (but not of the hospital) who would oversee the construction and founding of the institutions now known as the Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital.
42. CWM_140223_203.JPG: In Memoriam 6th Massachusetts Volunteer Militia Luther C. Ladd, private Sumner H. Needham, private Charles A. Taylor, private Addison O. Whitney, private 26th and 27th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry "The Washington Brigade" George Leisenring, private Baltimore Civilians William Clark James Clark S. Constant Robert W. Davis (Unknown) Flannery Sabastian Gees Patrick Griffin William Maloney James Meyers Philip Thomas Miles William Reed
43. CWM_140223_206.JPG: Closing the City: The secessionist fervor had reached its height in Baltimore, and City and State officials tried to suppress additional violence. The City of Baltimore and the State of Maryland were, effectively, closed to the passage of Northern troops. During the 48-hour period following the clash on Pratt Street, all of the City militia were called to assembly, armed militia and citizens poured into Baltimore from every surrounding county. Telegraph and postal communications were cut. Barricades were erected at all of the major roads into Baltimore.
44. CWM_140223_208.JPG: President Lincoln Suspends Civil Liberties: On April 27, 1861, fearful that the Nation's Capitol would be trapped between a raging Baltimore and a Confederate Virginia, President Lincoln suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus from Washington, DC to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A legal term, the Writ of Habeas Corpus is a safeguard against illegal imprisonment that requires that a person arrested must be brought before a court and be informed of charges against him. Lincoln's suspension of this basic civil liberty meant that military authorities could arrest and hold any individual indefinitely for any reason without a civil trial. It was a direct violation of the United States Constitution.
45. CWM_140223_211.JPG: The Winans Pike Even in the mid 19th century, an era of accurate firearms and effective artillery, an ancient spear or pike, carried by legions centuries before, was considered to be an inexpensive yet effective defense. Ross Winans manufactured these simple weapons on an order from Police Marshal Kane and delivered them to Baltimore officials. They were to be distributed among the populace of Baltimore for protection against further movements of Federal troops through the city. It was not known whether any were ever employed since a cache of 1,500 Winans Pike was confiscated by Federal authorities on May 21, 1861, taken to Fort McHenry and cut, rendering them useless. Known alternately as a Ross Winans Pike, Marshal Kane Pike or Baltimore Pike, this original example is one of fewer than 5 known to exist with their original full length pole intact.
46. CWM_140223_214.JPG: In Defense of Baltimore
47. CWM_140223_215.JPG: Ross Winans Born in 1796, Winans was a Baltimore elder by the opening of the Civil War. He had come to Baltimore in 1828 to sell horses to the B&O and became one of America's foremost railroad inventors. He helped Peter Cooper build America's first steam locomotive. Between 1835 and 1857 Ross Winans was responsible for the design and perfection of the B&O's most effective locomotives. He created a design for a locomotive with its cab mounted over the boiler known as "Winan's Camel." By 1857, he had built over half of the B&O's locomotive stable and made a fortune. Pro-Southern in his politics, Ross Winans served in the Maryland Legislature in 1861. Following the April 19th violence in Baltimore, Police Marshal George P. Kane ordered Ross Winans to supply the City with 2,000 pikes for civilian defense.
48. CWM_140223_218.JPG: Ross Winans From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ross Winans (1796–1877) was an American inventor, mechanic, and builder of locomotives and railroad machinery. He is also noted for design of pioneering cigar-hulled ships. Winans, one of the United States' first multi-millionaires, was involved in national and state politics, a southern-sympathizer and was a vehement "states' rights" advocate. His outspoken anti-federal stance as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, the lower chamber of the General Assembly, (state legislature) led to his temporary arrest on board a Baltimore and Ohio Railroad train returning from an early session of the legislature held in the western Maryland town of Frederick to avoid the Union Army-occupied state capital of Annapolis in April-May, 1861, to consider the possibilities of state secession, during the early decisive period of the American Civil War. Winans was related to James McNeill Whistler through marriage (Whistler's brother George married Winans' daughter Julia).
49. CWM_140223_221.JPG: Winans "Camel" Locomotive, B&O No. 189
50. CWM_140223_223.JPG: Police Marshal George P Kane Newly appointed Police Marshal, George P. Kane, had strong Southern loyalties -- as did the majority of his force. Nevertheless, Kane and the Baltimore Police were gallant in their protection of the Massachusetts and Pennsylvania troops on April 19, 1861. In fact, the pro-Southern loyalties of Kane and the Baltimore Police may have commanded the respect of the secessionists and prevent further bloodshed. The newspapers lauded the police for its strenuous efforts to protect the soldiers. In their official reports, the officers of the 6th Massachusetts Volunteers praised Kane and his men for their bravery. In June 1861, Marshal Kane and Baltimore's Board of Police Commissioners were arrested for treason and jailed for more than a year without trial. Kane would later serve as a Confederate recruiting officer in Richmond.
51. CWM_140223_226.JPG: George Proctor Kane From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia George Proctor Kane (1820–1878) was mayor of Baltimore, Maryland, from November 5, 1877, to his death on June 23, 1878. He is best known for his role as Marshall of Police during the Baltimore riot of 1861 and his subsequent imprisonment at Fort McHenry and Fort Warren without the benefit of habeas corpus. His position as Marshal of Police and his southern sympathies were two of many factors in Abraham Lincoln's decision in February 1861 to pass through Baltimore surreptitiously on his way to Washington to be inaugurated, in order to avoid a possible assassination attempt. Despite his politics, Kane was instrumental in providing protection and an escort for Mary Todd Lincoln on her arrival in Baltimore in February 1861 on her way to the inauguration of her husband, who had preceded her.
52. CWM_140223_228.JPG: The Baltimore Police The City's police force had its origins under the "Act of 1784" providing lamplighters and night watchmen for Baltimore. Later, constables were appointed for each distinct and the police force was positioned under the authority of the Mayor. By the late 1850's, the Baltimore Police were viewed as a corrupt arm of the political "Know Nothing" Party. With the election of Mayor George William Brown in 1860, a series of reform bills were passed enlarging the Board of Police Commissioners that supervised the force and removing it from the Mayor's jurisdiction.
53. CWM_140223_231.JPG: Baltimore City Policeman, 1861
54. CWM_140223_233.JPG: Adeline Blanchard Tyler A Massachusetts native living and working in Baltimore in April 1861, Adeline Blanchard Tyler was a Deaconess in the Episcopal Church serving as a nursing instructor at Church Home and Infirmary on Broadway. Learning that wounded members of the 6th Massachusetts Regiment were laying at the Central Police Station, she appeared at the door demanding entry to care for their wounds. Inside she found two of the soldiers dead on the first floor of the station and four wounded upstairs. Demanding visitation, she smuggled severely wounded Sergeant Ames and Private Coburn through Baltimore in a covered furniture wagon to be treated by a surgeon. Afterwards, Adeline took charge of their convalescence for nearly a month. Upon the soldier's homecoming, the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts passed a resolution of thanks to Adeline Tyler.
55. CWM_140223_237.JPG: Adeline Blanchard Tyler
56. CWM_140223_241.JPG: William Clark -- Age: 20 years. Instantly killed at the corner of Pratt & South Sts by a Minnie ball, which entered the right side of the eye, passing through the head & out the other side. His body was removed to the Middle District Police Station, Holiday & Saratoga Sts, & after an inquest, to his late boarding house, Frederick & Baltimore Sts. He was a driver for the No. 1 Hook & Ladder Company. He had recently enlisted in The Southern Confederate Army & was expected to have left in a few days for South Carolina.
57. CWM_140223_244.JPG: John L. Thomas A prominent Baltimore attorney and staunch Unionist, John L. Thomas risked his life speaking for the Union before a large secessionist crowd at the Fountain Hotel on April 18, 1861. During his speech Governor Hicks, whose life had been threatened, was taken away to safety. Thomas was present on Pratt Street during the conflict on April 19th, making every personal attempt to quell the bloodshed. Witnessing the mortal wounding of Private Sumner Needham, Thomas carried the young soldier to a nearby drug store where he died of his wounds.
58. CWM_140223_247.JPG: John Lewis Thomas, Jr. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia John Lewis Thomas, Jr. (May 20, 1835 – October 15, 1893) was an American politician. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Thomas studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1856, commencing practice soon afterwards in Cumberland, Maryland. He also served as city counselor of Cumberland in 1856 and 1857. He moved to Baltimore in 1857, continued the practice of law, and also served as city solicitor of Baltimore from 1860 to 1862. He was a delegate to the State constitutional convention of 1863 and State's attorney from 1863 to 1865. In 1865, Thomas was elected as an Unconditional Unionist to the Thirty-ninth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Edwin H. Webster and served from December 4, 1865 to March 3, 1867. He was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for reelection in 1866 to the Fortieth Congress. After Congress, he served as collector of the port of Baltimore from 1869 to 1873 and again from 1877 to 1882. He died in Baltimore and is interred in Greenmount Cemetery.
59. CWM_140223_249.JPG: The Return to Monument Square: Once again Baltimoreans gathered at Monument Square. One of the City's most respected attorneys, Severn Teakle Wallis, lead another pro-Southern rally. There, William P. Preston, a Baltimore businessman proclaimed: "I would prefer to die defending the Constitution as maintained by the South, than live a single hour under the fanatical tyranny of the North." Mayor George William Brown addressed the mass meeting assuring Baltimoreans of their safety. Timid, shaking and afraid for his life, Governor Thomas Hollilday Hicks -- despised by the assembled crowd -- walked to the podium bearing the promise. "I will suffer my right arm to be torn form my body before I will raise it to strike a sister state."
60. CWM_140223_251.JPG: Severn Teakle Wallis
61. CWM_140223_253.JPG: Burning the Railroad Bridges At a midnight meeting on April 19, 1861 between Mayor Brown and the Board of Police Commissioners, it was decided to destroy the railroad bridges north of the city to prevent additional troops from entering Baltimore. Governor Hicks approved the plan, but later denied any involvement with it. On April 20, 1861, a detachment of Baltimore City Police and the Maryland Guard were sent to burn the bridges of the Northern Central Railway. Later, another detachment of citizen, non-uniformed militia under the command of Isaac Ridgeway Trimble burned the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad bridges over the Bush and Gunpowder Rivers.
62. CWM_140223_256.JPG: Isaac Ridgeway Trimble Burning of the Gunpowder Creek Railroad Bridge on the Philadelphia and Baltimore Railroad, by the Maryland secessionists.
63. CWM_140223_258.JPG: The Funeral in Boston: An elaborate funeral for Luther Ludd, Addison Whitney and Sumner Needham was held in Boston attracting thousands of grieving onlookers. The City of Baltimore later sent $10,000 for the relief of their families. On June 17, 1865, a monument to Ladd and Whitney was raised in Lowell, Massachusetts.
64. CWM_140223_262.JPG: Luther C. Ladd Addison G. Whitney Sumner Henry Needham
65. CWM_140223_265.JPG: The Dead and Wounded: Federal troops and Baltimore civilians lay dead and wounded in the aftermath of the Baltimore conflict. Countless injured were received from both sides into the storefronts, police stations and armories of Baltimore. Newspaper, personal and official accounts of the incident reported the names of the dead and wounded. Conflicting reports of participants killed and wounded were common. The following names are of those consistently reported to have perished in the Pratt Street incident.
66. CWM_140223_268.JPG: Maryland, My Maryland Baltimorean James Ryder Randall, while teaching school in Louisiana, read with horror the newspaper accounts of April 19th. Among the many names of those killed and wounded in the incident was his college roommate, Francis X. Ward. Although the report of Ward's death was in error, Randall's shock and grief were expressed in a poem titled My Maryland which was published days after its writing. Receiving a copy, two Baltimore sisters, Jennie and Hettie Cary, changed the title to Maryland, My Maryland and adapted the words to the Yale College song "Lauriger Horatius". Charles Ellerbrock, a printing house employee at Miller and Beacham in Baltimore, substituted the currently used tune "O Tannenbaum" prior to publication. The song became a popular favorite among Confederate soldiers throughout the South, and in 1939, became the Maryland State Anthem.
67. CWM_140223_271.JPG: Maryland! My Maryland The despot's heel is on thy shore, Maryland!* His torch is at thy temple door, Maryland! Avenge the patriotic gore That flecked the streets of Baltimore, And be the battle queen of yore, Maryland! My Maryland! II Hark to an exiled son's appeal, Maryland! My mother State! to thee I kneel, Maryland! For life and death, for woe and weal, Thy peerless chivalry reveal, And gird thy beauteous limbs with steel, Maryland! My Maryland! III Thou wilt not cower in the dust, Maryland! Thy beaming sword shall never rust, Maryland! Remember Carroll's sacred trust, Remember Howard's warlike thrust,- And all thy slumberers with the just, Maryland! My Maryland! IV Come! 'tis the red dawn of the day, Maryland! Come with thy panoplied array, Maryland! With Ringgold's spirit for the fray, With Watson's blood at Monterey, With fearless Lowe and dashing May, Maryland! My Maryland! V Come! for thy shield is bright and strong, Maryland! Come! for thy dalliance does thee wrong, Maryland! Come to thine own anointed throng, Stalking with Liberty along, And chaunt thy dauntless slogan song, Maryland! My Maryland! VI Dear Mother! burst the tyrant's chain, Maryland! Virginia should not call in vain, Maryland! She meets her sisters on the plain- "Sic semper!" 'tis the proud refrain That baffles minions back amain, Arise in majesty again, Maryland! My Maryland! VII I see the blush upon thy cheek, Maryland! For thou wast ever bravely meek, Maryland! But lo! there surges forth a shriek, From hill to hill, from creek to creek- Potomac calls to Chesapeake, Maryland! My Maryland! VIII Thou wilt not yield the Vandal toll, Maryland! Thou wilt not crook to his control, Maryland! Better the fire upon thee roll, Better the blade, the shot, the bowl, Than crucifixion of the soul, Maryland! My Maryland! IX I hear the distant thunder-hum, Maryland! The Old Line's bugle, fife, and drum, Maryland! She is not dead, nor deaf, nor dumb- Huzza! she spurns the Northern scum! She breathes! she burns! she'll come! she'll come! Maryland! My Maryland! * Although the words as written, and as adopted by statute, contain only one instance of "Maryland" in the second and fourth line of each stanza, common practice is to sing "Maryland, my Maryland" each time to keep with the meter of the tune.
68. CWM_140223_274.JPG: Under the Cover of Darkness
69. CWM_140223_280.JPG: A Massachusetts General Goes To Washington Benjamin Franklin Butler, a political state militia general, led his 800 man 8th Massachusetts Volunteer Militia out of Boston for Washington a full day prior to the Pratt Street affair. Intending to take the same railroad route through Baltimore as the 6th Massachusetts, they arrived in Philadelphia on April 19th. Hearing of the debacle in Baltimore, Butler commandeered the steam ferry Maryland on the Susquehanna River at Perryville and moved down the Chesapeake Bay arriving in Annapolis, Maryland on April 20, 1861. From Annapolis Butler could avoid Baltimore and enter Washington via the Annapolis and Elkridge railroad.
70. CWM_140223_285.JPG: Butler took possession of the US Naval Academy, established headquarters, and set his men to repairing the rail line which had been partially destroyed by local residents. Finding a partially dismantled and hidden locomotive, Private Charles Homans, a former railroad mechanic, repaired the engine to working order and twenty other soldiers, all former railroad employees from Massachusetts, assisted in reopening the line to Washington.
71. CWM_140223_288.JPG: Butler's troops repairing the railroad en route to Washington
72. CWM_140223_291.JPG: When General Butler received orders putting Baltimore in his geographical jurisdiction, he quickly made plans to occupy the City. Butler sent a captain of his staff into Baltimore disguised as an organ grinder to look around. The captain wandered throughout the City noting the absence of armed troops and finding stockpiles of gunpowder and supplies intended for the South. On the evening of May 13, 1861, without notifying General Winfield Scott or Federal officials, General Butler loaded a train at Relay with 500 men of the 6th Massachusetts, (veterans of the Pratt Street Conflict,) 450 men of the 8th New York Regiment and six cannons from Cook's Boston Artillery. As darkness fell, the locomotive began its journey into Baltimore City. Just as Butler and his forces arrived at Camden Station a severe thunderstorm broke. Concealed by the storm and the darkened sky, Butler marched his troops to Federal Hill, overlooking Baltimore's inner harbor. There they erected hasty fortifications, training their artillery upon the city. Throughout the night, Butler's troops located and confiscated stands of arms in various warehouses sending them to Fort McHenry. Ross Winans was arrested at Crimea; his home in what is now Baltimore's Leakin Park. When Baltimore awoke on the morning of May 14, 1861, the United States flew over Federal Hill and the city was literally under the gun.
73. CWM_140223_296.JPG: General Benjamin Franklin Butler In November 1860, Butler had been an unsuccessful candidate for Massachusetts Governor on the Democratic ticket headed by John C. Breckinridge. The party he represented supported slavery and states rights but he cast his lot with Lincoln when the war began. "When we come from Massachusetts, we will not leave a single traitor behind, unless he is hanging from a tree." An egotistical, politically appointed state militia general, Butler made no friends in Maryland and few in Washington. Upon his arrival in Annapolis he publicly offered to protect white inhabitants against the threat of a trumped up slave revolt. Just after occupying Relay, he warned the local citizens not to poison his troops or he would incite a slave revolt against them. His unauthorized May 14th proclamation to the citizens of Baltimore enraged both the City population and War Department officials in Washington. Upon his removal from command by General Scott, an indignant Butler replied: "... what does this mean? Is it a censure upon my action? ... Is it because of my proving successful in bringing Baltimore to subjection and quiet? If my services are no longer desired by the Department, I am quite content to be relieved altogether, but I will not be disgraced."
74. CWM_140223_297.JPG: Benjamin Butler (politician) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Benjamin Franklin Butler (November 5, 1818 – January 11, 1893) was a Major General in the Union Army, a American lawyer and politician who represented Massachusetts in the United States House of Representatives and later served as the 33rd Governor of Massachusetts. In 1868, as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, Butler had a prominent role in the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson. As Chairman of the House Committee on Reconstruction, Butler authored the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871, signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant, that gave federal authority to prosecute and destroy the Klan in the South. Butler authored, along with Sen. Charles Sumner, the Civil Rights Act of 1875, signed into law by President Grant. This law, a final act of Reconstruction, gave African American US citizens the right to public accommodation such as hotels, restaurants, lodging, and public entertainment establishments.
75. CWM_140223_300.JPG: General Winfield Scott Aged and infirm General Winfield Scott, a veteran of the War of 1812, was the highest ranking US military officer at the outbreak of Civil War. Upon hearing of Butler's occupation of Baltimore, General Scott became enraged. No orders had been given, and the tumultuous nature of the City had worried Washington officials. Many, including President Abraham Lincoln, feared a pitched battle just north of the Capitol and the loss of Maryland to the Confederacy. The morning after General Butler's seizure of Baltimore, Scott wired him: "Sir: your hazardous occupation of Baltimore was made without my knowledge, and of course without my approbation. It is a God-send that it was without conflict of arms ... Not a word have I received from you..." As a result, General Scott relieved Butler of his Maryland command and sent him to Fortress Monroe in Hampton Roads, Virginia.
76. CWM_140223_303.JPG: Winfield Scott From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Winfield Scott (June 13, 1786 – May 29, 1866) was a United States Army general, and unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Whig Party in 1852. Known as "Old Fuss and Feathers" and the "Grand Old Man of the Army," he served on active duty as a general longer than any other man in American history, and many historians rate him the best American commander of his time. Over the course of his 53-year career, he commanded forces in the War of 1812, the Black Hawk War, the Mexican-American War, the Second Seminole War, and, briefly, the American Civil War, conceiving the Union strategy known as the Anaconda Plan that would be used to defeat the Confederacy. He served as Commanding General of the United States Army for twenty years, longer than any other holder of the office. A national hero after the Mexican-American War, he served as military governor of Mexico City. Such was his stature that, in 1852, the United States Whig Party passed over its own incumbent President of the United States, Millard Fillmore, to nominate Scott in that year's United States presidential election. At a height of 6'5", he remains the tallest man ever nominated by a major party. Scott lost to Democrat Franklin Pierce in the general election, but remained a popular national figure, receiving a brevet promotion in 1855 to the rank of lieutenant general, becoming the second American since George Washington to hold that rank.
77. CWM_140223_305.JPG: Butler's defenses of the Thomas viaduct, Relay, Maryland
78. CWM_140223_308.JPG: Capture of the Steam Gun: Reports of a strange steam powered cannon being smuggled out of Baltimore to the Confederacy reached General Butler. Built in the locomotive shops of Ross Winans, the steam gun -- according to Charles Dickinson, its inventor -- could fire 100 to 500 rounds per minute! Butler seized the westbound B&O train from Baltimore loading it with troops from the 6th Massachusetts. The soldiers arrived at Ellicott's Mills just as the artillery invention entered the town. The gun was quickly captured but Dickinson escaped with critical parts rendering it inoperable. The steam gun was taken back to Relay where it became a great curiosity, but its mechanism was never deciphered and it is presumed to have been scrapped.
79. CWM_140223_311.JPG: Butler's Proclamation to the Citizens of Baltimore Dated May 14, 1861 and written from Federal Hill, Brigadier General Benjamin F. Butler issued an unauthorized written proclamation to the citizens of Baltimore. Butler's proclamation, posted throughout the City, sternly warned "malignant and traitorous men" that rebellious acts must cease. All property intended to aid the rebellion would be seized and transportation of goods to the South halted. Assemblies of armed bodies of men were forbidden, and Militia officers were to report to him and reveal their loyalty. The proclamation further declared that no "flag, banner, ensign or device of the so-called Confederate States" would be permitted to be shown. Butler's regulations would be enforced by large bodies of soldiers which could be brought to the City at a moment's notice. Encouragement of loyalty to the Union, protection of City government and promises of profits through army contracts to Baltimore's Union merchants were intended to soothe the surprised population.
80. CWM_140223_314.JPG: World's First Armored RailCar Philadelphia Wilmington & Baltimore RR
81. CWM_140223_319.JPG: Butler's Headquarters on Federal Hill
82. CWM_140223_322.JPG: Federal Hill, May 1861
83. CWM_140223_325.JPG: Camden Station of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
84. CWM_140223_329.JPG: Cain of Baltimore
85. CWM_140223_331.JPG: From Manacles to Muskets
86. CWM_140223_333.JPG: Baltimore's Regiments of United States Colored Troops
87. CWM_140223_341.JPG: A Brave Baltimorean Christian Fleetwood was born in Baltimore in 1840 and educated at the home of a wealthy sugar merchant. He served with the American Colonization Society and traveled to Liberia. In 1860, he graduated from Ashmun (now Lincoln) University. Enlisting in the 4th USCT in Baltimore in 1863, he quickly rose to the rank of Sergeant Major. He served with Ben Butler seeing action at Fort Harrison and Chapin's Farm. At Chapin's Farm, he seized the colors after two color bearers were shot dead and "bore them nobly through the fight." For his valor, Fleetwood was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. He remained prominent in the National Guard and the War Department after leaving active service.
88. CWM_140223_350.JPG: The Result of the Fifteenth Amendment
89. CWM_140223_358.JPG: Colonel William Birney, CSA
90. CWM_140223_359.JPG: By early 1863, the ranks of the Union Army had been severely depleted by death, disease and desertion. A long string of military failures in the field failed to entice new recruits and President Lincoln was forced to institute a draft. Unpopular and corrupt, the draft produced as many difficulties as soldiers. For nearly two years, abolitionists and radical Republicans had urged President Lincoln to allow black men, both free and slaves, to serve in the Union Army. Frederick Douglass in 1861 appealed to Lincoln to make use of his "strong black arm." Fearing a backlash in Maryland and other border states, the President delayed. With the Emancipation Proclamation in place and a weak army, Lincoln finally established the Bureau of Colored Troops in May, 1863. While black men could serve in the ranks, all officers commanding them would be white. Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton appointed the son of a prominent abolitionist, Colonel William Birney, to the task of recruiting a colored regiment in Baltimore. With great energy and determination, Birney quickly organized several companies of Baltimore free blacks. A well-organized recruiting party traveled the state searching for free black enlistees. The recruiters, however, often lured away slaves from their masters, causing a furor among Maryland's slave holding population and angering President Lincoln. Birney continued, undaunted. To compensate, Lincoln offered slave owners up to $300.00 to enlist their slaves declaring that "all persons enlisted into the military service shall be forever thereafter free." The reaction of white volunteers and officers was mixed. Some declared in salvation for the army while others wrote of their preference to allow black men to die rather than white. The great majority, however, were skeptical of the ability of black soldiers to fight. Despite public opinion, the United States Colored Troops fought with great distinction in important battles such as Fort Wagner, Fort Fisher. The Wilderness Campaign and Petersburg. Maryland units, in particular, distinguished themselves and earned the grudging respect of their superiors and the Union population. Maryland furnished some 8,700 of the army's 186,000 black troops. Nearly one third of them enlisted from Baltimore City.
91. CWM_140223_363.JPG: The Collapse of Slavery in Maryland
92. CWM_140223_367.JPG: Maryland's Exemption from Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation On September 22, 1862, following the withdrawal of Confederate troops from the Antietam Campaign near Sharpsburg, Maryland, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. This unprecedented Presidential order granted freedom from slavery in the Southern States on January 1, 1863. The Emancipation Proclamation stated specifically that slavery was abolished in those "states and territories in Rebellion against the United States." Maryland, a slave holding state, remained in the Union and therefore was exempted from freeing her slaves. By 1862, slavery in Maryland and Baltimore, however, had begun a natural death. With the passing of hundreds of thousands of Union troops through Baltimore, many slaves were spirited away. Others were taken by passing soldiers and officers. For years, the Union Army sheltered runaways and free blacks employing them as cooks, nurses, laundresses and servants. The army called them "contrabands." Others, whose masters left to fight for the Confederacy, left their bondage to escape north. The prevailing Unionist social view of the Civil War period rejected any thought of racial equality, but the institution of slavery was viewed with disgust. Slave holders, in particular, were despised. Those Maryland slave holders who searched the Union camps for their escaped slaves were met, at best, with hatred and hostility.
93. CWM_140223_369.JPG: Contrabands in Union Army camp
94. CWM_140223_373.JPG: The Bell of Freedom Rings
95. CWM_140223_375.JPG: Thank god for Maryland freeing her slaves
96. CWM_140223_376.JPG: The State Election of October 1863 witnessed a radical change in the political tenor of Maryland. Many of Maryland's slave holders and secessionists had long gone off to war, the Union military occupation of Maryland levied influence upon voters, and much of Maryland's slave population was depleted. In January 1864, the legislature called for a constitutional convention. The result was a new state constitution proposal which based representation of white population alone, not the former combined white and black population. This greatly reduced the delegates from slave holding rural areas in the legislature. A strict loyalty oath was instituted disqualifying any person from voting who had supported the Confederacy in any way, including families whose sons fought in the Confederate Army. Election judges were given the power to decide who was loyal. The constitutional vote took place in the fall of 1864. The new Maryland State Constitution passed with as many as two thirds of Maryland's resident population disqualified and out of state Union troops voting heavily. Controversial and corrupt, the process had one gleaming accomplishment: Maryland became the first former slave state in the Union to abolish slavery. "Their vote has redeemed their State from the curve of slavery, and anchored it fast and forever to the Union, whose cause.... 'is the cause of human nature.' ... they have, with one master blow, demolished the root of war in the soil of Maryland." -- Harper's Weekly, October 29, 1864
97. CWM_140223_378.JPG: Henry "Box" Brown
98. CWM_140223_381.JPG: Resurrection of Henry "Box" Brown
99. CWM_140223_384.JPG: Through the secret efforts of abolitionists James A. Smith of Richmond, Virginia, escaped slave Henry Brown arranged to be packaged in a 2'8" x 3' wooden crate lined in felt. He was shipped north to Philadelphia via the Adams Express Company in 1848 with the clothes on his back, a small container of water and few small biscuits. Addressed to Philadelphia shoe dealer William H. Johnson, the box was nailed closed and wrapped with five hickory hoops. The crate wast taken by wagon to the Adams Express office in Richmond, and loaded on a train to Washington where Brown was transferred to the B&O Railroad. Once in Baltimore, he was again transferred from the B&O to the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad for the final leg of the journey to Philadelphia. The entire trip took 26 hours to complete. A telegram reading: "Your case of goods is shipped and will arrive tomorrow morning" was delivered to William H. Johnson in Philadelphia. Mr. E.M. Davis, a member of the Executive Committee of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society and a well known merchant was enlisted to assist in recovering the package from the Adams Express Office in Philadelphia. For a five dollar gold piece, an Adams Express driver brought the crate containing Henry Brown directly to the anti-slavery Office at 107 North 5th Street. On hand to witness the opening of the crate were J.M. McKim, Professor C.D. Cleveland, Lewis Thompson and William Still, all members of the Anti-Slavery Society. With door of the office safely locked, Mr. McKim lightly rapped upon the lid and called "All right?" ... instantly heard from within came the response: "All right, sir!" After the ties were cut and the list removed, Henry Brown rose from the box and with outstretched hand said "How do you do, Gentlemen?" Fulfilling a self made promise, Henry "Box" Brown sang a Psalm "I waited patiently for the Lord, and He heard my prayer.." Elated at hearing the news of Brown's safe passage, Samuel Smith was encouraged to crate two other slaves bound for freedom. Unfortunately, his second attempt was thwarted, the slaves captured and Smith arrested. He served eight years in prison for his offense.
100. CWM_140223_388.JPG: The Iron Road to Freedom
101. CWM_140223_391.JPG: Joseph G. Johnson: In 1860, Joseph G. Johnson was one of six slaves owned by Baltimore Grocer William Jones. Suddenly, Mr. Jones sold all of his slaves except Joseph. Fearing his own impending sale, Joseph escaped through the President Street Depot on a northbound freight train. He was discovered by Mr. Jones' son in Wilmington, Delaware hiding in the rail car. Returned to his master in Baltimore, Joseph G. Johnson would later escape to Philadelphia by steamboat.
102. CWM_140223_397.JPG: Charlotte Giles and Harriett Eglin: Disguised as two women in mourning wearing long black dresses and heavy veils, Charlotte and Harriett, escaped slaves attempting to leave Maryland, boarded a northbound train at the President Street Station in 1856. While the train was waiting to depart, one of their masters entered the train seeking his slave. Rushing from car to car, he stopped in front of them asking their names. Replying "Mary" and "Lizzie," the owner quickly lifted their veils. He failed to recognize them in his rush and continued to the next car on his search. They arrived in Philadelphia safely and claimed their freedom.
103. CWM_140223_399.JPG: William & Ellen Craft: From Macon, Georgia, William and Ellen Craft entered Baltimore in 1848 on their escape route north. Ellen, having a very light complexion, was disguised as the gentleman owner of William. Her arm was in a sling and her head bandages, thus concealing her gender and providing an excuse for not being able to sign the forms normally required for slave passage. The disguised Ellen and her "slave" were briefly detained by a PW&B Railroad agent in Baltimore but were finally able to pass on the train to Philadelphia and gain their freedom.
104. CWM_140223_402.JPG: A Baltimore Seamstress: Owned by a wealthy Baltimore family, this anonymous young female slave served the family as a seamstress and maid servant. Sent on an errand to get supplies for a formal ball, she made her escape. Meeting a young white companion she was placed in a sealed crate and taken to the President Street Station to be shipped to Philadelphia. Staying overnight in the Depot in cold winter, she was shipped the next morning. Recovered by anti-slave activist Thomas Shipley in Philadelphia, he transported her by wagon to the Myer family and into safety. Stunned from exposure to the cold, hunger and fear, the young woman could not speak for several days.
105. CWM_140223_404.JPG: Frederick Douglass: Twenty-one years old and working as a hired slave in the Fells Point shipyard in Baltimore, Frederick Douglass escaped his bondage aboard a Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore rail car on September 3, 1838. He obtained seaman's papers from a confidant enabling him to pass as a free black. Prior to the construction of the President Street Station, it is believed that Frederick boarded the train near the Canton area. To many Marylanders, however, Frederick Douglass' message was troublesome. He wrote and spoke in great detail of the bondage, beating and torture inflicted upon slaves in Maryland. Great embarrassment was placed upon Marylanders who frequently argued that the lash and whip was a rarity, unlike treatment on the great sugar and cotton plantations of the deep south. In 1845, Frederick Douglass published a "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass." Two years later he began publication of the "North Star," a widely circulated newspaper for Blacks. During the Civil War, Douglass became the chief proponent of recruiting black men into military service.
106. CWM_140223_407.JPG: Frederick Douglass From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, c. February 1818 – February 20, 1895) was an African-American social reformer, orator, writer, and statesman. After escaping from slavery, he became a leader of the abolitionist movement, gaining note for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writing. He stood as a living counter-example to slaveholders' arguments that slaves lacked the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens. Many Northerners also found it hard to believe that such a great orator had been a slave. Douglass wrote several autobiographies. He described his experiences as a slave in his 1845 autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, which became a bestseller and influential in supporting abolition, as did the second, My Bondage and My Freedom (1855). After the Civil War, Douglass remained an active campaigner against slavery and wrote his last autobiography, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. First published in 1881 and revised in 1892, three years before his death, it covered events through and after the Civil War. Douglass also actively supported women's suffrage, and held several public offices. Without his approval, Douglass became the first African American nominated for Vice President of the United States as the running mate and Vice Presidential nominee of Victoria Woodhull on the impracticable, small, but far foreseeing Equal Rights Party ticket. A firm believer in the equality of all people, whether black, female, Native American, or recent immigrant, Douglass famously said, "I would unite with anybody to do right and with nobody to do wrong."...
107. CWM_140223_412.JPG: Twenty-eight fugitives escaping from the eastern shore of Maryland
108. CWM_140223_414.JPG: The "Underground Railroad" was a term coined to describe risky and often ingenious routes of escape for runaway slaves seeking freedom in the North. The use of the word "RAILROAD" for this phenomenon is misleading since the typical route was through of series of night time movements in and out of secret hiding places in the homes and businesses of sympathetic whites and free blacks. Escaping slaves often walked, but were sometimes transported in wagons or by horse. Railroads were also used by escaping slaves, but because of the severe restrictions placed upon black passengers, railroads (and steamships) were considered dangerous passage. Anywhere along the way, bounty hunters, making their living by capturing escaped slaves, endangered the transients. Even as far North as New England, an escaped slave whose owner had advertised a reward was not safe. Agents for slave owners in the deep south prowled Baltimore and the surrounding countries searching for runaways. Large rewards were often offered for the capture of salves. Railroad terminology was put into use along the escape route with escape party leaders as "Conductors" and "Stations" or "Depots" as secret hiding places while the term "Underground" described the secret nature of the operation. Laying just south of the free state of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Baltimore, in particular, served as an integral route on the Underground Railroad. The most traveled route known as the "Liberty Line" ran through Maryland.
109. CWM_140223_417.JPG: Harriet Tubman: Perhaps America's best known "Conductor" on the Underground Railroad, Harriet Tubman, was born into slavery in Dorchester County, Maryland. In 1849, learning of her impending sale, she fled her captivity. Nearly a year later Harriet Tubman was back in Maryland, leading her sister and nine others in their escape to freedom. By 1857, she had made nearly twenty excursions on the Underground Railroad assisting some 300 slaves to freedom including her own parents. She was wanted in Dorchester County dead or alive and the reward for her capture grew to the princely sum of $4,000.00. Barely 5-feet tall, adept at disguise and evasion, Harriet Tubman earned the name "Moses" for her tireless efforts to lead her people out of bondage. During the Civil War, she served the Union Army as a cook, laundress, nurse and spy.
110. CWM_140223_420.JPG: Frederick Douglass Born into slavery in Talbot County, Maryland in February 1817, Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey served at a plantation on the Wye River on Maryland's Eastern Shore during his youth. Learning to read and write at an early age, Frederick fled his bondage in 1838 while working as a hired slave in Baltimore and settled in Rochester, New York. He rose to prominence in Northern anti-slavery circles by traveling widely and becoming a featured speaker for the abolitionist movement. With first hand knowledge of the evils of slavery, Frederick Douglass became a national figure.
111. CWM_140223_422.JPG: Harriet Tubman From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Harriet Tubman (born Araminta Ross; c. 1822 – March 10, 1913) was an African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, and Union spy during the American Civil War. Born into slavery, Tubman escaped and subsequently made about thirteen missions to rescue approximately seventy enslaved family and friends, using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad. She later helped John Brown recruit men for his raid on Harpers Ferry, and in the post-war era struggled for women's suffrage.
112. CWM_140223_428.JPG: Caution!! Colored People of Boston, one & all, You are hereby respectfully CAUTIONED and advised, to avoid conversing with the Watchmen and Police Officers of Boston, For since the recent ORDER OF THE MAYOR & Aldermen, they are empowered to act as KIDNAPPERS AND SLAVE CATCHERS, And they have already been actually employed in KIDNAPPING, CATCHING AND KEEPING SLAVES. Therefore, if you value your LIBERTY and the welfare of the fugitives among you, shun them in every possible manner, as so many HOUNDS on the track of the most unfortunate of your race. Keep a sharp look out for KIDNAPPERS, and have TOP EYE open. - April 24 1851.
113. CWM_140223_431.JPG: An early 19th century set of American iron ankle cuffs. Disobedient slaves were often physically restrained to prevent their escape from captivity.
114. CWM_140223_433.JPG: The Abolitionist Movement in Baltimore
115. CWM_140223_437.JPG: Most Baltimoreans, while content to reap the benefits of slave labor, preferred not to confront the issue publicly. Maryland had been a slave state for more than two centuries and her citizens knew well the horrors of human bondage. Advertisements for Baltimore's slave traders rarely appeared in print, but the population knew the slave markets existed and flourished just west of the harbor basin. The abolition movement in Maryland became organized in the late 18th century with "slave relief" efforts by the likes of Elisha Tyson, Benjamin Lundy and William Lloyd Garrison. But Baltimore's reaction to the fiery oratory of abolitionists was adversarial. Many, who may have been content to witness the quiet decline of slavery, were enraged by the abolitionist attacks on local businessmen and institutions, shunning those connected with the movement. Most public efforts in Maryland came to an end by the 1830's. Criticism was not, however, the abolitionists sole tool. Secret efforts of the movement continued providing valuable relief, employment, education and defense of civil rights for ex-slaves living in the City. The Society of Friends (or Quakers) were particularly active in slave relief, and citizens of Baltimore, prominent and common alike, secretly used their businesses and homes to shelter and assist runaway slaves in their journeys north to freedom.
116. CWM_140223_441.JPG: John Brown's Body. After his Oct. 16-18, 1859 raid on Harper's Ferry, John Brown was tried & convicted in Charlestown, (West) Virginia. He was hung on Dec. 2, 1859. His bodu was shipped to Baltimore on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. It was transferred to the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Rail Road for shipment to Philadelphia. He was buried on the Brown Farm in North Elba, NY. His body would have passed through the President Street Station in a box similar to this one.
117. CWM_140223_444.JPG: Prominent in Prison Divided Loyalties
118. CWM_140223_450.JPG: Occupied Baltimore
119. CWM_140223_453.JPG: Union Commanders in Baltimore
120. CWM_140223_455.JPG: Brigadier General John E. Wool June 1 - December 22, 1862 General Wool's reputation as a strict disciplinarian exceeded even that of Dix. Even the Unionists of Baltimore considered him rough and unfair. Civilian arrests continued, many without cause, even some prominent Baltimore Unionists were imprisoned under his administration. The clamor to remove Wool from office from every corner of Baltimore was so loud that he was replaced in late December 1862.
121. CWM_140223_457.JPG: Major General Robert C. Schenk December 23, 1862 - November 23, 1863 At first seen as a fair commander, Schenk's rule proved stern and unforgiving. Pictures, flags, song sheets and poetry openly sold in New York and Boston were deemed treasonous in Baltimore. Homes were ransacked, and arrests and trials were conducted to render the greatest humiliation. He instituted Martial Law during the Gettysburg Campaign, and banned the possession of any firearm even by private individuals in their homes. He closed the Maryland Club calling it a "resort for those disaffected toward the government." The homes of suspected secessionists were ransacked in search of arms and seditious paper or flags. Schenk resigned when he was elected to Congress from Ohio in November 1863.
122. CWM_140223_460.JPG: Brigadier General Henry Hayes Lockwood November 23, 1863 - March 11, 1864 General Lockwood served Baltimore as an interim commander. He was Schenk's second in command and was, therefore, familiar with Baltimore and its operations. For his short term in office, Lockwood suspended martial law in the city and while keeping troops in force, Baltimore received his administration well. He presided over the occupied City in a relative state of peace for nearly four months.
123. CWM_140223_463.JPG: Major General Lewis "Lew" Wallace March 12, 1864 - June 5, 1865 The City of Baltimore was more loyal to the union by the time General Wallace took command. The departure or arrest of many Southern sympathizers and the flood of war jobs left Baltimore largely populated by Unionists. On June 4, 1864, The National Union Party held its presidential convention in Baltimore nominating Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson on the first ballot.
124. CWM_140223_466.JPG: Wallace left his command temporarily in July 1864 to check the advance of Confederate General Jubal Early at the Battle of Monocacy. Baltimore City was thrown into a panic between July 9-13, 1864 by a series of raids conducted by Maryland Confederate General Bradley T. Johnson and Major Harry Gilmor of Baltimore County. Confederate cavalry descended Charles Street near the City line, but turned their forces toward Washington never attacking the City. On November 1, 1864, a new Maryland State constitution was adopted prohibiting the practice of slavery. General Wallace responded by establishing the "Freedman's Bureau" to aid newly freed slaves. Wallace appropriated the old Maryland Club building to provide housing for sick and homeless ex-slaves. He re-named the institution "Freedman's Rest." "Lew" Wallace would oversee Baltimore through the end of the Civil War and later gain fame as the author of "Ben Hur."
125. CWM_140223_476.JPG: The practice of pro-Southern Baltimore women expressing their political views by wearing depictions of the Confederate flag in their dress made the front page of Harpers Weekly on September 7, 1861.
126. CWM_140223_481.JPG: Spike setter
127. CWM_140223_483.JPG: Union Commanders in Baltimore
128. CWM_140223_485.JPG: Brigadier General Benjamin Franklin Butler May 5 - May 15, 1861 Butler's cavalier occupation of the City of Baltimore on May 13, 1861 cost him his position in Maryland, but it, [sic] secured Baltimore from secessionist control and insured the protection of the United States Capitol in Washington. His immediate confiscation of arms and supplies destined for the South, the establishment of military control in Baltimore and his wholesale suspension of civil liberties began a period of civil oppression unmatched in American history.
129. CWM_140223_488.JPG: Brevet Major General George Cadwalader May 16 - June 10, 1861 General Cadwalader concentrated large bodies of Union troops in Baltimore and consolidated military operations in the region. He began an unprecedented series of unconstitutional arrests of Baltimore citizens who were imprisoned without formal charge, trial or sentence for the expression of southern sympathy.
130. CWM_140223_491.JPG: Major General Nathaniel Prentiss Banks June 11 - July 22, 1861 During his eleven days commanding the City, Banks continued the arrests of citizens on suspicion of treason and pro-secessionist activities. General Banks arrested Baltimore Police Marshal George P. Kane along with the entire Board of Police Commissioners and replaced them with a U.S. Military police force.
131. CWM_140223_494.JPG: Major General John Adams Dix July 23, 1861 - July 31, 1862 The first long term commander of Baltimore, Dix was harsh and severe. Under his command Baltimore became a tightly guarded city. Whatever rights Baltimoreans possessed were disregarded to keep the city loyal to the Union. Dix arrested most of the Maryland State Legislature along with Baltimore Mayor George William Brown and several editors of Baltimore newspapers. He prohibited any display of red and white on banners, flags, and personal dress which prompted the secret printing of much satire at his expense. General Dix devised a system of fortifications in and around Baltimore. During the Gubernatorial Election of November 1861, his troops guarded polling places intimidating voters and stuffing ballot boxes with votes from soldiers from other states.
132. CWM_140223_497.JPG: Gen. Dix's PROCLAMATION Know all men by these presents: that I, John L. Dix, (no relation to the rebel "Dixie") knowing that the feeling excited in the breasts of our brave Union army by the combination of colors known as red, white and? red, are by no means agreeable, do hereby, by virtue of the authority vested in me, by His Majesty Abraham 1st, require and command all police officers of the city of Baltimore in the pay of His Majesty's government to suppress and cause to disappear all snbstances, whether in the heavens above, or in the earth beneath, or in the waters under the earth, bearing the said combination of rebel colors. All babies having red, white and red stockings on will be sent to Fort Lafayette. All houses built of red brick and white mortar, must be removed, or painted red, white and blue, in alternate stripes. All water-melons must be painted blue on the rind; and all mint candy, and barber's poles so colored are forbidden. All red and white cows are required to change their spots or take the oath of allegiance. Bed and white variegated flowers must be altered to include blue. All white persons having red hair and moustaches or whiskers are hereby warned to have the one or the other dyed blue. No sun-rises or sun-sets which exhibit such combinations will be permitted, on pain of suppression. Persons are forbidden to drink red and white wines alternately. His Majesty is, however, graciously pleased to make an exception in favor of red noses, these last being greatly in vogue among Federal officers, and additional lustre having recently been shed upon such noses, by one of my former predecessors in this command. Done at the Baltimore Bastile, this 4th day of September, the 1st year of Abraham's glorious and peaceful reign. (Signed) JOHN L. DIX, MAJ.
133. CWM_140223_500.JPG: The Doubleday Myth: In 1907, the Mill's commission on the origins of American baseball concluded that "the first scheme for playing baseball, according to the best evidence available to date, was devised by Abner Doubleday at Cooperstown, NY, in 1839." There is no evidence to back this claim. The man who made the claim Graves was only 5 years old when the game would have taken place. Double was a frist [sic] year cadet at West Point in 1839 and cadets were rarely given leave at the time. And during is life Doubleday never mentioned being the inventor of baseball or haveing [sic] anything to do with the sport. The myth that Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown was so accepted that in 1939 the baseball hall of fame was established in the town.
134. CWM_140223_511.JPG: Civil War era wheelchair
135. CWM_140223_513.JPG: Maryland! My Maryland
136. CWM_140223_518.JPG: Fort Federal Hill, Baltimore Md Garrisoned by the 7th Regiment National Guard, NYSM Marshall Lefferts, Col.
137. CWM_140223_524.JPG: Civil War Baltimore 1862 Baltimore photographer William Weaver made these views of the city from Federal Hill in 1862. Union forces occupied Baltimore to suppress Southern sentiment and to keep the crucial rail and shipping links open. The city's skyline includes St. Alphonsus Church, left, Central Presbyterian Church, the Basilica of the Assumption and the Washington Monument.
138. CWM_140223_532.JPG: USS Passaic
139. CWM_140223_538.JPG: The President Street Depot
140. CWM_140223_545.JPG: From 1838 to 1842, the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad (PW&B) shared a passenger depot with the B&O Railroad at the center of Pratt and Light Streets. Tracks laid across Pratt Street allowed cars to be moved by horses between railroads. A "transportation office" was constructed for the PW&B at President Street and Fleet Streets in 1840. In May, 1849, the PW&B Railroad laid the foundation for a large passenger depot at the present day corner of President and Fleet Streets. Designed by George A. Parker, the building in which you are standing measures 66' wide and 28' deep. The train shed to the rear extended 208 feet eastward. All of the improvements to the site cost $15602.31. Baltimore Sun, February 19, 1850 The removal of the Philadelphia railroad depot to its new building at the corner of Canton Avenue and President Street, took place yesterday morning. As had been anticipated there was considerable confusion, such as would necessarily accompany such a change, but all went off well. The President Street Depot and adjacent railroad yards extended from President Street to Central Avenue along Canton Street (now Fleet Street) to the north and Aliceanna Street to the south. Three tracks entered the train shed at the head house, two entered another 236 foot long train shed adjacent and sidings entered President Street connecting onto Pratt Street for transferring rail cars by horse across the city. A roundhouse was constructed by December, 1857 between Exeter Street and Central Avenue. By 1878 the PW&B had acquired the waterfront property from Eastern Avenue to Patuxent Street in the Canton area of the city. A 450 foot pier was erected on the waterfront to handle the freight and passengers of the Norfolk Ship Lines as well as merchant vessels crossing the harbor between the B&O terminals at Canton and Locust Point. With its controlling interest in the PW&B, the Pennsylvania Railroad constructed a new passenger depot called Union Station on Charles Street north of Mount Royal Avenue in 1886. Some passenger service continued at the President Street Station, but the structure was mainly used as a freight terminal.
141. CWM_140223_550.JPG: Look to the top of this wall to see a piece of the original wooden support system. The Depot Roof Support System Designed by George A. Parker, architect for the Philadelphia Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, the expansive roof of the President Street Station was supported by a series of bowstring arches. Spanning 66 feet, each arch consisted of two laminated wooden members having a series of "X" shaped supports. Four bowstring arches supported the 28 feet deep roof. The 1978 fire destroyed the structural integrity of the original roof. Deteriorated from exposure, only fragments of one bowstring arch remains.
142. CWM_140223_551.JPG: Wooden arch support system
143. CWM_140223_555.JPG: On February 13, 1899, a heavy snowstorm covered the city of Baltimore. The weight of the snow on the roof of the 208 foot long train shed collapsed the structure. The roof structure fell on standing locomotives, rail cars and freight below. Fortunately there were no reported injuries from the disaster. A smaller train shed, built by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1913, was attached to the eastern facade of the depot. This new structure was destroyed by fire in 1978. During the year, portions of the shed house roof, the bowstring arch system and interior were damaged. Being in unstable condition, the property was subsequently abandoned and allowed to fall into ruin. In 1987 a small group of dedicated volunteers formed the Friends of the President Street Station to save the historic structure. As a result of their efforts the depot was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 10, 1992. With funds provided by the United States Department of Transportation's ISTEA program administered by Maryland's Department of Transportation and matched by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore along with management consulting services by the B&O Railroad Museum and Baltimore Development Corporation, work on the restoration of the building began during the summer of 1996.
144. CWM_140223_564.JPG: The Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad
145. CWM_140223_567.JPG: The Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad (PW&B) was founded in February 1838 when four smaller railroads -- Philadelphia & Delaware County, the Southwark, Wilmington & Susquehanna, the Delaware & Maryland and the Baltimore & Port Deposit merged. Twenty four depots were located along the 98-mile right of way from Baltimore to Philadelphia. Without a major bridge to span the Susquehanna River, the company purchased a double-decked steam ferry fitted to move rail cars. The Susquehanna carried cars on the upper deck and passengers below. The crossing at Havre de Grace, Maryland took 75 minutes and on the other side, a locomotive would couple up to the train and continue the journey. Traffic on the newly established line was active but the unreliable ferry system across the Susquehanna caused delays and inconvenience, and a succession of short-term corporate presidents allowed the railroad to fall into disrepair. By 1851, the PW&B Railroad suffered from regular delays due to unstable roadbeds, and tired, worn out equipment. The Board of Directors invited Samuel Morse Felton, a civil engineer from Massachusetts to become the railroad's president. Felton saw to it that corrupt employees were dismissed and a new system of business procedures instituted, laying the political and economic groundwork to construct a bridge across the Susquehanna River. In 1853 came permission to construct the span on condition that it would be built between Port Deposit and Perryville. Financially unable to construct both a new bridge and a branch line to reach it, the railroad purchased a new steam ferry -- the "Maryland" -- in 1854. Felton placed the first successful coal burning locomotive the "Daniel Webster" in service on the PW&B, and by the end of the decade the PW&B played a significant part, transporting troops, munitions and supplies from the North. At the beginning of the war, Samuel Felton assured Federal authorities, "I do not hesitate to decide upon my duty... It is to stand by the Government and abide the consequences." Throughout the Civil War the PW&B cooperated the rival railroad companies to serve the Union war effort.
146. CWM_140223_570.JPG: A Precarious Experiment: During the cold winter of 1852 -- ice formed on the Susquehanna River preventing the steam ferry from moving cars between the shores, but making it possible to lay tracks across the river itself and thus offering uninterrupted service between Baltimore and Philadelphia. Completed n January 15, 1852, the tracks carried a total of 1,378 rail cars bearing nearly 10,000 tons before they were lifted from the thawing river on February 24th.
147. CWM_140223_572.JPG: View of Rail Road Track Across the Susquehanna at Havre De Grace, Maryland on the ice
148. CWM_140223_578.JPG: Interrupted by the Civil War, the PW&B finished in October 1865, the massive stone piers it had begun in 1861 for a bridge to span the Susquehanna River. All but one span of the superstructure wa sin place when a tornado destroyed the bridge. Fortunately, the stone piers were left structurally sound and a new rail bridge was completed in 86 days, with the first train passing over it on November 28, 1866. The final cost for the 3,269 foot long bridge was $2,266,983.00. By 1874, increased competition between the B&O and the Pennsylvania for business along this busy route created a rate war. The 98-mile track owned by the PW&B became a major concern for both roads with the right of way dispute ending in Federal Court. The B&O and the PRR both negotiated with stockholders to purchase the PW&B line. In 1881, the PRR won controlling interest in the PW&B by out maneuvering the B&O in a stock option purchase. The PW&B line between Baltimore and Philadelphia was secured for the use of the Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1902, The PW&B RR was consolidated with the Baltimore & Potomac Railroad extending its lines to Washington, DC and was renamed the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad. In 1918, the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad was incorporated into the Pennsylvania Railroad system under a 999-year lease agreement. The old PW&B right of way between Baltimore and Philadelphia is still busy today with thousands of freight and passenger trains operated annually by the successors to the Pennsylvania Railroad.
149. CWM_140223_582.JPG: Raid on the PW&B During the summer of 1864, Confederate General Jubal Early mounted a campaign into Maryland intending to take Washington DC. Following the Battle of Monocacy, Maryland, a cavalry expedition was sent into the Baltimore countryside to isolate the city from its railroad and telegraph. Major Harry Gilmor, a native of Baltimore County, commanded detachments from the First Maryland Cavalry, CSA and the Second Maryland Battalion, CSA. On July 9, 1864, Gilmor traveled through Carroll County and into Baltimore County burning several Northern Central Railroad bridges. WIth a smaller force, Gilmore moved north destroying telegraph lines along the way. At the Magnolia Depot, Gilmor stopped the PW&B train from Baltimore, capturing a number of Union officers and Union General William B. Franklin. After learning that the engineer had disabled the locomotive and fled, Gilmore burned the train and captured the next one from Baltimore. Transporting his men to the railroad bridge over the Gunpowder River, he set the train on fire and moved it onto the bridge. The Union detachment guarding the bridge uncoupled two of the cars, but the remainder burned through the span into the river. Paroling most of the Union officers, and leaving them with the stranded passengers, Gilmor boarded a carriage with captured Union General Franklin and headed toward Baltimore. The City of Baltimore went into a panic upon hearing of Gilmor's exploits to the north. Hasty defenses were thrown up at every approach to the city and armed citizens prowled the streets. Hearing of the uproar, Gilmor changed his route and entered Towson on July 11th sending his prisoners and 10 men off into the Green Spring Valley. Baltimore sent a small detachment of inexperienced volunteers against Gilmor, but the [sic] were quickly dispersed and pushed as far south as Govanstown. Riding west through the Green Spring Valley to rejoin the army, Gilmor found his exhausted guards asleep and his prisoners, including General Franklin, gone.
150. CWM_140223_585.JPG: Samuel Morse Felton Born in 1809 to a prosperous family that sank into poverty after economic depressions and business reversals, Samuel Morse Felton worked throughout his youth to pay for his education. He wrote, "Poverty, if it does not discourage is not a bad companion for an ambitious young man... I do not regret the homely and useful lesson I was taught in early youth by its constant contact." Graduating from Harvard University in 1834, he entered the railroad business early in his career as a civil engineer. By 1841 he had engineered the completion of two short line railroads, prepared surveys for three, and had been a chief engineer and superintendent. Felton was invited to accept the Presidency of the shaky Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad in 1851. He is credited with turning the largely unsuccessful PW&B Railroad into a thriving enterprise. Introducing new business methods, he increased traffic on the railroad, and managed the first successful use of coal burning locomotives. Financing the construction of the Delaware Railroad, he united the new line with the PW&B thus opening the rich Delaware farm country to transportation and shipping. The legislature of Delaware later named the town of Felton in his honor. A staunch Unionist, he fully supported the United States Government during the Civil War and carefully managed the use of his railroad for the war effort. Samuel Morse Felton retired at the end of the war, his health suffering. He recovered after a year's rest, accepting the presidency of the Pennsylvania Steel Company in 1866, and serving as a Director of the PW&B, the Delaware Railroad and the Pennsylvania Railroad. Honored throughout his life as a giant in American railroading, Felton died in 1889.
151. CWM_140223_587.JPG: Harry Gilmor From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Harry W. Gilmor (January 24, 1838 – March 4, 1883) served as Baltimore City Police Commissioner in the 1870s, but he was most noted as a Confederate cavalry officer during the American Civil War. Gilmor's daring raids, such as The Magnolia Station Raid gained his partisans fame as "Gilmor's Raiders". Early life Gilmor was born at "Glen Ellen", the family estate in Baltimore County, Maryland. He was the son of Robert Gilmor and Miss Ellen Ward, daughter of Judge William H. Ward. Harry was the fifth of eleven children. Civil War During the American Civil War, as a member of Captain Charles Ridgely's Baltimore County Horse Guards, Gilmor was arrested and imprisoned in Fort McHenry following the occupation of Baltimore by Federal troops. Upon his release, he traveled South and eventually rejoined the fighting serving, for a while, under General Turner Ashby. He was again captured during the Maryland Campaign and spent five months in prison. During the Gettysburg Campaign, Major Gilmor was assigned command of the First Maryland Cavalry and Second Maryland Cavalry, supporting Brig. Gen. George Steuart's infantry brigade. Gilmor was the provost marshal of the town of Gettysburg while it was occupied by the Confederates July 1–4. The Magnolia Station Raid After the Battle of Monocacy on July 9, 1864, Colonel Gilmor's command, along with Brig. Gen. Bradley T. Johnson's infantry, made a series of raids around Baltimore going as far east as Magnolia Station in Harford County, Maryland and Fork, Maryland. On July 10, 1864, Major Harry Gilmor of the 2nd Maryland Cavalry was given 135 men of the 1st and 2nd Maryland, and directed to cross Baltimore County into Harford County at Jerusalem Mill, and destroy the railroad bridge of the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad at Magnolia Station, northeast of the city. (Today, the location is just off I-95 near Joppa.) Early on the morning of July 11, Gilmor's cavalrymen reached the station and proceeded to wreck two trains, one northbound and one southbound. After evacuating the passengers and looting the cars, the troopers set fire to one of the trains and backed it over the trestle, thus partially destroying the bridge. Aboard the northbound train was an unexpected prize -- convalescing Union Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin. This raid was regarded as one of the most daring by detached cavalry on either side. Later on July 11, Gilmore's advance group passed the home of Ishmael Day on Sunshine Avenue in Fork. Day, a Union sympathizer, had hung a large Union flag to greet Gilmor's troops. Confederate color bearer and Ordnance Sergeant Eugene Fields, a member of the advance guard unit, told Day to take the flag down. Day refused, an argument followed, and Day shot Field at close range with a shotgun. Gilmor's men burned Day's home and Day immediately fled, hiding under a cider press for days until the passing troops were gone. Gilmor accompanied Field to Wright's Hotel (operated by W.O.B. Wright on Harford Road), where the sergeant died. Later raids Gilmor was eventually ordered to take his command to Hardy County, West Virginia, and attack the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. There, he was captured on February 4, 1865, and was held as a prisoner of war at Fort Warren in Boston Harbor until July 24, 1865. Postbellum life After the war, Gilmor moved to New Orleans, where he married Miss Mentoria Nixon Strong, daughter of Jasper Strong and Eliza Julia Nixon. Gilmor and his wife had three children. Gilmor wrote his war memoirs, entitled Four Years in the Saddle (New York, Harper & Bros., 1866). He soon returned to Maryland and was elected a colonel of the cavalry in the Maryland National Guard. He also served as the Baltimore City Police Commissioner from 1874 to 1879. Gilmor died in Baltimore, plagued by complications from a war injury to his jaw. He was buried in Loudon Park Cemetery in an area now known as "Confederate Hill." At his death, Baltimore police stations flew their flags at half-staff. Gilmor's funeral was a large local event with many dignitaries present to honor this war hero.
152. CWM_140223_594.JPG: William B. Franklin From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia William Buel Franklin (February 27, 1823 – March 8, 1903) was a career United States Army officer and a Union Army general in the American Civil War. He rose to the rank of a corps commander in the Army of the Potomac, fighting in several notable early battles in the Eastern Theater. Early life William B. Franklin was born in York, Pennsylvania. His father Walter S. Franklin was Clerk of the United States House of Representatives from 1833 until his death in 1838. One of his great-grandfathers, Samuel Rhoads, was a member of the First Continental Congress from Pennsylvania. Future President James Buchanan, then a Senator, appointed Franklin to the United States Military Academy in June 1839. Franklin graduated first in his class in 1843, before joining the Corps of Topographical Engineers and being sent to the Rocky Mountains for two years to survey the region with the Stephen W. Kearny Expedition. He then was assigned to duty in the administrative offices in Washington, D.C. He served under Philip Kearny during the Mexican-American War and received a brevet promotion to first lieutenant in the Battle of Buena Vista. Upon his return from Mexico, Franklin served as a professor at West Point for three years before supervising the construction of several lighthouses along the Atlantic Coast in New Hampshire and Maine. In 1852, he married Anna L. Clarke, a daughter of Matthew St. Clair Clarke who had preceded his father as Clerk of the House of Representatives. The couple had no children. In March 1857, he was named the supervisor of the Light House Board and oversaw the construction program across the nation. In November 1859, he replaced Montgomery C. Meigs as the engineer supervising construction of the United States Capitol Dome. In March 1861, just before the outbreak of the Civil War, he was appointed as the supervising architect for the new Treasury Building in Washington. Civil War Soon after the beginning of the Civil War, Franklin was appointed colonel of the 12th U.S. Infantry, but three days later, on May 17, 1861, he was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers. He led a brigade at First Bull Run, and afterwards became a division commander in the newly created Army of the Potomac. In March 1862, the army was formed into corps, and Franklin appointed to head of the VI Corps, which he then led in the Peninsula Campaign. He was promoted to major general on July 4, 1862. During the Northern Virginia Campaign, Franklin stayed with the main army and did not participate in it. At Antietam, his VI Corps was in reserve and he tried in vain to convince Maj. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner to allow his corps to exploit a weakened position in the Confederate center. Franklin was a staunch ally of Army of the Potomac commander George McClellan, part of the reason he was not considered for command of the army following the latter's dismissal in November 1862. At Fredericksburg, he commanded the "Left Grand Division" (two corps, under Maj. Gens. John F. Reynolds and William F. Smith), which failed in its assaults against the Confederate right, commanded by Lt. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson. Army of the Potomac commander Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside blamed Franklin personally for this failure, although he appears to have executed his orders exactly. As political intrigue swept the Union Army after Fredericksburg and the infamous Mud March, Franklin was alleged to be a principal instigator of the "cabal" against Burnside's leadership. Burnside caused considerable political difficulty for Franklin in return, offering damaging testimony before the powerful U.S. Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War and keeping him from field duty for months. When Joseph Hooker took command of the army that February, Franklin resigned his command, refusing to serve under him. During the 1863 Gettysburg Campaign, Franklin was home in York, Pennsylvania, and assisted Maj. Granville Haller in developing plans for the defense of the region versus an expected enemy attack. Franklin was reassigned to corps command in the Department of the Gulf and participated in the ill-fated 1864 Red River Campaign. He was wounded in the leg at the Battle of Mansfield in Louisiana. Returning from the field with his injury, he was captured by Maj. Harry Gilmor's Confederate partisans in a train near Washington, D.C., in July 1864, but escaped the following day. The remainder of his army career was limited by disability from his wound and marred by his series of political and command misfortunes. He was unable serve in any more senior commands, even with the assistance of his West Point classmate, friend, and future president, Ulysses S. Grant. Postbellum career Following the Civil War, General Franklin relocated to Hartford, Connecticut, and became the Vice-president of the Colt Firearms Manufacturing Company until 1888, as well as a director on the boards of several manufacturing concerns. He supervised the construction of the Connecticut State Capitol Building, and served on various boards and commissions, where his engineering experience proved helpful in expanding Hartford's public water service. In 1861, Franklin was elected a Hereditary Member of the Pennsylvania Society of the Cincinnati. After the Civil War, General Franklin became a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. In 1887 he joined the Aztec Club of 1847 and was also a member of the Connecticut Society of Colonial Wars. In 1872, Franklin was approached by a Pennsylvania and New Jersey faction of the Democratic Party to run against Horace Greeley for the party's nomination as President of the United States, a task he declined, citing a need for party unity. He was vice president of a Hartford area insurance company, and a delegate to the 1876 Democratic National Convention. In June 1888, after his retirement from Colt Firearms, he was named as the U.S. Commissioner-General for the Paris Exposition of 1889. William Franklin died in Hartford, Connecticut in 1903 (one of relatively few general officers from the Civil War who lived to see the 20th century) and is buried near his birthplace in York, Pennsylvania, in Prospect Hill Cemetery. The York Country Heritage Trust preserves many of his papers and personal effects from the Civil War.
153. CWM_140223_609.JPG: Henry Brown, a slave living in Richmond, Virginia, planned a daring escape -- he had himself shipped to freedom, using a box much like the one recreated here. On March 29, 1849, Henry Brown, standing 5'8" tall, climbed into a box 30" high, 37" long and 24" wide. With the help of John C. Smith and Samuel Smith (unrelated), Brown was shipped from Richmond to Philadelphia. Throughout the 27 hour trip Brown sat in total silence, with little food and water. The box traveled by steamboat, wagon and train, passing by President Street Station on its way to Philadelphia. Abolitionists in Philadelphia had been given word of Brown's plan. They received the package and helped Brown begin life in the North. This courageous escape earned him the nickname "Henry Box Brown."
154. CWM_140223_635.JPG: This forty-eight star flag flew over President Street Station throughout World War II. Donated to the Friends of the President Street Station by member Cecilia Squiggins who worked for the Pennsylvania Railroad.
155. CWM_140223_640.JPG: The Blue and the Gray Battlefields on or near the Baltimore & Ohio
Wikipedia Description: Baltimore Civil War Museum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Baltimore Civil War Museum in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, is a unique building with a curved roof supported by an arched truss was originally the President Street Station built in 1849-50 by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad Company. This site and the rail line were key elements of the "underground railroad" by which many slaves escaped to the north before the Civil War.

History:

The first bloodshed occurred nearby in 1861 as Massachusetts troops marching to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's Camden Station ten blocks west were attacked by an angry mob. When Union Station opened in 1885, the President Street Station and yards became a freight terminal and were very active during the days when the Inner Harbor was a heavy industrial area. With the great change that followed World War II, the station was neglected and deteriorated badly. Restored with city and federal funds, the building reopened in 1997 as the Baltimore Civil War Museum, telling the story of Baltimore's and the railroads' roles in the war and Baltimore's place in the "underground railroad".

As of late 2007, the Baltimore Civil War Museum is shut down, and its future remains in doubt.
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