DC -- Natl Postal Museum -- Exhibit (Gross Gallery 7): Pacific Exchange: China & US Mail:
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Description of Pictures: Pacific Exchange: China & U.S. Mail
March 6, 2014 – January 4, 2015 (new title)
Examine the relationship between China and the United States through stamps and mail. Rare stamp proofs from the China Bureau of Engraving and Printing (1912-1928) reveal commerce and culture between 1860 and 1980, while American stamps tell the story of Chinese Americans from the Gold Rush to today’s celebration of Lunar New Year.
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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.
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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
SIPMPX_140406_001.JPG: Pacific Exchange
China & U.S. Mail
March 6, 2014 through January 4, 2015
SIPMPX_140406_014.JPG: Pacific Exchange
China & U.S. Mail
Today, China and the United States are the world's two largest economies, major powers that often cooperate strategically. They also share a complicated history. The two have been World War II allies and Cold War enemies, partners and rivals.
Using mail and stamps, Pacific Exchange brings a human scale to Chinese-U.S. relations in three areas: commerce, culture, and community. The exhibit focuses on the 1860s to the 1970s, a time of extraordinary change in China. It also explores Chinese immigration to the United States, now home to four million Chinese Americans.
SIPMPX_140406_024.JPG: Commerce: The Republic of China
Sun Yat-sen, the founding father of the Republic of China, was briefly its provisional president as head of the ruling Guomindang party. In 1927, civil war erupted between the nationalist Guomindang, under Chiang Kai-shek, and the Chinese Communist Party. Both sides united against Japan in the mid-1930s, but after World War II, they fought again. By 1949, Communists controlled China. The Guomindang retreated to Taiwan.
Commerce and the amount of mail increased between China and the U.S. from 1911 to 1949. Airmail shortened delivery times, bringing them closer together. China and America were key allies in World War II.
SIPMPX_140406_026.JPG: President Roosevelt (seated) and Chinese Foreign Minister T.V. Soong purchase Chinese Resistance stamps from Postmaster General Frank Walker; the U.S. stamps marked five years of Chinese-Japanese conflict since 1937.
SIPMPX_140406_029.JPG: Sun Yat-sen on U.S. Postage Stamps
As leaders and governments shifted during the early years of the republic before World War II, commercial and education-related exchanges increased between China and the United States. American consulates and the Chinese postal service handled the mail.
SIPMPX_140406_049.JPG: Sun Yat-sen, founding father of the Republic of China, appears with Abraham Lincoln on a 1942 stamp. Sun Yat-sen studied and lived abroad. His Three Principles (nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood) reflect a concept he admired from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address: "of the people, by the people, and for the people."
SIPMPX_140406_057.JPG: 4c Sun Yat-sen die proof, 1961
SIPMPX_140406_063.JPG: Beginning in 1919, the U.S. Post Office sold sixteen types of stamps surcharged for use by its Shanghai postal agency. (A "surcharged" stamp is overprinted with a different value.) The surcharge was double the original face value, reflecting the price of the stamps in Chinese currency.
SIPMPX_140406_077.JPG: In the 1930s, Japan occupied Taiwan and northern China, setting up a puppet government in 1932 in Manchuria, which it renamed Manchukuo. War broke out with China in 1937 as Japan continued to advance. Chinese forces evacuated Japanese-occupied Shanghai, where U.S. Marines remained in the foreign sector.
SIPMPX_140406_089.JPG: World War II with Burma Road pane, 1991
SIPMPX_140406_092.JPG: Gen. Joseph W. Stilwell first day cover, 2000
SIPMPX_140406_095.JPG: Claire Lee Chennault first day cover, 1990
SIPMPX_140406_099.JPG: eneralissimo Chiang Kai-shek Headquarters in Nanjing (Nanking) during Chinese civil war cover, China, 1947
SIPMPX_140406_107.JPG: Culture: Postal Connections
Philately -- the study of stamps and postal history -- offers many glimpses of Chinese-U.S. relations. The countries have collaborated on philately and stamp design, including a joint issue of stamps in 1994. In both nations, stamp enthusiasts also publish research, join societies, exchange ideas, and form international friendships, in part through major global stamp exhibitions. The Chinese and U.S. postal services also work closely to ensure better service between the two countries and around the world.
SIPMPX_140406_110.JPG: Culture: Postal Connections
Philately -- the study of stamps and postal history -- offers many glimpses of Chinese-U.S. relations. The countries have collaborated on philately and stamp design, including a joint issue of stamps in 1994. In both nations, stamp enthusiasts also publish research, join societies, exchange ideas, and form international friendships, in part through major global stamp exhibitions. The Chinese and U.S. postal services also work closely to ensure better service between the two countries and around the world.
SIPMPX_140406_119.JPG: 29c Black-Necked Crane single, 1994
SIPMPX_140406_121.JPG: The endangered North American whooping crane and Chinese black-necked crane appear on stamps jointly issued in 1994 by China and the U.S., advancing wildlife conservation as they represent friendship. Artists at the Clarence Lee Design Studio in Honolulu developed eight concept designs; Chinese nature artist Zhan Gengxi created the final artwork, influenced by one of the concept designs.
SIPMPX_140406_127.JPG: Aeropex Bejing medal, 2009
International stamp exhibitions offer philatelists from China and the United States, as well as other countries, a chance to share their knowledge and passion for stamps and mail, exhibit collections, and find new acquisitions. The Universal Postal Union, which currently includes 192 countries, sets the rules for international mail exchanges.
SIPMPX_140406_129.JPG: Commerce: The People's Republic of China
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the PRC and the U.S. functioned without official ties for decades. Adversaries in the Cold War, they were on opposing sides of the Korean and Vietnam wars. The Cultural Revolution, which began in 1966, further reduced foreign influences. Mail between the two countries was very limited.
The PRC's split with the Soviet Union in the early 1960s eventually created an opportunity for future talks. In 1972, President Richard Nixon traveled to mainland China, a stunning diplomatic event that began the normalization of relations.
SIPMPX_140406_136.JPG: In this playful illustration, President Nixon crosses the Great Wall toward chief Chinese diplomat Zhou Enlai. Nixon's visit to China and meeting with Mao Zedong began the countries' modern relationship.
SIPMPX_140406_139.JPG: After the Nixon visit, China sent two giant pandas, considered national treasures, to the Smithsonian's National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C. Hugely popular, eighteen-month-old Hsing-Hsing and Ling-Ling arrived in April 1972 to "pandamonium."
SIPMPX_140406_156.JPG: Rarity:
The most famous rarity of the Cultural Revolution proclaims "the entire nation is red." But Taiwan is white, a fact that caused the stamp's hasty withdrawal. Very few examples survive.
SIPMPX_140406_158.JPG: Mao Zedong's Proclamation of the People's Republic of China tenth-anniversary cover, China, 1959
This tenth-anniversary stamp recalls the moment in 1949 when Mao Zedong announced the founding of the People's Republic of China in Tiananmen Square. The square became a massive meeting place.
SIPMPX_140406_163.JPG: Commerce: The People's Republic of China
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the PRC and the U.S. functioned without official ties for decades. Adversaries in the Cold War, they were on opposing sides of the Korean and Vietnam wars. The Cultural Revolution, which began in 1966, further reduced foreign influences. Mail between the two countries was very limited.
The PRC's split with the Soviet Union in the early 1960s eventually created an opportunity for future talks. In 1972, President Richard Nixon traveled to mainland China, a stunning diplomatic event that began the normalization of relations.
SIPMPX_140406_169.JPG: The American consulate in Shanghai used a two-line handstamp on this January 1867 dispatch. Six months later, the Shanghai postal agency opened under the consulate's jurisdiction.
SIPMPX_140406_172.JPG: This letter took almost three months to reach an American opium trader in Guangzhou by the Atlantic route. From Boston, it traveled east via England, Egypt, and Hong Kong.
SIPMPX_140406_179.JPG: This 1896 postcard from a Catholic mission priest in Hankou informed the Smithsonian that a collection of 5,000 Chinese coins was for sale. The Smithsonian apparently did not pursue the offer.
SIPMPX_140406_183.JPG: Commerce: The Chinese Bureau of Engraving and Printing
In its last years, the Qing government hired two American engravers to establish a Chinese Bureau of Engraving and Printing so that China could produce its own stamps and currency. Lorenzo J. Hatch and William A. Grant moved to Beijing with their families in 1908. Working through plague and revolution, they started the bureau, trained Chinese staff, and designed early Republic of China stamps.
Materials from Grant's personal collection illustrate this Chinese and American exchange of ideas, images, and technology. Highlights include artwork; stamp designs or "essays"; and "die proofs" -- proofs of the metal dies on which stamp designs are engraved.
SIPMPX_140406_189.JPG: Community: Chinese in America
Over time, Chinese emigrants moved to many countries, including the United States. Some fled war, famine, or persecution; others sought opportunity. During the California gold rush that began in 1849, tens of thousands migrated to America. Chinatowns formed in U.S. cities. Chinese laborers worked on the transcontinental railroad and in agriculture. Others started retail businesses.
In 1882, however, hostility toward Chinese Americans led to a U.S. law that blocked Chinese immigration. Immigration resumed on a small scale in 1943, and flourished after 1965. Mail was a lifeline for immigrants with families in China and for businesses and consumers.
SIPMPX_140406_196.JPG: Central Pacific hired more than 10,000 Chinese laborers for the transcontinental railroad. Workers cut tunnels with hand tools and explosives, prepared the route, and laid track east from Sacramento.
SIPMPX_140406_203.JPG: Chinese Camp CA cover, c. 1854–60
Chinese prospectors rushed across the Pacific to pan for gold in California, where Chinese immigrants sought a "Gold Mountain" after its 1849 discovery. In 1854, some established the town of Chinese Camp, but later abandoned it; California enacted taxes to discourage Chinese miners, and white miners terrorized them without consequences.
SIPMPX_140406_215.JPG: Culture: Global Exchange
Stamps and mail show many examples of the cultural exchange between China and the U.S. in science, literature, politics, religion, and other fields. Before 1949, American missionaries in China often shared their experiences in letters.
Much later, hundreds of millions of copies of The Quotations of Chairman Mao circulated inside China and, in translation, around the world and the U.S. At different times, both countries also made personal connections and shared ideas through international sports and global cultural events like world's fairs.
SIPMPX_140406_218.JPG: Culture: Global Exchange
Stamps and mail show many examples of the cultural exchange between China and the U.S. in science, literature, politics, religion, and other fields. Before 1949, American missionaries in China often shared their experiences in letters.
Much later, hundreds of millions of copies of The Quotations of Chairman Mao circulated inside China and, in translation, around the world and the U.S. At different times, both countries also made personal connections and shared ideas through international sports and global cultural events like world's fairs.
SIPMPX_140406_221.JPG: During the Cultural Revolution, Chinese citizens studied Mao's "Little Red Book" and translated editions appeared worldwide. In the U.S., college students and members of groups such as the Black Panthers and Students for a Democratic Society received and distributed copies at the height of turmoil over the Vietnam War and civil rights.
SIPMPX_140406_228.JPG: Chinese students studying in the U.S. increased appreciation within China for physicist Albert Einstein (1879–1955) and his theory of relativity. China issued this stamp on Einstein's birthday, March 14 -- also called Pi Day, since 3/14 includes the first digits of the value of pi.
SIPMPX_140406_236.JPG: Many American missionaries in China learned local languages and dialects, living there for most of their lives. Missionaries often established and worked in schools, universities, hospitals, and orphanages, helping to bridge languages and cultures. Anti-foreign campaigns in the early 1950s ended the missionary era
SIPMPX_140406_249.JPG: 5c Pearl Buck model, 1982
The Nobel Prize winning American novelist Pearl Buck (1892–1973) grew up in China as the daughter of American missionaries. She wrote about Chinese rural life in books that included The Good Earth (1931). Artist Paul Calle sketched her portrait for the USPS Great Americans stamp series.
SIPMPX_140406_253.JPG: 5c Pearl Buck model, 1982
SIPMPX_140406_261.JPG: Community: Lunar New Year Stamps
The Chinese Lunar New Year, which falls in January or February, is the high point of the Chinese year. Families share a big dinner and enjoy holiday treats, lanterns, fireworks, and gifts presented in red envelopes. Long, colorful dragons enliven parades.
The U.S. Postal Service has issued Chinese Lunar New Year stamps since 1992. The first series included all twelve traditional animal signs. The current, second series emphasizes holiday traditions.
SIPMPX_140406_264.JPG: Popular:
The famous Chinese artist Huang Yongyu painted this monkey for China's first Lunar New Year stamp. The stamp proved so popular as a good luck gift that many forgeries exist.
SIPMPX_140406_271.JPG: Chinese restaurant, Washington DC, cover, c. 1916
As Chinese Americans moved beyond the West to the rest of the U.S., some families opened grocery stores in the South, often living in the backs of the stores. Others created new Chinatowns. Redevelopment in Washington, D.C., relocated the city's Chinatown; by the 1970s, many residents moved to the suburbs.
SIPMPX_140406_274.JPG: Chicago World's Fair first day cover, 1933
Workers in Beijing created a replica Chinese temple for display at the 1933 Chicago World's Fair. Explorer Sven Hedin studied the original temple just before the Japanese occupied the region.
SIPMPX_140406_285.JPG: Shanghai Expo with Hillary Clinton signature on postal card, 2010
A century after China's first world's fair in 1910, Shanghai Expo 2010 set size and attendance records. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton visited the Expo and USA pavilion that May.
SIPMPX_140406_288.JPG: Men's Floor Exercises in Gymnastics at 23rd Olympic Games postal card, China, 1984
Chinese athletes made history at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics when pistol shooter Xu Haifeng won China's first gold medal. Chinese gymnast Li Ning won an extraordinary six medals, including three gold medals, in the same Olympics. Both athletes participated in the 2008 torch ceremony in Beijing.
SIPMPX_140406_292.JPG: $6 National Stadium at Beijing Olympic Games souvenir sheet, China, 2008
The United States and China led the counts in the most medals awarded at the Beijing Olympics. The Beijing games also set a U.S. record as the most watched television event up to that time.
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2014 photos: Equipment this year: I mostly used my Fuji XS-1 camera but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000.
Trips this year:
three Civil War Trust conferences (Winchester, VA, Nashville, TN, and Atlanta, GA),
Michigan to visit mom in the hospice before she died and then a return trip after she died, and
my 9th consecutive San Diego Comic-Con trip (including Las Vegas, Reno, Carson City, Sacramento, Oakland, and Los Angeles).
Ego strokes: Paul Dickson used one of my photos as the author photo in his book "Aphorisms: Words Wrought by Writers".
Number of photos taken this year: just over 470,000.
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