BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Edison Place Gallery -- Exhibit: Postcards from the Trenches

DC -- Edison Place Gallery -- Exhibit: Postcards from the Trenches:

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Description of Pictures: Postcards from the Trenches
To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the First World War, Postcards from the Trenches: Germans and Americans Visualize the Great War centers on the art created by German and American soldiers on opposite sides of No Man's Land. Hand-painted trench postcards, sketches, ink drawings, and graphic works made by soldiers in the midst of the conflict, juxtaposed with mass-produced postcards and government propaganda, movingly illuminate the personal landscapes and bitter truths of the Great War.

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. POSTCD_140822_001.JPG: Postcards from the Trenches: Germans and Americans Visualize the Great War
2. POSTCD_140822_005.JPG: Time Line of the Great War 1914: June 28 -- Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and wife, Sophie, are assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb. July 28 -- Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. July 30 -- Russia and Austria-Hungary mobilize. August 1 -- France mobilizes; Germany mobilizes; state of war with Russia. August 3 -- Germany declares war on France. Britain mobilizes. August 4 -- Germany declares war on Belgium. Britain declares war on Germany. President Woodrow Wilson declares US neutrality. August 5 -- Austria-Hungary declares war of Russia. August 6 -- Serbia declares war on Germany. August 10 -- France declares war on Austria-Hungary. August 12 -- Britain declares war on Austria-Hungary. September 5-12 -- The Battle of the Marne; German advance is halted. Trench construction begins along the Western Front. October 19-November 22 -- The First Battle of Ypres. October 29 -- Turkey allies with Austria-Hungary and Germany.
3. POSTCD_140822_008.JPG: 1915: April 21-May 25 -- The Second Battle of Ypres; first use of chlorine gas by Germans. April 25 -- French and British forces land at Gallipoli. Turkish officials begin the expulsion and genocide of the Americans. May 7 -- German U-boat sinks British Lusitania; more than 1,200 lives lost. May 23 -- Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary. September 25 -- First use of chlorine gas by the British. October 14 -- Bulgaria and Serbia declare war on one another.
4. POSTCD_140822_012.JPG: 1916: February 21-December 18 -- The Battle of Verdun, the longest battle of the war, results in more than 700,000 casualties. April 24 -- The Easter Uprising in Ireland, with Germany's support. May 5 -- Onset of Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire. May 31 -- The Battle of Jutland in the North Sea (Germany vs. Britain). July 1-November 13 -- The Battle of the Somme results in one million casualties. August 27-31 -- Italy declares war on Germany. Romania declares war on Austria-Hungary. Bulgaria declares war on Romania.
5. POSTCD_140822_016.JPG: 1917: March 1 -- The Zimmermann telegram (Germany asks Mexico to ally) is made public. March 15 -- Russian Tsar Nicholas II abdicates amidst protests and war losses. April 6 -- The United States declares war on Germany. July 31-November 6 -- The Third Battle of Ypres at Passchendaele. November 7 -- The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia; Lenin comes to power. December 15 -- Armistice between Russia and Germany.
6. POSTCD_140822_020.JPG: 1918: January 8 -- Woodrow Wilson presents his Fourteen Points to Congress. February-March -- Large numbers of American troops arrive in France. March 3 -- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Germany and Russia. July 15-September 16 -- Second Battle of the Marne, the last German offensive of the war. October 29 -- German sailors mutiny at Kiel naval base; mutinies and protests spread to other German cities. November 8 -- German delegation meets with Allied leaders and Compegne to discuss armistice terms. November 9 -- Revolution begins in Germany. Kaiser Wilhelm II is forced to abdicate. The democratic Weimar Republic is declared. November 11 -- Official ceasefire begins at 11am. War ends.
7. POSTCD_140822_024.JPG: 1919: January 18 -- Treaty negotiations begin at Versailles. Germany, Austria, and Hungary are excluded from the negotiations. June 22 -- The Allied powers issue an ultimatum that Germany must sign the treaty "as is" or Germany will be invaded and occupied. June 28 -- The Treaty of Versailles between the Allied powers and Germany is signed. The four-and-a-half-year British "hunger" blockade of Germany ends. The League of Nations is established. Separate treaties are signed between the Allied powers and Austria, Belgium, Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and, later, Turkey. With the partitioning of former empires, as well as territorial and colonial claims made against the defeated, the maps of Europe and the Middle East are redrawn. The United States does not sign the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations. Altogether, more than nine-and-a-half-million combatants and six-and-a-half-million civilians died in the Great War.
8. POSTCD_140822_040.JPG: 1914 Map of Europe in 1914 and the Alliance System
9. POSTCD_140822_043.JPG: Introduction In late June 1914, a Bosnian Serb, Gavrilo Princip, shot and killed a royal couple in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo in the Balkans. Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Imperial Crown of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and his wife, Sophie, were killed while on a state visit to the Bosnian capital, which was rife with groups wanting independence from the Empire. What began as an assassination in a remote corner of Europe quickly developed into one of the most horrific conflicts of all time: World War I. The war was fought on two major fronts: In Western Europe, fighting occurred along the French-Belgium border down to the Swiss border in northern France; the eastern front covered a much larger, more fluid area from Poland down to the Dardanelle Straits. By war's end, the number of military and civilian casualties surpassed 37 million. Devastating at the time, the war and its aftermath spawned long-ranging consequences. Many of the current global conflicts have their roots in the Great War.
10. POSTCD_140822_048.JPG: Art and War: For thousands of years, artists have portrayed war, warriors, and the spoils of war in paint, in stone, and more recently in photography and film. This exhibition highlights two critical aspects of depicting war. Postcards sent to and from the war and home fronts served as a means of social media -- the "Twitter" of its day. Seven billion postcards were printed, mailed, and received by soldiers and civilians. The displayed postcards show the range of imagery, from painted cards to pre-printed propaganda cards, that all governments -- Allied and Central powers alike -- created to foster patriotism and keep enthusiasm for war alive. In addition to postcards, the exhibition displays a small sample of many German and American artists' sketches of the Western Front.
11. POSTCD_140822_052.JPG: Otto Schubert Irena, 1920
12. POSTCD_140822_057.JPG: One of the most interesting soldier-artists of the first World War was Otto Schubert, a German painter, book illustrator, and graphic artist. Schubert was 23 years old when he was inducted into the German army, and served from late fall 1914 until May 1916. He was severely wounded during the Battle of Verdun and returned to Dresden to receive medical treatment. During his wartime service, Schubert pictorially recorded his experiences on Feldpostkarten (field postcards), which he sent to his sweetheart, Irma Muller. The few sentences he wrote were relegated to the thinnest of margins, essentially serving as a frame for the image. Amidst the terrible slaughter, Schubert chose to movingly depict the daily realities and tragic truths of the Great War by painting scenes and capturing emotions that words were often insufficient to describe. Alternately detached and despairing, his exquisitely rendered postcards convey the experiences that surely branded all of the soldiers who served in the war.
13. POSTCD_140822_337.JPG: During his recuperation in 1917 and 1918, Otto Schubert produced a cycle of lithographs titled 24 Lithographien vom Krieg im Westen (24 Lithographs of the War in the West). Soon after, he produced Das Leiden der Pferde im Krieg (The Suffering of Horses in the War), a portfolio of 12 lithographs in which he depicted the brutal effects of the war on cavalry horses. Unlike many of his fellow German artists who had served in the military and, in their postwar years, painted wrenching depictions of the conflict that haunted them, Schubert rarely visualized through his art the war he had barely survived. Aside from his hand-painted trench postcards, these two lithograph cycles are among the only works that illuminate his experiences in the Great War. While Schubert had physically recuperated from his war wounds, there were some wounds that would not heal.
14. POSTCD_140822_368.JPG: You buy a Liberty Bond Lest I Perish
15. POSTCD_140822_373.JPG: 1917 Map of Western Front in northern France where Americans fought
16. POSTCD_140822_376.JPG: America Enters the War The United States remained neutral for the first two-and-a-half years of the European conflict. In 1916t, America re-elected President Woodrow Wilson on a platform of keeping the United States out of the war. Even so, large numbers of merchant ships carried war materiel across the Atlantic to the shores of France and England. However, after the Germans resumed unrestricted submarine warfare and attempted to engage Mexico in a border war, the United States declared war on the Central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey) on April 6, 1917. It took several months until American troops shipped over to northern France. More than four million soldiers were mobilized. The United States lost 116,000 men and experienced almost 325,000 total casualties.
17. POSTCD_140822_387.JPG: We're Going Over
18. POSTCD_140822_389.JPG: Oh! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning
19. POSTCD_140822_392.JPG: How 'ya Gonna Keep 'em Down on the Farm (After They've Seen Paree?)
20. POSTCD_140822_397.JPG: US Troops at Hill 204, Belleau Woods
21. POSTCD_140822_402.JPG: Wonderful Night War Photo American Attack on German Line -- France
22. POSTCD_140822_406.JPG: Salvation Army making Doughnuts under bombardment of German Guns, Front Line -- France
23. POSTCD_140822_409.JPG: Drill -- Drill -- Drill Yea, Bo! We put in lots of "pep" We'll make some clean up too; There'll be no Germ in Germany When we get through.
24. POSTCD_140822_412.JPG: Getting News from Home, US Army Camp
25. POSTCD_140822_414.JPG: First American Troops to Land in France and last to go home First in sector. First to shoot at Germans. First to attack. First to conduct a raid. First to be raided. First to capture prisoners. First to suffer casualties. First to be cited singly in general orders. First in number of division, corps and Army Commanders and General Staff Officers produced from its personnel. In front line 220 days. Captured 163 officers and 6,304 men, 119 pieces of field artillery, 62 trench mortars, 413 machine guns. Casualties 21,612. Killed and died of wounds 4,411. Replacements received 30,206. Distinguished service crosses won 356.
26. POSTCD_140822_419.JPG: We boys who shouldered arms all hope When we get home again, There'll be another pair of arms Around our shoulders then.
27. POSTCD_140822_422.JPG: I Want You for the Navy Promotion for any one enlisting Apply any recruiting station or postmaster
28. POSTCD_140822_425.JPG: Gee!! I wish I were a man. I'd join the Navy Be a man and do it United States Navy Recruiting Station
29. POSTCD_140822_428.JPG: Fight or Buy Bonds Third Liberty Loan
30. POSTCD_140822_432.JPG: Every girl pulling for victory. Victory girls United War Work Campaign
31. POSTCD_140822_436.JPG: YWCA "May we have huts too?"
32. POSTCD_140822_439.JPG: "Every feather a fighter."
33. POSTCD_140822_442.JPG: My latest portrait Just Me Gas Who It Is
34. POSTCD_140822_446.JPG: Help your Uncle Sam to do this
35. POSTCD_140822_451.JPG: In Honor Bound
36. POSTCD_140822_454.JPG: For Freedom
37. POSTCD_140822_458.JPG: Introduction to the Official US War Artists In July 1917, the recently organized Committee on Public Information, established to coordinate propaganda for the American war effort, decided that artists should be sent to the Western Front in France to record their impressions. Two major agencies, the US Army Signal Corps and the Army Corps of Engineers, were entrusted to launch the program. Ultimately, eight artists were selected to become official artists, commissioned as captains in the Engineer Reserve Corps, to document the American Expeditionary Forces' war efforts. The images displayed comprise a selection of works produced by the Expeditionary Force Artists as well as a sampling of art created by unofficial American soldier-artists.
38. POSTCD_140822_469.JPG: The Human Anchor and Target Insignia of Camp Logan (Illinois) Navy Rifle Range. No. of officers and men, 2,000. Ensign S.M. Abrams Commanding.
39. POSTCD_140822_549.JPG: We'll Knock the Heligo-Into Heligo Out of Heligoland!
40. POSTCD_140822_555.JPG: If I'm Not At the Roll Call Kiss Mother Good-bye for Me
41. POSTCD_140822_562.JPG: L'Entente Cordiale
42. POSTCD_140822_565.JPG: Orient's Erwachen [Awakening]
43. POSTCD_140822_568.JPG: Der Turke ruhrt sich [The Turks Stir Up]
44. POSTCD_140822_584.JPG: For peace at almost any price. Johnnie Turk, whose German master has let him down.
45. POSTCD_140822_591.JPG: Kriegzeit (Wartime) was a German publication that appeared in August 1914, during the heady first weeks of the war. Co-founded by the art dealer and publisher Paul Cassirer, along with Austrian writer and critic Alfred Gold, the journal engaged the talents of well-known artists of the day -- from avant-garde modernists to more traditional painters -- to pictorially support the war effort. The journal's early issues included countless patriotic exhortations that urged Germans to rally behind the military and the nation. Serving the same purpose, Germany's enemies -- the French, British, and Russians -- were negatively depicted in a number of woodcuts, lithographs, and paintings. Kriegzeit was published between August 1914 and March 1916, when it was replaced by Der Bildermann (The Picture Man). The new journal was far less bombastic; in fact, often its tone was noticeably anti-war, a message conveyed in many of the poems and artworks that it published. Thus, Der Bildermann reflected the increasing war weariness and disillusionment felt by artists, intellectuals, and more generally, the German public. The journal ceased publication in December 1916. By then, the appalling high loss of life on the war front, as well as protests and severe malnourishment on the home front, fueled the German government's decision to tighten its censorship laws and to severely curtail and growing chorus of opposition to the war.
46. POSTCD_140822_609.JPG: Xmas Greeting 1916 from the Salonica Army Historic Group of Allied Comrades in Arms
47. POSTCD_140822_638.JPG: Those delightfull rides in the 8-40s
48. POSTCD_140822_652.JPG: Over the top for you Buy US Gov't Bonds Third Liberty Loan
49. POSTCD_140822_670.JPG: German Artists and the Great War Most German artists shared the first flurry of hysterical war enthusiasm with their fellow countrymen. For some of them, though, such flag-waving gave way to a bitter recognition of the realities of industrialized warfare and the appallingly high loss of life. A number of German Expressionists were killed on the frontlines of the war. Others survived, but were forever changed by their experiences. Of the artists whose works are on display, Ernst Ludwid Kirchner volunteered for service, but suffered a severe emotional breakdown. Wilhem Schnarrenberger was drafted into the army in 1918, as the Germans were losing the war. His Steigende Stadt I and II depict a city and its inhabitants, both marked by the catastrophic consequences of the war. Rudolf Schlichter was drafted into military service in 1916, but was released after carrying out a hunger strike in protest of the war. Oskar Kokosschka volunteered for the Austrian Army, and was seriously wounded in 1915. Conrad Felixmuller served as a medical orderly, and then focused his energy on creating a better postwar world through art. Kathe Kollwitz, one of Germany's finest graphic artists, lost her eldest son, who had volunteered for service, only three months after the war began. She became a staunch pacifist, and used her art to attempt to end war in her lifetime. And, last, George Grosz volunteered for service and was discharged for medical reasons. He was drafted back into the service, feigned a psychological collapse, and was discharged five months later as "permanently unfit." In the postwar years, he produced scathing indictments of unthinking nationalism and militarism, which had fueled the Great War.
50. POSTCD_140822_686.JPG: 1918-19: Armistice and the Peace of Paris At the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month (November 11, 1918), the Germans capitulated to the Allies and signed an armistice ending the Great War. Beginning in 1919, delegates from all over the world met in Paris to craft a new world order. It was particularly the British, French, and US officials, representing the victorious Allied powers, who crafted the Treaty of Versailles. Europe's map was redrawn, eliminating four historic empires: the German, the Austro-Hungarian, the Russian, and the Ottoman. New countries were created in Eastern Europe and the Balkans. Germany and Austria, truncated and required to pay steep war reparations, were transformed into unstable republics. The map of the Middle East was also reshaped into the fragile and often volatile new states of Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Palestine under the tutelage of Great Britain and France.
51. POSTCD_140822_689.JPG: Gun emplacements in artillery pit. Loading a 3-inch field piece in artillery pit.
52. POSTCD_140822_698.JPG: Americans front line Trench, France
53. POSTCD_140822_702.JPG: Yanks in front line Trench watching No Man's Land -- France
54. POSTCD_140822_704.JPG: Cold Steel, US Marines First Hand Battle Painting by George Scott, Eye Witness, France
55. POSTCD_140822_716.JPG: 1919 Map of Europe, 1919
56. POSTCD_140822_732.JPG: Rudolf Schlichter, Die Vergewaltigung von Bagdad (The Rape of Baghdad), 1914
57. POSTCD_140822_744.JPG: Consequences of the War An uneasy peace emerged between 1919 and the start of an even greater European and global catastrophe, World War II. The Great War ushered in major trends of the 20th and 21st century -- among them, greater government surveillance, censorship, and control over peoples' private lives. Passports, daylight savings time to conserve electricity, food and natural resource rationing, vast numbers of political refugees, the rise of dictatorships of the far right and far left of the political spectrum -- all are consequences of the Great War. Industrialized killing also forever changed warfare and the ways in which war was recorded, remembered, and commemorated through paintings, photography, film, and literature. The postcards, graphics, and paintings depicting the Great War bear witness to the devastating conflict of a century ago. Likewise, they serve as visual testament to the human spirit and the human need to make sense of calamitous events through art.
58. POSTCD_140822_758.JPG: Silver dollar token: "Made from Captured German Cannon," US Treasury Department Award for patriotic service on behalf of liberty loans
59. POSTCD_140822_765.JPG: The Soldier's Spirit YMCA
60. POSTCD_140822_767.JPG: No bill, we 'aint seen your Turkey
61. POSTCD_140822_770.JPG: Uncle Sam -- "Servia Right."
62. POSTCD_140822_803.JPG: The Rose of No Man's Land
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2014 photos: Trips this year: three Civil War Trust conferences (Winchester, VA, Nashville, TN, and Atlanta, GA), Michigan to visit mom in the hospice before she died and then a return trip after she died, and my 9th consecutive San Diego Comic-Con trip (including Las Vegas, Reno, Carson City, Sacramento, Oakland, and Los Angeles). Ego strokes: Paul Dickson used one of my photos as the author photo in his book "Aphorisms: Words Wrought by Writers". Equipment this year: I mostly used my Fuji XS-1 camera but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000. Number of photos taken this year: just over 470,000.
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Photo Contact: [Email Bruce Guthrie].