BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Newseum -- Exhibits -- (5) News History Gallery

DC -- Newseum -- Exhibits -- (5) News History Gallery:

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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[1] NEWNH1_140127_001_STITCH.JPG

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[2] NEWNH1_140127_002_STITCH.JPG

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[3] NEWNH1_140127_007.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[4] NEWNH1_140127_029.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[5] NEWNH1_140127_038.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[6] NEWNH1_140127_047.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[7] NEWNH1_140127_055.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[8] NEWNH1_140127_059.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[9] NEWNH1_140127_064.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[10] NEWNH1_140127_068.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[11] NEWNH1_140127_085.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[12] NEWNH1_140127_086.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[13] NEWNH1_140127_090.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[14] NEWNH1_140127_098.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[15] NEWNH1_140127_101.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[16] NEWNH1_140127_109.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[17] NEWNH1_140127_118.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[18] NEWNH1_140127_126.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[19] NEWNH1_140127_131.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[20] NEWNH1_140127_138.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[21] NEWNH1_140127_154.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[22] NEWNH1_140127_159.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[23] NEWNH1_140127_166.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[24] NEWNH1_140127_173.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[25] NEWNH1_140127_182.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[26] NEWNH1_140127_191.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[27] NEWNH1_140127_194.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[28] NEWNH1_140127_207.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[29] NEWNH1_140127_210.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[30] NEWNH1_140127_221.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[31] NEWNH1_140127_226.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[32] NEWNH1_140127_271.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[33] NEWNH2_140127_001.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[34] NEWNH2_140127_009.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[35] NEWNH2_140127_016.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[36] NEWNH2_140127_027.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[37] NEWNH2_140127_035.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[38] NEWNH2_140127_048.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[39] NEWNH2_140127_064.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[40] NEWNH2_140127_073.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[41] NEWNH2_140127_085.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[42] NEWNH2_140127_092.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[43] NEWNH2_140127_098.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[44] NEWNH2_140127_108.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[45] NEWNH2_140127_121.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[46] NEWNH2_140127_126.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[47] NEWNH2_140127_131.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[48] NEWNH2_140127_138.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[49] NEWNH2_140127_145.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[50] NEWNH2_140127_152.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[51] NEWNH2_140127_164.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[52] NEWNH2_140127_168.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[53] NEWNH2_140127_173.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[54] NEWNH2_140127_183.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[55] NEWNH2_140127_199.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[56] NEWNH2_140127_231.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[57] NEWNH2_140127_235.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[58] NEWNH2_140127_248.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[59] NEWNH2_140127_255.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[60] NEWNH2_140127_263.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[61] NEWNH2_140127_271.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[62] NEWNH2_140127_272.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[63] NEWNH2_140127_280.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[64] NEWNH2_140127_288.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[65] NEWNH2_140127_290.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[66] NEWNH2_140127_301.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[67] NEWNH2_140127_304.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[68] NEWNH2_140127_308.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[69] NEWNH2_140127_312.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[70] NEWNH2_140127_322.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[71] NEWNH2_140127_329.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[72] NEWNH2_140127_338.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[73] NEWNH2_140127_344.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[74] NEWNH2_140127_348.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[75] NEWNH2_140127_352.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[76] NEWNH2_140127_363.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[77] NEWNH2_140127_369.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[78] NEWNH2_140127_376.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[79] NEWNH2_140127_381.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[80] NEWNH2_140127_393.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[81] NEWNH2_140127_396.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[82] NEWNH2_140127_404.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[83] NEWNH2_140127_409.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[84] NEWNH2_140127_418.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[85] NEWNH2_140127_422.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[86] NEWNH2_140127_429.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[87] NEWNH2_140127_434.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[88] NEWNH2_140127_441.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[89] NEWNH2_140127_445.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[90] NEWNH2_140127_452.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[91] NEWNH2_140127_456.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[92] NEWNH2_140127_460.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[93] NEWNH2_140127_468.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[94] NEWNH2_140127_476.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[95] NEWNH2_140127_482.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[96] NEWNH2_140127_493.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[97] NEWNH2_140127_499.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[98] NEWNH2_140127_503.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[99] NEWNH2_140127_508.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[100] NEWNH2_140127_515.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[101] NEWNH2_140127_519.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[102] NEWNH2_140127_531.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[103] NEWNH2_140127_535.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[104] NEWNH2_140127_539.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[105] NEWNH2_140127_551.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[106] NEWNH2_140127_558.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[107] NEWNH2_140127_564.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[108] NEWNH2_140127_572.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[109] NEWNH2_140127_577.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[110] NEWNH2_140127_580.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[111] NEWNH2_140127_584.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[112] NEWNH2_140127_586.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[113] NEWNH2_140127_590.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[114] NEWNH2_140127_593.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[115] NEWNH2_140127_600.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[116] NEWNH2_140127_603.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[117] NEWNH2_140127_606.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[118] NEWNH2_140127_609.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[119] NEWNH2_140127_624.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[120] NEWNH2_140127_627.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[121] NEWNH2_140127_631.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[122] NEWNH2_140127_634.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[123] NEWNH2_140127_637.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[124] NEWNH2_140127_644.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[125] NEWNH2_140127_653.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[126] NEWNH2_140127_659.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[127] NEWNH2_140127_664.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[128] NEWNH2_140127_667.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[129] NEWNH2_140127_671.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[130] NEWNH2_140127_675.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[131] NEWNH2_140127_688.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[132] NEWNH2_140127_691.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[133] NEWNH2_140127_696.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[134] NEWNH2_140127_699.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[135] NEWNH2_140127_704.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[136] NEWNH2_140127_723.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[137] NEWNH2_140127_726.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[138] NEWNH2_140127_728.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[139] NEWNH2_140127_734.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[140] NEWNH2_140127_736.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[141] NEWNH2_140127_740.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[142] NEWNH2_140127_747.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[143] NEWNH2_140127_750.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[144] NEWNH2_140127_757.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[145] NEWNH2_140127_765.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[146] NEWNH2_140127_772.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[147] NEWNH2_140127_779.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[148] NEWNH2_140127_789.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[149] NEWNH2_140127_793.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[150] NEWNH2_140127_801.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[151] NEWNH2_140127_802.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[152] NEWNH2_140127_806.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[153] NEWNH2_140127_813.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[154] NEWNH2_140127_817.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[155] NEWNH2_140127_822.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[156] NEWNHG_140126_001.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[157] NEWNHG_140126_004.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[158] NEWNHG_140126_008.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[159] NEWNHG_140126_011.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[160] NEWNHG_140126_014.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[161] NEWNHG_140126_018.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[162] NEWNHG_140126_021.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[163] NEWNHG_140126_025.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[164] NEWNHG_140126_027.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[165] NEWNHG_140126_030.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[166] NEWNHG_140126_034.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[167] NEWNHG_140126_036.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[168] NEWNHG_140126_039.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[169] NEWNHG_140126_044.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[170] NEWNHG_140126_051.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[171] NEWNHG_140126_055.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[172] NEWNHG_140126_080.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[173] NEWNHG_140126_087.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[174] NEWNHG_140126_090.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[175] NEWNHG_140126_095.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[176] NEWNHG_140126_098.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[177] NEWNHG_140126_102.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[178] NEWNHG_140126_110.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[179] NEWNHG_140126_113.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[180] NEWNHG_140126_116.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[181] NEWNHG_140126_124.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[182] NEWNHG_140126_149.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[183] NEWNHG_140126_155.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[184] NEWNHG_140126_164.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[185] NEWNHG_140126_169.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[186] NEWNHG_140126_200.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[187] NEWNHG_140126_212.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[188] NEWNHG_140126_241.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[189] NEWNHG_140126_247.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[190] NEWNHG_140126_254.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[191] NEWNHG_140126_272.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[192] NEWNHG_140126_281.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[193] NEWNHG_140126_287.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[194] NEWNHG_140126_288.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[195] NEWNHG_140126_292.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[196] NEWNHG_140126_293.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[197] NEWNHG_140126_299.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[198] NEWNHG_140126_301.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[199] NEWNHG_140126_308.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[200] NEWNHG_140628_001.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[201] NEWNHG_140628_005.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[202] NEWNHG_140628_010.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[203] NEWNHG_140628_013.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[204] NEWNHG_140628_016.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[205] NEWNHG_140628_019.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[206] NEWNHG_140628_028.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[207] NEWNHG_140628_038.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[208] NEWNHG_140628_041.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[209] NEWNHG_140628_044.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[210] NEWNHG_140628_048.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[211] NEWNHG_140628_050.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[212] NEWNHG_140628_054.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[213] NEWNHG_140628_056.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[214] NEWNHG_140628_062.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[215] NEWNHG_140628_064.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[216] NEWNHG_140628_070.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[217] NEWNHG_140628_075.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[218] NEWNHG_140628_080.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[219] NEWNHG_140628_083.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[220] NEWNHG_140628_086.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[221] NEWNHG_140628_089.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[222] NEWNHG_140628_091.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[223] NEWNHG_140628_093.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[224] NEWNHG_140628_098.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[225] NEWNHG_140628_103.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[226] NEWNHG_140628_110.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[227] NEWNHG_140628_123.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[228] NEWNHG_140628_130.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[229] NEWNHG_140628_132.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[230] NEWNHG_140628_137.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[231] NEWNHG_140628_140.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[232] NEWNHG_140628_144.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[233] NEWNHG_140628_155.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[234] NEWNHG_140628_159.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[235] NEWNHG_140628_162.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[236] NEWNHG_140628_168.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[237] NEWNHG_140628_169.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[238] NEWNHG_140628_175.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[239] NEWNHG_140628_180.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[240] NEWNHG_140628_183.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[241] NEWNHG_140628_186.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[242] NEWNHG_140628_189.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[243] NEWNHG_140628_192.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[244] NEWNHG_140628_195.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[245] NEWNHG_140628_199.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[246] NEWNHG_140628_204.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[247] NEWNHG_140628_208.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[248] NEWNHG_140628_215.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[249] NEWNHG_140628_223.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[250] NEWNHG_140628_229.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[251] NEWNHG_140628_232.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[252] NEWNHG_140628_239.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[253] NEWNHG_140628_244.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[254] NEWNHG_140628_253.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[255] NEWNHG_140628_258.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[256] NEWNHG_140628_263.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[257] NEWNHG_140628_266.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[258] NEWNHG_140628_269.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[259] NEWNHG_140628_273.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[260] NEWNHG_140628_281.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[261] NEWNHG_140628_283.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[262] NEWNHG_140628_288.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[263] NEWNHG_140628_292.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[264] NEWNHG_140628_295.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[265] NEWNHG_140628_298.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[266] NEWNHG_140628_305.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[267] NEWNHG_140628_308.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[268] NEWNHG_140628_317.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[269] NEWNHG_140628_330.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[270] NEWNHG_140628_332.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[271] NEWNHG_140628_335.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[272] NEWNHG_140628_338.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[273] NEWNHG_140628_341.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[274] NEWNHG_140628_344.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[275] NEWNHG_140628_349.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[276] NEWNHG_140628_354.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[277] NEWNHG_140628_357.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[278] NEWNHG_140628_362.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[279] NEWNHG_140628_368.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[280] NEWNHG_140628_378.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[281] NEWNHG_140628_384.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[282] NEWNHG_140628_388.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[283] NEWNHG_140628_391.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[284] NEWNHG_140628_397.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[285] NEWNHG_140628_400.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[286] NEWNHG_140628_406.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[287] NEWNHG_140628_409.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[288] NEWNHG_140628_412.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[289] NEWNHG_140628_415.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[290] NEWNHG_140628_419.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[291] NEWNHG_140628_423.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[292] NEWNHG_140628_425.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[293] NEWNHG_140628_429.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[294] NEWNHG_140628_431.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[295] NEWNHG_140628_437.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[296] NEWNHG_140628_439.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[297] NEWNHG_140628_442.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[298] NEWNHG_140628_444.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[299] NEWNHG_140628_447.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[300] NEWNHG_140628_451.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[301] NEWNHG_140628_456.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[302] NEWNHG_140628_459.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[303] NEWNHG_140628_462.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[304] NEWNHG_140628_466.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[305] NEWNHG_140628_471.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[306] NEWNHG_140628_474.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[307] NEWNHG_140628_478.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[308] NEWNHG_140628_482.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[309] NEWNHG_140628_486.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[310] NEWNHG_140628_493.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[311] NEWNHG_140628_496.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[312] NEWNHG_140628_499.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[313] NEWNHG_140628_501.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[314] NEWNHG_140628_505.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[315] NEWNHG_140628_511.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)

Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. NEWNH1_140127_029.JPG: News History Timeline This timeline is a two-tiered chronology of events from 1455 to the present. * Upper Tier: The people, trends and defining eras of news history. * Lower Tier: Historic newspapers and magazines, most from the Newseum collection of more than 30,000 historic newspapers acquired in 2001 from the collections of Stephen A. Goldman and Eric C. Caren. Games and a newspeople database are located in this tier's 10 interactive kiosks, which also allow you to digitally enlarge and read hundreds of historic publications.
2. NEWNH1_140127_038.JPG: 1500 Spreading the Word: Protesting Catholic Church corruption in 1517, Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses on a German church door. In just a month, printed newsbooks spread Luther's outrage across Europe. 1526 From Newsbooks To Newspapers: Early printed news was in the form of "newsbooks," single-topic pamphlets distributed in the 15th and 16th centuries, before newspapers appeared. The subject matter, though, was much the same as what we read about today: war, crime, and politics. Newsbooks evolved into weekly newspapers and later, dailies. Newspapers had to be licensed, or "published by authority." In 1605, Johann Carolus's Relation, Aller Furnemmen was one of Europe's first printed weeklies. Lucas Schulte's Avisa Relation oder Zeitung, below, was published in 1609. 1590 Patron Saint: French cleric Francis de Sales roamed Europe in the late 1500s trying to win Calvinists back to the Catholic Church. De Sales's writings won 40,000 people back to Catholicism. In 1923, Pope Pius XI named him patron saint of journalists -- those who "as journalists and writers expound, spread and defend the doctrines of the Church."
3. NEWNH1_140127_047.JPG: "Father" of Newspapering: France's Theophraste Renaudot was fondly (but wrongly) called the "father of the newspaper." Newspapers already existed in Germany, Italy and elsewhere in 1631 when Renaudot started the Gazette de France in Paris. The Gazette was influential and long-lived, lasting 158 years. 1650 ... World's first daily newspaper, Eincommende Zeitung, published in Germany. 1650 Coffeehouse Gab: In the 1650s, Englishmen (no women allowed) began to share news at raucous coffeehouses. As a ballad writer wrote: "There's nothing done in all the World, From monarch to the Mouse But every Day or Night 'tis hurld Into the Coffe-house."
4. NEWNH1_140127_055.JPG: 1690 Renaissance Man: Don Carlos de Siguenza y Gongora produced America's first regularly published news periodical in Mexico, a series of newsbooks titled Mercurio Volante (Flying Mercury). One of his best, in 1693, detailed the Spanish reconquest of the territory that later became New Mexico. 1700 Taxing the News: In 1712, Britain's Parliament passed a law requiring a penny tax on each full printed newspaper page. At the time the press was relatively free, and publications that criticized and poked fun at the government were growing. The tax was viewed by many as an attempt to restrict the activities of those publications without resorting to actual censorship. A Critical Voice Silenced: The New-England Courant was started in Boston in 1721. Editor and publisher James Franklin (Benjamin Franklin's older brother) used his newspaper to criticize authorities for an apparent lack of interest in combating piracy off the New England coast. His criticism landed him in prison, and later he was forbidden to publish newspapers again. This copperplate engraving shows a Flemish print shop in the 16th century. Compositors and proofreaders are at work while the pressman piles his trade.
5. NEWNH1_140127_059.JPG: Ban on Reporting: In 1722, British journalists were forbidden from reporting on debates in Parliament. Not until about 1770 did London newspapers begin significant testing of that prohibition. By 1774 at least seven London newspapers were covering Parliament. Reporters with good memories were valued -- note-taking was not allowed. Colonial News: The estimated 1.1 million residents of the 13 original Colonies were served by 12 newspapers. State ... Newspapers Massachusetts ... 4 Pennsylvania ... 3 New York ... 3 South Carolina ... 1 Maryland ... 1 Total ... 12
6. NEWNH1_140127_064.JPG: 1750 News Helps Incite Rebellion: News united Britian's Colonies in America before revolution did. Postmaster Benjamin Franklin helped create a powerful news system by greatly expanding mail service. As the seeds of revolution grew, Samuel Adams and others spread news of rebellion through letters. Newspaper criticism of British policy also was circulated by the mail service. 'Working the Political Engine': Radical patriot Samuel Adams used the Boston Gazette to help spark revolution. Under 20 different pen names, Adams fervently attacked the British with his "Caucus Club" -- politicians, laborers, and Gazette writers, including his cousin, John Adams, the second US president. It is "curious employment," wrote John Adams. "Cooking up paragraphs, articles, occurrences & working the political engine!" 1777 ... Students Gazette, first US student newspaper, published in Philadelphia.
7. NEWNH1_140127_068.JPG: 1773 Extra! Activist Journalism: On Dec. 16, 1773, patriots disguised as Mohawk Indians protested the tax on British tea by boarding merchant ships and dumping chests into Boston Harbor. The "Boston Tea Party" had, in fact, been planned by Samuel Adams and the proprietors of the Boston Gazette. The editors of the Boston Evening Post contributed by publishing stories that called British tea "a slow poison" that caused "spasms." Not-So-Speedy News: When Massachusetts colonists confronted British soldiers at Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, it started the Revolutionary War. But news was slow to reach other colonists. New Yorkers did not hear the news until April 23; in Savannah, Ga., not until May 31. 1783 ... First US daily newspaper, Pennsylvania Evening Post, published.... This engraving depicts the signers of the Declaration of Independence leaving Independence Hall in Philadelphia in 1776.
8. NEWNH1_140127_085.JPG: 1810 El Misisipi Leads the Way: The French invasion of Spain was the top story in the inaugural issue of El Misispi in 1808. The New Orleans newspaper, printed in both Spanish and English, is the earliest known publication in the United States for Spanish-speaking Americans. "The sun rose over the unhappy people who will not see sunrises anymore," the war report in the first issue said. Steam Powers Progress: Powered by steam presses, newspapers grew. The Times of London used steam in 1814 to print 1,100 copies an hour. By 1840, a new design allowed The Sun in New York to print 4,000 copies an hour, equal to the entire weekly output of a hand press-produced newspaper. Steam also cut travel time for news. In 1839, a steamship made the voyage from Europe in 13 days; sailing ships took 22 days. By 1850, there were 9,000 miles of railroad track nationwide.
9. NEWNH1_140127_086.JPG: 1830
10. NEWNH1_140127_090.JPG: 1830 Slavery Divides a Nation: Slavery was troubling the young United States long before the Civil War broke out. The issue quickly found its way into the news columns. Slavery was one of the country's earliest debates that was national in scope, and newspapers proved to be a popular forum. In the years leading up to war between the North and the South, many newspapers made firm editorial declarations either for or against slavery.
11. NEWNH1_140127_098.JPG: 1831 EXTRA! Mission Accomplished: In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison started The Liberator, a weekly with one goal -- to abolish slavery. Georgia offered a $5,000 reward for the editor's arrest and conviction.. In 1865, slavery was abolished. The Liberator closed, its mission accomplished. A One-Cent Success Story: In 1835, James Gordon Bennett founded the most successful of the "penny papers." By 1860, his New York Herald had the highest circulation in the United States, 77,000 copies a day. Bennett perfected regular crime and court coverage, daily Wall Street reporting, and news of sports, society and religion. Bennett also created the first successful Sunday edition of an American newspaper.
12. NEWNH1_140127_101.JPG: Pro-Slavery Mob Kills an Editor: On Nov. 7, 1837, a mob set fire to the Observer in Alton, Ill., because the editor, Rev. Elijah Parish Lovejoy, was an abolitionist. Three times, mobs wrecked Lovejoy's presses, but on this occasion, he defended his press and was shot to death. Photojournalism Captures a Fire: Louis-Jacques-Mandle Daguerre first produced images in 1837. In 1847, Hermann Blow and Carl Ferdinand Steizner took the earliest known news photo, left, using "daguerreotypes" to capture the ruins of Hamburg, Germany after a catastrophic fire. Engravers working on the first edition of The London Illustrated News concocted an imaginary view of the fire.
13. NEWNH1_140127_109.JPG: 1840 Breakthrough for Women: Margaret Fuller was the first female journalist hired by a major US daily, the New York Tribune. Her book "Woman in the 19th Century" started a national drive for women's rights. In 1846, she reported from Europe as America's first female foreign correspondent. Women's Advocate: In her newspaper The Lily, Amelia Bloomer pushed for a women's right to wear pantaloons. Later, the pants were dubbed "bloomers." She gave up her fashion crusade when it overshadowed the more serious issues of women's suffrage, relaxed divorce laws and women's property rights. 1850 No Giving In: Reporting for the New York Tribune in 1850, Jane Grey Swisshelm became the first woman from a major newspaper to cover the US Senate. Later, she started an anti-slavery newspaper in Minnesota, and a pro-slavery mob smashed her press. Her reaction? To start a new newspaper. "Dying is not difficult," Swisshelm said. "Yielding is impossible."
14. NEWNH1_140127_118.JPG: No Longer a Job For One Person: By the 1850s, newspapers operated by one person no longer were feasible in big cities. The editorial staff of the New York Tribune posed around that time for this portrait. Seated, from left: George M. Snow, Bayard Taylor, Horace Greeley and George Ripley. Standing, from left: William Henry Fry, Charles A. Dana and Henry J. Raymond. 'Uncle Tom's Cabin' Makes Page One: In 1851, newspapers serialized Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Stowe created a national sensation by writing about the exploitation of good-hearted people, black and white. News accounts in Southern newspapers helped inspire her indictment of slavery. Stowe said, but "God wrote it."
15. NEWNH1_140127_126.JPG: 1860 A New Era of Reporting: The Civil War marked the first time that large numbers of independent reporters covered the same story. The high cost of sending a telegraph message resulted in reporters concentrating on essential facts rather than flowery prose. President Abraham Lincoln's assassination marked an unusual convergence of history, technology and journalistic innovation that resulted in unprecedented coverage of a breaking news event. Some newspapers updated editions as bulletins arrived -- the first time that extra editions were published in such rapid succession for such an extended period.
16. NEWNH1_140127_131.JPG: Dangerous Delivery of News: A recruiting poster for pony express riders made clear the dangers involved in carrying mail and newspapers on horseback from St. Joseph, Mo., to Sacramento, Calif. Typically a rider would cover 75 to 100 miles a day, changing horses at intervals of 10 to 15 miles. A one-way trip could take anywhere from 10 to 16 days, depending on weather conditions. The service operated for 19 months between 1860 and 1861, when completion of the transcontinental telegraph system put it out of business. Romance Marches Toward Reality: In this Currier and Ives lithograph of the Battle of Mill Spring in Kentucky, top left, Union forces charged the enemy in perfect formation. Even more graphic, top center, is Arthur Lumley's pencil drawing at Antietam. More realistic, top right, is an engraving of Alfred Waud's sketch of Union troops at Gettysburg The horror of Antietam was best captured by Alexander Gardner's photo, left.
17. NEWNH1_140127_138.JPG: Pleading a Cause: Horace Greeley made his New York Tribune a leading national voice opposing slavery. In an 1862 editorial, "The Prayer of Twenty Millions," he implored President Lincoln to set free the slaves. Lincoln responded, saying his goal was not to save or destroy slavery, but "to save the Union." 1865 EXTRA! 'The President Was Shot' On the right of April 14, 1865, Associated Press correspondent Lawrence Gobright received news at his Washington office President Lincoln had been shot. Gobright scooped the story, sending the first report to AP's New York headquarters. "To the Associated press: The president was shot in a theatre tonight and perhaps mortally wounded." Gobright then hurried to Ford's Theatre to do first-person reporting. Recording History: photographer Alexander Gardner chronicled the aftermath of President Lincoln's assassination, including the executions, above, of four conspirators. But his work appeared only as engravings. The technology enabling newspapers to reproduce photographs would not be available for several more years.
18. NEWNH1_140127_154.JPG: News Coverage Expands With a Nation: As news became more of a commodity, publishers wanted more of it, faster. Instead of waiting for the story to come to them, they sent reporters out to get it. As America moved West, the telegraph made it possible for newspaper to print current reports from across a vast continent. 1870 Stunts Sell Newspapers: Near the latter part of the 19th century, metropolitan newspapers engaged in what came to be called "stunt journalism" -- sending reporters on unusual assignments. In 1871, explorer Henry Morton Stanley arrived in Africa from The New York Herald to search for missing missionary Dr. David Livingstone. "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" Stanley said upon finding the missionary.
19. NEWNH1_140127_159.JPG: Big City Newspapers Thrive: The Industrial Age brought the machines that made reporting and disseminating news easier and faster than ever. Immigration brought more people who wanted and needed news more. In a 30-year span, the population of the United States doubled. New York, the largest of the big cities, saw the first newspapers to sell a million copies a day. Uncovering Dirt: Danish immigrant Jacob Riis was an early journalism crusader. As a reporter for The (New York) Sun, Riis investigated the city's slums and in 1890 wrote the book "How The Other Half Lives," which prompted nationwide reforms. Theodore Roosevelt called Riis "New York's most useful citizen."
20. NEWNH1_140127_166.JPG: Studying the People: Cuban revolutionary and correspondent Jose Marti filed hundreds of stories from New York in the 1890s. "TO get to know a people," he said, "you have to study them." Marti died in Cuba fighting Spain for independence. Radio and TV Marti, US government broadcasts aimed at communist Cuba, bear his name. Formula for News: In 1892, a Chicago Globe editor told cub reporter Theodore Dreiser that the first paragraph of a news story must reveal "Who or what? How? When? Where?" Ten years later, British author and poet Rudyard Kipling added "why" when he wrote: I keep six honest server men (They taught me all I knew); Their names are What and Why and When And How and Where and Who. Power in the Press: French novelist Emile Zola protested in an open letter to the president of France the treatment of military officer Alfred Dreyfus, who was wrongly imprisoned for treason. Zola's 1898 article for the French newspaper L'Autore is one of news history's most potent political commentaries. The headline was the now-famous phrase "J'Accuse" ("I accuse").
21. NEWNH1_140127_173.JPG: 1900 Leading a Movement: Robert Sengstacke Abbott started his Chicago Defender in 1905. A decade later, the influential weekly was a leading voice in a campaign urging African Americans to abandon the racism and lynchings of the South and move North. In some Southern cities it was banned. Approximately 1 million African Americans relocated in the ensuing "Great Migration." A Dash of Humor: The first successful continually published comic strip was "Mutt and Jeff," an instant sensation in the San Francisco Chronicle in 1907. Early comics, or "funnies," were single-panel drawings, often in color. Black-and-white strips appeared in some large newspapers by the early 1900s. The success of "Mutt and Jeff" spawned numerous new strips. 1903... Daily Mirror, first modern tabloid, published in London...
22. NEWNH1_140127_182.JPG: A Dash of Humor: The first successful continually published comic strip was "Mutt and Jeff," an instant sensation in the San Francisco Chronicle in 1907. Early comics, or "funnies," were single-panel drawings, often in color. Black-and-white strips appeared in some large newspapers by the early 1900s. The success of "Mutt and Jeff" spawned numerous new strips.
23. NEWNH1_140127_191.JPG: 1910 Competition for Newspapers: Radio in the early 20th century was viewed primarily as a means of ship-to-shore communication and a novelty. Few saw it as a potential news medium. But when the luxury ocean liner Titanic sank in 1912, wireless operators fed the latest rescue reports to newspapers up and down the East Coast. The story marked the first use of radio to help cover a major breaking news event.
24. NEWNH1_140127_194.JPG: 1912 EXTRA! Titanic Sinks; 'All ... Are Safe' When the Titanic collided with an iceberg and sank in the North Atlantic, newspapers carried conflicting accounts. The ship's SOS flashed instantly, as did reports from other ships. But the radio signals sometimes were weak and garbled by interference, so some newspapers got the story wrong. Reported the Los Angeles Express: "All Passengers Are Safe." Discarded papers litter the floor of the New York Times newsroom as reporters and editors scramble for the latest news of the Titanic. A Pioneer Among the Victims: Pall Mall Gazette editor William Thomas Stead was among the passengers who perished on the Titanic. The controversial Stead pioneered the use of newspaper illustration, sensational scoops and big headlines.
25. NEWNH1_140127_207.JPG: A New Word Game: In the Dec. 21, 1913, edition of the New York World, the earliest known crossword puzzle appeared. By the mid-1920s, the game was a national obsession. The first puzzle used a single list of clues, instead of today's "across" and "down". Snap and Pizazz! The Tabloid's Here! The tabloid newspaper debuted in London in 1903 in the form of the Daily Mirror. Within a decade, circulation was 1 million. When Joseph Medill Patterson saw a small-sized newspaper in London, he and his cousin -- Chicago Daily Tribune publisher Robert McCormick -- started the New York Daily News in 1919. Because of their small format, the Daily News and other tabloids were easy to read on crowded subways.
26. NEWNH1_140127_210.JPG: 1920: An Era of Expanding News Coverage: The Jazz Age: Newsreels opened millions of eyes to world events. Newsmagazines condensed complex stories for busy readers. Radio featured occasional on-the-stop news reports. In 1925, American's news media focused the nation's eyes (and ears) on an epic legal clash between science and religion that was unfolding in tiny Dayton, Tenn.
27. NEWNH1_140127_221.JPG: He Made Laughing Easy: Cartoonist Reuben Goldberg poked fun at 20th-century complexity. Here, one of his characters explains how to shut off the radio. Today, dictionaries define "Rube Goldberg" as "accomplishing by complex means what seemingly could be done simply." The Sporting World: In the 1920s, sports reporters produced some of journalism's most colorful writing. Grantland Rice turned Notre Dames's football backfield into the "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" in perhaps the most-quoted sports story ever written: "In dramatic lore, they are known as Famine, Pestilence, Destruction and Death. These are only aliases. Their real names are Stuhldreher, Miller, Crowley, and Layden."
28. NEWNH1_140127_226.JPG: Rube Goldberg cartoon from the Art Wood Collection
29. NEWNH1_140127_271.JPG: 1935: Hearing is Believing: On Halloween eve in 1938, the power of radio was demonstrated when CBS carried an Orson Welles novel: "The War of the Worlds." Portions of the script were written to sound like news bulletins, and thousands of listeners believed that a Martian invasion was occurring. A panic ensued. CBS and Welles were roundly criticized.
30. NEWNH2_140127_001.JPG: 1940
31. NEWNH2_140127_009.JPG: 1936 The King Steps Down: When King Edward VIII abdicated the British throne to marry American commoner Wallis Warfield Simpson, her hometown newspaper. The Baltimore News Post, declared, "He gives up an empire for her love." They married six months later and became known as the Duke and Duchess of Windsor.
32. NEWNH2_140127_016.JPG: Life Begins: Time co-founder Henry Luce tapped into the photojournalism market in 1936 with Life, a pictorial weekly that was an instant success. This 1937 cover celebrated the third birthday of Canada's world-famous Dionne quintuplets, whose birth was one of the decade's biggest stories.
33. NEWNH2_140127_027.JPG: 1937 Dirigible Disaster: The era of airship travel came to an end on May 6, 1937, when the German dirigible Hindenburg burst into flames while trying to land in Lakehurst, NJ. the New York Daily News reported the story in typical tabloid fashion: dramatic front-page image, bold headline, less text.
34. NEWNH2_140127_035.JPG: Kristallnacht: German Nazis attacked Jewish shops, homes and synagogues in November 1938 in what the San Francisco Chronicle termed a spasm of "riotous fury." The violence became known as Kristallnacht, or "Night of Broken Glass," because of the shattered glass left in German city streets.
35. NEWNH2_140127_048.JPG: "Monthly Picture Magazine" Look, the first and most successful of several imitators of Life magazine, hit newstands in 1937, just a few months after Life's debut. The popularity of "the monthly picture magazine" confirmed the public's interest in photojournalism. Look was published until 1971.
36. NEWNH2_140127_064.JPG: 1939 Second World War Begins: In a single word, the Sept. 1, 1939, Philadelphia Record announced the start of what became the deadliest war in history. The newspaper "extra" column included late news flashes about Nazi Germany's military assault on Poland.
37. NEWNH2_140127_073.JPG: War Propaganda Masquerades as News: Germany's Suttgarter NS-Kurier described the Nazi invasion of Poland as "counteroffensive" intended to settle territorial disputes with a neighboring country. Like other Third Reich newspapers, the NS-Kurier was little more than a mouthpiece for Nazi propaganda.
38. NEWNH2_140127_085.JPG: Backward Runs the Headline: Douglas Corrigan was denied permission to fly across the Atlantic in 1938. He did it anyway. His excuse? "Wrong Way" Corrigan said he intended to go to California but "got mixed up in the clouds" and wounded up in Ireland. Back in New York, he received a ticker-tape parade.
39. NEWNH2_140127_092.JPG: 1940: The Story of the Century Unfolds: German troops invaded Poland late in 1939, touching off a global war. War was and is big news. Although the United States did not become involved until 1941, war news became regular fare for America's news media. Hundreds of journalists went to the front lines to report the story of a lifetime.
40. NEWNH2_140127_098.JPG: 1940 The Blitz: In September 1940, Nazi Germany began offensive bombing of London and other British cities, which continued until the following May. The Blitz, as it became known, killed more than 40,000 civilians but ultimately failed to break Britain's resolve.
41. NEWNH2_140127_138.JPG: The Genesis of US News & World Report: In 1938, conservative columnist David Lawrence launched the weekly United States News, devoted to national affairs. He later expanded into international news with World Report. The magazines were merged in 1948 into a single newsweekly, US News & World Report.
42. NEWNH2_140127_145.JPG: 1940 EXTRA! The Holocaust Downplayed: Although he was warned that Jews and others were being enslaved and executed in Nazi-occupied Europe, Chicago Tribune publisher Robert McCormick ignored the reports. Such "sensational" stories, he feared, would involve the Untied States in the war. New York Times publisher Arthur H. Sulzberger, who was Jewish, worried that giving prominent coverage to the murder of Jews would label the Times as a Jewish publication. He ran most stories on inside pages.
43. NEWNH2_140127_152.JPG: 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor: Within 90 minutes of the Dec 7, 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the Honolulu Star Bulletin published a "1st Extra" edition. The issue contained a preliminary list of the dead and injured, information on school closings and an editorial about how Hawaii will meet the "crisis."
44. NEWNH2_140127_164.JPG: "I Will Return" Gen. Douglas MacArthur's confident vow after being ordered to leave the Philippines dominated the front page of the Boston Globe on March 20, 1942. On the same page was a brief article about whether MacArthur said "will return" or "shall return". It was the former.
45. NEWNH2_140127_168.JPG: Humoring the Troops: Cartoonist Bill Mauldin created the everyman GIs Willie and Joe in the Army newspaper, The Stars and Stripes. Gen. George Patton objected to Mauldin's humor and wanted the newspaper to drop the cartoons. But he was overruled by Gen. Dwight Eisenhower. Mauldin won the Pulitzer Prize for editorial cartooning in 1945.
46. NEWNH2_140127_173.JPG: 1944: Red-Letter D-Day: The June 6, 1944, Wheeling News-Register announced the D-Day invasion of Normandy in bold red letters. Late bulletins provided accounts of the "first shock troops" swarming ashore during "the greatest invasion of all time."
47. NEWNH2_140127_183.JPG: Downplaying the Holocaust? The New York Times's Holocaust coverage continues to provoke debate. Obscure reports such as this 1944 Page 12 article suggest to critics that the Times deliberately underplayed the Nazis' mass murder of Jews. Defenders note that reports of atrocities were hard to verify.
48. NEWNH2_140127_231.JPG: 1945: Changing Times: World War II brought profound change to American society. As millions of men went to war, millions of women moved into the workplace to fill the vacancies. "Rosie the Riveter" became the symbol of women working in war production plants, but in postwar America, large numbers of women and minorities moved in and out of other occupations as well, including journalism.
49. NEWNH2_140127_235.JPG: The Fuhrer is Dead: As his "Thousand-Year Reich" collapsed during the final days of World War II in Europe. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler killed himself in his Berlin bunker. The Louisville Times marked the development by publishing a photograph of the dictator with the "X" scrawled across his face.
50. NEWNH2_140127_248.JPG: 1945 Spelling Out Victory: On Aug 15, 1945, a front-page editorial cartoon in the Los Angeles Times spelled out "VJ" ("Victory Over Japan") in the smoke rising from a burning Japanese flag. The front page made no mention of the two atomic attacks that had forced Japan's surrender.
51. NEWNH2_140127_255.JPG: Victory in Europe: With a red "V" for victory splashed across its front page, The Baltimore News-Post carried the news of Nazi Germany's surrender to Allied forces in May 1945. The paper published a wire report that noted the Nazis had surrendered "with an appeal to the victors for mercy."
52. NEWNH2_140127_263.JPG: 1945 EXTRA! Crossing Color Lines: Baltimore Afro-American sports editor Sam Lacy was one of the first sportswriters to call for an end to the color line in Major League Baseball. Long before Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier, Lacy campaigned for integration. While on the road with the Brooklyn Dodgers, he and Robinson roomed together in black hotels in the segregated South.
53. NEWNH2_140127_271.JPG: No. 3 is the Charm: The first sports photo to win a Pulitzer Prize was taken in 1948 by New York Herald Tribune photographer Nat Fein. Fein's specialty was not sports but human-interest subjects, such as animals and children. But when the Herald Tribune sports photographer called in sick, Fein was ordered to Yankee Stadium to record the retirement of Yankee slugger Babe Ruth's uniform, No. 3.
54. NEWNH2_140127_288.JPG: 1950: 'Hard Bruising Truth' In 1950, when Marquerite Higgins arrived in war-torn South Korea, there was virtually no censorship. But the military put restrictions in place after reporters wrote about panicked, ill-equipped and poorly trained US troops. Higgins responded: So long as our government requires the backing of an aroused and informed public opinion ... it is necessary to tell the hard bruising truth.
55. NEWNH2_140127_290.JPG: Breaking Barriers: In 1951, Carl T. Rowan wrote about Southern bigotry in a Minneapolis Tribune series, "How Far From Slavery?" His goal: "To tell hard truths." He broke barriers as a civil rights reporter, ambassador, head of the United States Information Agency and one of the first nationally syndicated African-American columnists.
56. NEWNH2_140127_301.JPG: It's a Hit! In 1954, Time Inc. started Sports Illustrated, a weekly magazine of investigative reports, features and outstanding color photography. The magazine lost money for a decade, but circulation eventually grew to 3 million. Newspapers reacted with more comprehensive sports coverage.
57. NEWNH2_140127_304.JPG: The Press at Its Worst: When osteopath Sam Sheppard's wife was murdered in 1954, he was an immediate suspect. The Cleveland news media decided Sheppard was guilty even before he was charged, and ran biased headlines and stories. Sheppard was convicted. In 1966, the US Supreme Court overturned his conviction, in part because he had not been protected from unfair publicity. He was acquitted in a second trial.
58. NEWNH2_140127_308.JPG: 1955: Television Makes Its Mark: Television wielded a power that newspapers, magazines and even radio could not compete with: It showed history unfolding right before our eyes. From the early images of the civil rights struggle that awakened a nation to social injustice, through the coverage of events following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, television was catapulted into the public consciousness as an important news medium.
59. NEWNH2_140127_312.JPG: An Editor of Conscience: In an era when most Southern newspapers either ignored or underplayed the civil rights movement, Atlanta Constitution editor Ralph Emerson McGill crusaded for integration. White Southerners should change, he wrote, "because they want to.. not because they are made to do it." Segregation Battle: When nine black students in Arkansas attempted to integrate Little Rock's Central High School in 1957, television and newspapers showed the nation images that made most Americans uncomfortable -- law enforcement officers and US troops escorting students, the hate-filled faces of white segregationists and acts of violence.
60. NEWNH2_140127_322.JPG: 1962: Shocking Death in Hollywood: The Los Angeles Times called film star Marilyn Monroe "a troubled beauty who failed to find happiness" when she died of an overdose Aug. 5, 1962. A decade later, the Elton John song "Candle in the Wind" accused the press of hounding her even in death by reporting she was found nude.
61. NEWNH2_140127_329.JPG: Historic Debates: US presidential candidates Richard M Nixon and John F Kennedy made history in 1960 when they participated in the first presidential debates ever shown on television. The historic events were reported in national newspapers and newsmagazines such as Newsweek, where the impact of the debates was the cover story.
62. NEWNH2_140127_338.JPG: 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis: Nuclear war loomed in October 1962, when the United States discovered that the Soviets had deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba. The Soviets rejected US demands to remove the weapons, but after 13 tense days, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles.
63. NEWNH2_140127_344.JPG: 1962 EXTRA! Media as the Messenger: In 1962, the United States and the Soviet Union stood at the brink of nuclear war over the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba. Amid the crisis, a Soviet diplomat offered the United States terms of a settlement -- through a reporter. The reporter, ABC's State Department correspondent John Scali, didn't hesitate to act as a courier. "At times like that, a reporter has no choice," Scali said. "Whatever he can do to save humanity ... even just an ounce worth, he must do." A few days later, the confrontation was peacefully resolved.
64. NEWNH2_140127_348.JPG: Questioning Authority: New York Times correspondent David Halberstam wrote reports that questioned progress in the war in Vietnam. An upset President John F Kennedy asked the Times to bring Halberstam home. Later, President Lyndon B. Johnson called him "a traitor." Halberstam stayed, and his dispatches fueled debate over a long, controversial war. Police State: The nation was awakened to the brutalities of the civil rights struggle once television and newspapers showed scenes like this -- a police dog attacking a demonstrator in Birmingham, Ala., on May 3, 1963.
65. NEWNH2_140127_352.JPG: TV News Nears 'Show Biz' Status: Television's rise to the top of the news heap made stars of the network news anchors. Anchors' earnings soon outstripped those of newspaper and radio luminaries. Walter Cronkite, dubbed "the most trusted man in America," was paid $200,000 in 1966, two years after this cover.
66. NEWNH2_140127_363.JPG: 1963 Death of a President: Bold newspaper headlines conveyed the shock and grim reality of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on Nov 22, 1963. TV networks provided four days of uninterrupted news coverage, marking the rise of television as the public's primary source of breaking news.
67. NEWNH2_140127_369.JPG: 1965: A Nation, World in Turmoil: America and the world wrestled with change in the 1960s, and the results often were unpleasant. Protest marches, sit-ins and demonstrations sometimes erupted into violence. At colleges and in urban areas, "underground" or alternative publications challenged traditional journalism. And a government commission observed that most newsrooms were ill-equipped to properly cover many news stories because there was so little diversity on their staffs.
68. NEWNH2_140127_376.JPG: 1968 EXTRA! A First for the Pulitzer Prizes: When Coretta Scott King discovered that the press pool covering the funeral of Martin Luther King Jr. included no black photographers, she sent word: If Moneta J. Sleet Jr. wasn't allowed into the church, there would be no photographers, period. Sleet's photo of King tearfully clasping daughter Bernice won a Pulitzer Prize, making him the first African American journalist to win the highest honor for news.
69. NEWNH2_140127_381.JPG: 1968: Moment of Execution: Eddie Adams's photograph of the shooting of a Viet Cong prisoner during North Vietnam's 1968 Tet offensive was published in newspapers around the world and became an iconic image of the Vietnam War. In 1969, Adams was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for his photograph.
70. NEWNH2_140127_393.JPG: No to the National Anthem: US medalists Tommie Smith, center, and John Carlos were dismissed from the Olympic team in 1968 as a result of their protest during the playing of the national anthem. At left, Australian medalist Peter Norman.
71. NEWNH2_140127_396.JPG: 1968: A Murder in Memphis: Civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. was slain by a sniper in Memphis in April 1968, sparking civil unrest around the country. The Commercial Appeal offered a $25,000 reward for help in solving "this monstrous crime." James Earl Ray was later convicted of killing King.
72. NEWNH2_140127_404.JPG: 1970: Kent State Horror: John Paul Filo's Pulitzer Prize-winning image captured the aftermath of a tragic confrontation between Ohio National Guard troops and student anti-war protesters at Kent State University in 1970. Guards' gunfire killed four students.
73. NEWNH2_140127_409.JPG: 1968: Bobby Kennedy Struck Down: Moments after speaking with supporters in California in June 1968, US Sen. Robert F. Kennedy was fatally shot by Palestinian immigrant Sirhan Sirhan. Kennedy had just won the state's Democratic presidential primary and seemed well-positioned to gain the party's nomination.
74. NEWNH2_140127_418.JPG: The Press Investigates: Newspapers exposed on national ill after another: poisoned streams, corrupt cults, tainted products and politics so dirty that they toppled a president. Not since the "muckrakers" of the early 20th century had the news media so eagerly takne up the mantle of public guardian. The celebrity achieved by some reporters and newspapers fueled a renewed interest in investigative journalism. According to Doonesbury: Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist Garry Trudeau's "Doonesbury" was so biting that many newspapers took the unusual step of moving it to the opinion pages or elsewhere. "Criticizing a political satirist for being unfair," Trudeau said, "is like criticizing a 260-pound nose guard for being too physical."
75. NEWNH2_140127_422.JPG: Not the President's Men: Washington Post reporters Carl Bernstein, left, and Bob Woodward were pivotal figures in uncovering the Watergate scandal, which led to President Richard M. Nixon's downfall in 1974. Their dogged reporting helped win their newspaper the Pulitzer Prize for public service.
76. NEWNH2_140127_429.JPG: Banned in Africa: Columnist and black activist Steven Biko was banned by the South African government in 1973, forbidden to write or speak on racial issues. His travel also was restricted. Arrested in 1977 for violating the travel ban, he died in prison of police-inflicted injuries. One of his friends, Daily Dispatch editor Donald Woods, left, publicly blamed the government for Biko's death. He was put under house arrest. The pair helped focus world attention on apartheid, which officially ended in 1994. Satellite News: The development of communications satellites benefited newspapers as well as electronic news outlets. The Wall Street Journal experimented with satellite transmissions as early as 1973 and by 1975 was sending news pages to a printed plant in Florida. Time magazine began using satellite transmission for its Far Eastern edition in 1980. When USA Today started in 1982, it was the first national, general-interest newspaper to be delivered by satellite, using 17 printing plants across the country. Today, most major publications use satellites to transmit news around the country and world.
77. NEWNH2_140127_434.JPG: Famous People: People magazine debuted in 1974, blending entertainment with news. The combination made it one of the most popular "infotainment" publications in the country, and it has since been widely imitated. 1975: A Hero is 'Outed' In 1975, Oliver Sipple was hailed as a hero when he prevented Sara Jane Moore from firing a second shot at President Gerald Ford in San Francisco. Sipple's action instantly made him a public figure. His private life as a homosexual was revealed by the San Francisco Chronicle in one of the first media "outings." Sipple sued, but lost. Said the California Supreme Court: "Once the information is released... it cannot be recaptured and sealed." Oliver Sipple, left arrow, grabs would-be assassin Sara Jane Moore, right arrow, after she fired a shot at President Ford.
78. NEWNH2_140127_441.JPG: If You Can't Beat 'Em... In 1975, film critics Roger Ebert, left, of the Chicago Sun-Times and Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune began a local TV program reviewing movies. It soon was picked up by PBS, and later the pair moved to commercial TV -- all the while continuing their newspaper columns. Their thumbs-up or thumbs-down rating system became a trademark. Siskel died in 1999. Richard Roeper of the Sun-Times took his place.
79. NEWNH2_140127_445.JPG: 1975: EXTRA! Team Coverage: Investigative Reporters and Editors was formed in 1975 to help journalists share reporting techniques. The following year, one of its founding members, Arizona Republic reporter Don Bolles, was murdered while reporting on organized crime. In the first and only attempt at collective reporting, IRE members spent five months continuing Bolles's investigation. The Arizona Project, as the investigation was called, produced an award-winning series that helped expose organized crime in Arizona.
80. NEWNH2_140127_452.JPG: 1980: The Changing Newspaper: Editors realized that newspapers had to change to survive. The solution: shorter, bolder and more colorful news. Newspapers converted to offset printing, news columns were widened to make reading easier, and pages were arranged in eye-pleasing blocks of headlines, text and graphics.
81. NEWNH2_140127_456.JPG: A Royal Mediafest: An estimated 750 million people worldwide watched the wedding of Great Britain's Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer in 1981. Newspapers and magazines dubbed it the "wedding of the century" and put out commemorative sections and issues.
82. NEWNH2_140127_460.JPG: 1980 Death of a Beatle: The world reeled from shock when former Beatle John Lennon was murdered outside his New York apartment. His hometown paper in Liverpool, England, reported that stunned fans were fathering on Mathew Street at the site of the Cavern Club, where the Beatles got their start.
83. NEWNH2_140127_468.JPG: Colorful Weather: When USA Today hit the streets in 1982, its most identifiable feature was its full-page color weather map, which was quickly imitated. Today, full-color weather maps are commonplace. Student Rights? Two feature stories -- one on divorce, another on teen pregnancy -- were planned for the Hazelwood (Mo.) East High School newspaper's final edition for the 1983 school year. The principal thought the stories were inappropriate as written. The stories were killed. The students sued, saying their First Amendment rights had been violated. In 1988, the US Supreme Court held that administrators can censor school newspapers if the content is not consistent with the school's educational mission.
84. NEWNH2_140127_476.JPG: 1985: Staying With The Coverage: By the mid-1980s, the launches and returns of US space shuttles had become so routine that the major broadcast networks no longer covered them live. CNN, however, continued to air the launches, resulting in a spectacular exclusive in 1986 when the shuttle Challenger exploded, killing all seven crew members. Many afternoon newspapers responded by publishing extras about the disaster.
85. NEWNH2_140127_482.JPG: The Computer Challenge: In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee developed the World Wide Web. By the mid-1990s, TV, radio and newspapers faced a formidable new competitor. With just a click of a computer mouse, people could tap into a burgeoning river of information from around the world. Also started in 1989 was Quantum Computer Service, an online information source that became America Online in 1991. AOL co-founder Steve Case is at left.
86. NEWNH2_140127_493.JPG: 1986: Challenger Disaster: Teacher Christie McAuliffe, the first private citizen to become an astronaut, died when the space shuttle Challenger exploded shortly after liftoff in January 1986. McAuliffe's hometown newspaper reported the anguish of her students, who saw the explosion live on television.
87. NEWNH2_140127_499.JPG: 1990: Plugged-in Publishing: Major media companies rejected Louis Rossetto and Jane Metcalfe's idea of a digital-age magazine. So the husband-and-wife editors got backing elsewhere and in 1993 launched Wired magazine. In 15 months, circulation hit 175,000. Wired was a new-age publishing phenomenon. Its Internet spinoff, HotWired, came the following year. Said Metcalfe: "Wired is about the digital revolution. HotWired is the digital revolution."
88. NEWNH2_140127_503.JPG: A Touch of Color: Color pages were appearing in 97 percent of the newspapers in North America by 1993. But there were two notable holdouts: the venerable New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. Although the Times -- often called the "Gray Lady" because of its lack of color -- began using some color that same year, it was not until 1997 that a full-color photo appeared on Page One. The Journal waited even longer, introducing color only in 2002.
89. NEWNH2_140127_515.JPG: EXTRA! A Tough Call Pays Off: In 1995, The Washington Post and The New York Times decided it was in the public interest to jointly publish a controversial 35,000-word manifesto from a terrorist dubbed the "Unabomber." Critics saw a manipulation of the news media, but the published document eventually led to the arrest and imprisonment of former mathematician Theodore Kaczynski.
90. NEWNH2_140127_519.JPG: Dateline: Mars: During the summer of 1997, the Mars Pathfinder delighted scientists and laymen alike with stunning color images from Earth's closest neighbor. With full-color reproduction by then commonplace, newspapers gave prominent display to the photos. But people turned in record numbers to the Internet, where NASA sites offered primitive video. On July 8 the sites had nearly 47 million hits, more than double the traffic of any other site to that date. Digital 'Dentistry': Digital photography -- faster and more efficient than film -- also made photo manipulation easier. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, several photographers and news organizations altered images, violating a cardinal rule of photojournalism. In 1997, Newsweek altered its cover photo to improve the appearance of a woman's teeth. Time ran an unretouched photo.
91. NEWNH2_140127_531.JPG: 2000: Turn-of-the-Century Troubles: The start of the 21st century had a few bright spots for the news media. Many of the best-known news organizations in the country were rocked by revelations of plagiarism, fabrication, photo manipulation, and careless research and reporting. The press's credibility was questioned, prompting self-examination and, in several cases, lengthy apologies.
92. NEWNH2_140127_535.JPG: Blogs: New Dimension for News: The rise of blogs -- personal online journals sometimes referred to as "citizen journalism" -- brought a new dimension to the constantly changing ways that people get their news. With millions of such sites in the "blogosphere," news editors no longer have sole control over the news stream.
93. NEWNH2_140127_539.JPG: 2001: Pulling No Punches: In a single, emphatic word, the San Francisco Examiner captured America's visceral reaction to the terrorist attacks that killed nearly 3,000 people on Sept. 11, 2001. On either side of the newspaper's nameplate were images of U.S. and California flags at half-staff.
94. NEWNH2_140127_551.JPG: Credibility Check: In the aftermath of a plagiarism scandal that shook The New York Times in 2003, news organizations, particularly newspapers, came under more intense scrutiny. Since then, there have been nearly 40 known cases of journalists facing some form of disciplinary action for various ethical lapses. Internet search engines make it relatively easy to compare a journalist's work with that of others.
95. NEWNH2_140127_558.JPG: Morning Papers Become Mainstay: As the total number of daily newspapers declined over the years, reader preferences switched from newspapers published in the afternoon to newspapers that came out early in the morning. The charge was due in part to the popularity of network television news at dinnertime.
96. NEWNH2_140127_564.JPG: Pressing On: When Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans and other parts of the Gulf Coast on Aug 29, 12005, staffers of The Times-Picayune were forced to flee their downtown office in delivery trucks. The staff went to Baton Rouge, located about 80 miles from New Orleans, where they published the newspaper online for three straight days. On Sept 2, the Times Picayune resumed publishing its print edition, using a press in nearby Houma, La., and later moved to Mobile, Ala. 2005 EXTRA! Death of Two Dynasties: Joseph Pulitzer started what became a dynasty in 1872 when he bought the St. Louis Post. His expansion into New York City and his ensuing circulation battles there with William Randolph Hearst made Pulitzer one of the foremost newsmen of his time. But it was dwindling interest and involvement by his heirs -- not profit-margin pressures -- that eventually led to the sale of Pulitzer properties to Lee Enterprises in 2005. Press In Peril: Knight Ridder once one of the largest newspaper groups in the nation, vanished in 2006 after investor complaints about sipping profits led to its sale. Knight Ridder's demise symbolized the troubles brought by demands for high profits. In some cases, that pressure led to fraudulently inflated circulation figures; elsewhere, as managers cut payrolls, newsroom layoffs and buyouts became commonplace. The events spawned pessimism about the long-term future of newspapers.
97. NEWNH2_140127_572.JPG: 2005 EXTRA! Death of Two Dynasties: Joseph Pulitzer started what became a dynasty in 1872 when he bought the St. Louis Post. His expansion into New York City and his ensuing circulation battles there with William Randolph Hearst made Pulitzer one of the foremost newsmen of his time. But it was dwindling interest and involvement by his heirs -- not profit-margin pressures -- that eventually led to the sale of Pulitzer properties to Lee Enterprises in 2005. Press In Peril: Knight Ridder once one of the largest newspaper groups in the nation, vanished in 2006 after investor complaints about sipping profits led to its sale. Knight Ridder's demise symbolized the troubles brought by demands for high profits. In some cases, that pressure led to fraudulently inflated circulation figures; elsewhere, as managers cut payrolls, newsroom layoffs and buyouts became commonplace. The events spawned pessimism about the long-term future of newspapers. Plugging Leaks: In 2005, the Washington Post and The New York Times became the focus of a White House criminal investigation into who leaked classified information to them about secret programs developed to combat terrorism. In separate Page One articles, the Post revealed the existence of CIA prisons, while the Times reported on a domestic eavesdropping program, despite White House objections. The leaking and publishing of classified information resurrected an age-old conflict between freedom of the press and national security. Do leaks help the enemy? How much information does the public need to know? The debate continues.
98. NEWNH2_140127_577.JPG: The Medium is the Message: In the 21st century, the medium and the messenger ofter are considered as newsworthy as traditional news. In general, networks and newspapers report on the news business to a degree that is unprecedented. Critics deride such coverage as self-absorbed and self-important. But in an era when the news media's credibility increasingly is questioned and its audiences are declining, much of the coverage of media issues reveals serious concerns about what lies ahead for journalism. News is constant and always will be with us. That is certain. The future of the Fourth Estate, however, like the first draft of history, remains to be written.
99. NEWNH2_140127_584.JPG: How Newspapers Stack Up: In 2005, there were slightly more than four and a half times as many nondaily US newspapers (weeklies) as there were dailies -- 6,692 weeklies to 1,457 dailies. These stacks of newspapers, weeklies at left, dailies below, are proportionate to that 4.5-to-1 ratio.
100. NEWNH2_140127_586.JPG: Who Owns What? Big Three Face Competition: During the final decades of the 20th century, the so-called Big Three broadcast networks were bought up by larger corporations. They also faced increasing competition from cable TV. ABC News -- Walt Disney Co. owns ABC. NBC News -- Comcast Corp. is the majority owner of NBC Universal. CBS News -- National Amusements Inc. controls CBS Corp. and Viacom, Inc. CNN -- Time Warner owns CNN. Fox News Channel -- News Corp. launched the Fox News Channel. MSNBC -- MSNBC, part of NBC Universal, was formed by NBC and Microsoft.
101. NEWNH2_140127_590.JPG: TV News: Network Vs. Cable: ABC, CBS, and NBC once commanded such huge TV audiences they were well known in the business as the Big Three. Coveted for their prominence and profitability, he networks were eventually bought by larger companies. Today, network news divisions compete with cable channels, CNN, Fox News, and MSNBC, and their audiences are less than half the size they used to be. But millions of viewers still watch network new. Four times as many people tuned in to network evening newscasts in 2010 than watched cable's top-rated news programs.
102. NEWNH2_140127_593.JPG: The House That Luce Built: "I always thought it was the business of Time to make enemies -- and of Life to make friends." -- Henry R. Luce, publisher, 1960
103. NEWNH2_140127_603.JPG: A Global Reach: Australian-born media mogul Rupert Murdoch has amassed the most far-flung array of media properties in the world. His News Corporation empire stretches across five continents. His acquisition of a number of television stations led to the formation in 1986 of Fox Broadcasting Co., which a decade later launched the cable- and satellite-delivered Fox News Channel. In 2007, Murdoch purchased Dow Jones & Co., publisher of The Wall Street Journal. Rupert Murdoch used this telephone from 2002 to 2006 to run News Corporation, which includes The Times of London and The New York Post. On this phone he made deals involving nearly $20 billion, including the acquisitions of DirecTV and MySpace.com.
104. NEWNH2_140127_609.JPG: Information is Big Business: As early as the 1880s, publishers began expanding by acquiring additional newspapers, resulting in newspaper "chains." In the 20th century, some of those chains expanded by acquiring TV or radio stations and other news media outlets. Buyouts and mergers often led to huge conglomerates. Critics of large media organizations say that too few owners have influence over too many readers, viewers and listeners. Supporters say that corporate ownership brings more professionalism to local news gathering.
105. NEWNH2_140127_627.JPG: Al Neuharth used the typewriter at right to write the displayed memo about starting USA Today.
106. NEWNH2_140127_631.JPG: John Knight's monogrammed briefcase
107. NEWNH2_140127_634.JPG: Merging of News Media: In 1974, the Knight and Ridder newspaper groups merged to become one of the largest newspaper chains in the nation. John S. Knight founded a newspaper group that began with the Akron (Ohio) Beacon Journal. The sons of publisher Herman Ridder built their chain through investing in a group of dailies. Knight Ridder was sold to the McClatchy Co. in 2006.
108. NEWNH2_140127_637.JPG: "Remember the Maine!" Recovered remnants from the USS Maine. From left: a ladder tread, a shell casing and a sluice plate. The letter contains William Randolph Hearst's instructions to correspondent James Creelman to block the Spanish fleet from using the Suez Canal. The instructions were never carried out.
109. NEWNH2_140127_653.JPG: What's Yellow Journalism? The Yellow Kid was the first widely popular comic character. For a time, rival Yellow Kid comics appeared in both the New York World and New York Journal. Because both newspapers frequently published sensational headlines and stories, the Yellow Kid indirectly helped inspire the term "yellow journalism." First used as a derogatory label, it remains associated with sensationalism and journalistic misconduct.
110. NEWNH2_140127_659.JPG: Who Controls The News? "Freedom of the press is guaranteed only to those who own me." -- A.J. Liebling, writer and media critic, 1960 Today, chances are that your daily newspaper -- once locally owned -- is owned by a large company in a city many miles away. Likewise for your local television network affiliates. Why? Because the news media yield profits and power. Not long ago, most newspapers and TV stations were independently owned. But the allure of wealthy and influence drove some owners to buy more and more newspapers, and later, to expand into radio, television and cable. In time, the individual owner gave way to a board of directors and a corporate CEO. Vast conglomerates of news outlets grew -- some of them controlled by corporations with no ties to journalism.
111. NEWNH2_140127_667.JPG: "Journalism is the first rough draft of history." -- Philip Graham, publisher, The Washington Post
112. NEWNH2_140127_671.JPG: Start The Presses! "Th' newspaper ... conforts th' afflicted, afflicts th' comfortable." -- Finley Peter Dunne, humorist and journalist, 1902 The press -- sometimes referred to as "the Fourth Estate" -- sees itself as the holder of public trust, with certain responsibilities toward its readers, its viewers and its community. Foremost among those is reporting the most significant stories of the day quickly, accurately and fairly. News fuels a journalist's "need to tell." That, in turn, satisfies the public's "need to know." That interaction between journalists and the public helps shape debate in a free society.
113. NEWNH2_140127_675.JPG: The Pulitzer Prizes, national awards honoring excellence in journalism, were inaugurated in 1917. Herbert Bayard Swope of The (New York) World won the reporting awarding that first year for his coverage of World War I from the German point of view.
114. NEWNH2_140127_688.JPG: The gold medal for public service is considered the most prestigious of the Pulitzer Prizes. This one was awarded to the Milwaukee Journal in 1919 for its "campaign for Americanism."
115. NEWNH2_140127_691.JPG: Radio reporter Ike Pappas witnessed the murder of accused presidential assassin Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas in 1963. His first report was an on-the-spot account, which he followed later with a typewritten radio script (note his handwritten revisions). The other scripts here were written before Oswald's murder.
116. NEWNH2_140127_723.JPG: A Reporter's Basic Tools: Pencil (or pen) and paper historically have been a reporter's basic tools. These pencils are the type carried by reporters in the 1860s. These notes were taken by Newsweek reporter Michael Isikoff, who uncovered the story of President Bill Clinton's relationship with a White House intern. Today, many reporters take notes on computers.
117. NEWNH2_140127_726.JPG: Eyes and Ears of a Profession: Early newspapers didn't employ reporters as we known that term today. The editor seldom left the office in search of news but waited for it to come to him via the mail or other newspapers. Early on, the term reporter may have been used in reference to those who used shorthand to record events as they happened. That's what reporters do: They write accounts of events based on observation and interviews. Photojournalists also are reporters -- they use images to tell the story.
118. NEWNH2_140127_728.JPG: Paine's writing kit and trunk. The trunk was used to store documents from the Continental Congress, evidence of journalism's close ties to the Revolution.
119. NEWNH2_140127_734.JPG: Paine's writing kit and trunk. The trunk was used to store documents from the Continental Congress, evidence of journalism's close ties to the Revolution.
120. NEWNH2_140127_740.JPG: SPIKED! When editors decide to either hold a story or not use it at all, they will often say that the story has been "spiked." The term comes from the pre-computer era, when stories were tuped on paper. Most editors kept a sharp metal spike on their desks. If a story was deemed not ready or not worth of publication, the editor would push the paper onto the spike rather than move it further along in the editing process. This spike was used by HL Mencken, Baltimore's legendary writer, editor, and critic in the first half of the 20th century.
121. NEWNH2_140127_747.JPG: A Herblock cartoon and the printing plate used to produce it
122. NEWNH2_140127_757.JPG: A Herblock cartoon and the printing plate used to produce it. Two of the several pens and brushes used by Herblock.
123. NEWNH2_140127_765.JPG: Bob Woodward took these notes while talking to Nixon campaign fundraiser Kenneth Dahlberg, whose name on a $25,000 cashier's check linked the White House to the Watergate break-in.
124. NEWNH2_140127_772.JPG: Door to History: Burglars taped open the latch of this door at the Watergate complex. A security guard's discovery of the taped lock led to the arrest of the burglars, touching off the Watergate scandal. The documents taped to the door were in place when the door was loaned to the Newseum. The two at left are "fire exit" notices. At right is a letter pertaining to the FBI's custody of the door from 1973 to 1977.
125. NEWNH2_140127_779.JPG: Close-Up: Watergate: The Watchdog Bites: The Watergate scandal -- an epic tale of crime and cover-up at the highest levels of the US government -- pitted The Washington Post against the leader of the free world. It began with a break-in at the Democratic National Committee's headquarters at Washington's Watergate hotel and office complex in 1972. The Post's stories ultimately brought in the rest of the news media. Congress and the courts also investigated. The resulting exposure of White House wrongdoing led President Richard M. Nixon to resign in 1974 and earned the Post a Pulitzer Prize for public service.
126. NEWNH2_140127_789.JPG: A printing mat for the front page of The Washington Post on Aug. 9, 1974, reporting Nixon's resignation.
127. NEWNH2_140127_802.JPG: Watergate door handle
128. NEWNH2_140127_806.JPG: FBI note indicating Watergate door's provenance
129. NEWNH2_140127_813.JPG: Speed of News: "Historians will ... marvel at the power of instant communications to spread the truth, the news and courage across borders." -- George W. Bush, 43rd US president, 2003 Speed has always been a primary concern in the gathering and telling of news. The substance of news has changed little over time. What has changed has been the speed at which news travels. Early telephones required an operator's assistance, rotary dial and touch-tone telephones allowed direct and ever faster connections. Modern cell phones gave reporters greater mobility. News travels as rapidly as technology allows.
130. NEWNH2_140127_817.JPG: "Let the people know the facts, and the country will be safe." -- Abraham Lincoln, US President
131. NEWNH2_140127_822.JPG: Can the Press Be Trusted? "A newspaper, like a man, should be decent in its methods and manners." -- E. A. Grozier, editor, The Boston Post, 1909 Most news organizations strive for fairness, balance and accuracy, and in general, that is the rule rather than the exception. Still, when it comes to credibility, the public gives the news media middling marks at best. Some distrust can be attributed to errors that occur because of deadline pressure or poor judgment. But most of the distrust probably is rooted in what readers and viewers see as bias. Because each of us "filters" news differently, we may disagree with the way news is reported. So bias, in some cases, is simply in the eye of the beholder.
132. NEWNHG_140126_004.JPG: News History
133. NEWNHG_140126_008.JPG: The Story of News: News spreads, grows, explodes. But some things never change. Always there are those who would control news and those who would face it; those who would use it to mislead and those who would use it to enlighten. This gallery tells the timeless story of our need to know and our need to tell, of many voices struggling to be heard. It chronicles the people and machines that spread the news and the context in which they did it. Display cases along the gallery walls examine recurring issues that confront journalists. Five theaters showcase video presentations exploring those issues. A timeline in the center features historic newspapers and magazines. Within the timeline are 10 touch-screens that offer interactive games, a database of journalists and close-up views of hundreds of publications and ront pages in the Newseum collection.
134. NEWNHG_140126_011.JPG: The Press Empowered: "Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government. I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter." -- Thomas Jefferson, third US president, 1787 When the United States ratified the Bill of Rights in 1791, it became the first country in the history of the world to acknowledge the right to press freedom in its constitution. The First Amendment came about because citizens, distrustful of governmental power, demanded that basic freedoms -- among them a free press -- be guaranteed. They understood from experience that a free press could be used effectively to challenge the government should it grow too powerful or abusive. That often-adversarial relationship between the press and government continues to this day.
135. NEWNHG_140126_014.JPG: Attempts to Suppress News Are Universal and Ongoing: Over the centuries, journalists' attempts to report the news have been challenged continually. In most of the world, freedom of the press is the exception, rather than the rule. In some countries, journalists are imprisoned and sometimes murdered. While few nations have enjoyed as free a press as the United States has, even here freedom of the press is challenged regularly, and sometimes in has been curtailed.
136. NEWNHG_140126_018.JPG: Artist's conception of the Zenger trial
137. NEWNHG_140126_021.JPG: Bound volumes of the Pentagon Papers
138. NEWNHG_140126_025.JPG: Drip, Drip, Drip: Press Freedom in the Wikileaks Era: In 2007, Australian journalist Julian Assanged launched WikiLeaks, a whistle-blower website that publishes confidential documents from anonymous sources around the world. Its slogan: "We Open Governments." In 2010, WikiLeaks released nearly 500,000 secret documents on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, which led to comparisons to the Pentagon Papers and a debate about whether free press protection applies to WikiLeaks.
139. NEWNHG_140126_027.JPG: The Alien and Sedition Acts: The First Amendment was less than a decade old when press freedom was tested in the United States with the passage of 1798 of four laws known collectively as the Alien and Sedition Act, made it a crime to publish "any false, scandalous and malicious writing." About two dozen people, most of them newspaper printers, editors and writers, were arrested under that law. The Sedition Act, which had been favored by President John Adams and opposed by Thomas Jefferson, expired the day before Jefferson took office as president in 1801.
140. NEWNHG_140126_030.JPG: Erased: In 2004, a US marshal ordered Hattiesburg (Miss.) American reporter Antoinette Konz to erase her tapes while she was covering a speech by US Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia. The topic: the US Constitution. Scalia, who barred television cameras at his public appearances, later apologized. Antoinette Konz's press pass, tape recorder and erased cassette, and Justice Antonin Scalia's letter of apology.
141. NEWNHG_140126_034.JPG: Prior Restraint: In 1971, a classified report about the controversial Vietnam War -- the so-called Pentagon Papers -- was leaked to The New York Times. When the Times began running stories based on the papers, the US government blocked further publication. But the US Supreme Court ruled that the government had shown no justification to keep the Times from publishing the stories.
142. NEWNHG_140126_036.JPG: New History Timeline: 1455 to the Present: This timeline is a two-tiered chronology of events from 1455 to the present. Upper tier: The people, trends and defining eras of news history. Lower tier: Historic newspapers and magazines, most from the Newseum collection of more than 30,000 historic newspapers acquired in 2001 from the collections of Stephen A. Goldman and Eric. C. Caren. Games and a newspeople database are located in this tier's interactive kiosks, which also allow you to digitally enlarge and read hundreds of historic publications.
143. NEWNHG_140126_039.JPG: 1526: The Dawn of Printed News: Newsbooks, the forerunners of newspapers, were among the earliest forms of printed news. Unlike a newspaper, a newsbook focused on a single topic. These examples from Germany covered the Treaty of Madrid in 1526 and the death of Reformation leader Martin Luther in 1546.
144. NEWNHG_140126_044.JPG: From the French Religious Wars: France in the 16th century was roiled by religious wars pitting Catholics against Protestant Huguenots. This French illustrated broadside, a single-sided newssheet bearing an engraved scene, depicted the horrific execution of Huguenots in Amboise, France, in 1560.
145. NEWNHG_140126_051.JPG: The Gunpowder Plot: In 1605, Guy Fawkes and a group of Catholic extremists plotted to blow up the English Parliament and King James I. Their plans were foiled. This 1606 illustrated news broadside, from the engraving shop of Franz and Abraham Hogenberg, depicted the plotters' executions.
146. NEWNHG_140126_055.JPG: 1455 A Simple Press Changes the World: Less than 50 years after its invention, Johann Gutenberg's printing press spread news throughout Europe from halfway around the globe -- Christopher Columbus's account of the New World. The press was evolving into the most powerful tool for disseminating news the world had ever known. Presses were transported across the Atlantic early in the 16th century, as evidenced by the earliest known newsbook from the Americas: a report of an earthquake, printed in 1541 in Mexico City. Invading Italy: King Charles VIII of France personally wrote some of the dozens of newsbooks reporting on his invasion of Italy, becoming one of the first European leaders to use newsbooks to spread news. His promotional writing didn't help; the campaign in Italy was a military disaster.
147. NEWNHG_140126_080.JPG: 1775: Revolutionary War Begins: On April 19, 1775, British troops engaged Massachusetts militiamen at Lexington and Concord. The Pennsylvania Evening Post published an account of the historic battle in its April 25 issue, addressed to "all friends of American liberty."
148. NEWNHG_140126_087.JPG: Colonial News: The estimated 1.1 million residents of the 13 original Colonies were served by 12 newspapers. State -- Newspapers Massachusetts -- 4 Pennsylvania -- 3 New York -- 3 South Carolina -- 1 Maryland -- 1 Total -- 12
149. NEWNHG_140126_090.JPG: 1750: News Helps Incite Rebellion: News united Britain's Colonies in America before revolution did. Postmaster Benjamin Franklin helped create a powerful news system by greatly expanding mail service. As the seeds of revolution grew, Samuel Adams and others spread news of rebellion through letters. Newspaper criticism of British policy also was circulated by mail service.
150. NEWNHG_140126_095.JPG: 1780: Capt. Cook is Killed: News of the Feb. 14, 1779, death of British explorer Capt. James Cook on the island of "O'why'he" took 11 months to reach The London Gazette, which reported the news in this 1780 issue. Cook, who stopped in Hawaii during his third exploration of the Pacific Ocean, was killed in an altercation with Hawaiians.
151. NEWNHG_140126_098.JPG: 1773: Extra! Activist Journalism: On Dec. 16, 1773, patriots disguised as Mohawk Indians protested the tax on British tea by boarding merchant ships and dumping chests into Boston Harbor. The "Boston Tea Party" had, in fact, been planned by Samuel Adams and the proprietors of the Boston Gazette. The editors of the Boston Evening Post contributed by publishing stories that called British tea "a slow poison" that caused "spasms."
152. NEWNHG_140126_102.JPG: Thanksgiving Proclamation: In his first year as President, George Washington designated Nov. 25, 1789, "a Day of public Thanksgiving." Washington's proclamation appeared in the Gazette of the United States, a Federalist Party newspaper that regularly reported the affairs of the federal government.
153. NEWNHG_140126_110.JPG: Not-So-Speedy News: When Massachusetts colonists confronted British soldiers at Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, it started the Revolutionary War. But news was slow to reach other colonists. New Yorkers did not hear the news until April 23; in Savannah, Ga., not until May 31.
154. NEWNHG_140126_113.JPG: 1790 Free Speech Curtailed: In 1798, when Republican Matthew Lyon of Vermont and Federalist Roger Griswold of Connecticut fought in the House of Representatives, no one got into trouble. But when Lyon wrote a letter to a newspaper accusing President John Adams of "ridiculous pomp," the congressman was jailed for four months under the Sedition Act. The fight is depicted in this print. 1800 Adversarial Journalism: In the early 1800s, Richmond Recorder co-owner James Thomson Callender used his newspaper to attack President Thomas Jefferson, once one of his political allies. Among Callendar's "entertaining facts": charges that Jefferson had paid a debt with depreciated money, attempted to seduce a friend's wife and kept a slave, Sally Hemings, as his mistress. 1810 El Misisipi Leads the Way: The French invasion of Spain was the top story in the inaugural issue of El Misisipi in 1808. The New Orleans newspaper, printed in both Spanish and English, is the earliest known publication in the United States for Spanish-speaking Americans. "The sun rose over the unhappy people who will not see sunrises anymore," the war report in the first issue said. 1791 ... Bill of Rights ratified; First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly and petition...
155. NEWNHG_140126_116.JPG: 1814 'O Say Can You See': Francis Scott Key wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner" in 1814 after seeing the British attack on Baltimore's Fort McHenry during the War of 1812. The verses were printed in the Daily National Intelligencer, along with an account of how "a gentleman" came to witness the battle that inspired a national anthem.
156. NEWNHG_140126_124.JPG: "Gen. Nat Turner Apprehended!" Nat Turner led one of the deadliest slave revolts in American history. Believing he was sent by God, Turner and more than 50 slaves and free blacks killed 55 white people in Virginia before their 1831 insurrection was quelled. Turner and many of his followers were executed for the killings.
157. NEWNHG_140126_155.JPG: Garrison's Liberator: Among the most influential abolitionist newspapers was William Lloyd Garrison's The Liberator. This 1837 issue incorrectly reported that abolitionist newspaper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy had escaped an angry pro-slavery mob. In fact, Lovejoy was killed trying to defend his press.
158. NEWNHG_140126_164.JPG: 1844 Joseph Smith Murdered: The Times and Seasons of Nauvoo, Ill., reported the death of Mormon leader Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter-day Saints movement, who was shot by a mob. Smith was awaiting trial for trying to destroy the Nauvoo Expositor, a rival paper that accused him of polygamy.
159. NEWNHG_140126_169.JPG: 1845 A President's Funeral: The New York Herald devoted a front page in June 1845 to engravings of President Andrew Jackson's funeral procession. Such prominent use of images was uncommon in the 1840s, partly because engraving was tedious work. These images appeared 17 days after Jackson's death.
160. NEWNHG_140126_200.JPG: Romance Marches Toward Reality: In this Currier and Ives lithograph of the Battle of Mill Spring in Kentucky, top left, Union forces charged the enemy in perfect formation. Even more graphic, top center, is Arthur Lumley's pencil drawing at Antietam. More realistic, top right, is an engraving of Alfred Waud's sketch of Union troops at Gettysburg The horror of Antietam was best captured by Alexander Gardner's photo, left.
161. NEWNHG_140126_212.JPG: 1898: Yellow Journalism: The era of "yellow journalism" reached its peak after the USS Maine mysteriously exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898. The Maine' destruction, which produced sensational coverage in Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and other US newspapers, helped trigger the Spanish-American War.
162. NEWNHG_140126_241.JPG: 1914: The World Goes To War: "Great War On," proclaimed the Boston American's extra edition announcing the onset of war in 1914 between Austria and Serbia, the beginning of World War I. The newspaper prophetically declared that "Europe is preparing for one of the greatest wars of modern times."
163. NEWNHG_140126_247.JPG: 1916: Pancho Villa's Raid: Mexican revolutionary forces led by Pancho Villa crossed the US border in 1916 to raid Columbus, NM. The Los Angeles Evening Herald reported that US troops had chased the "Daring Outlaw Chieftain" back into Mexico.
164. NEWNHG_140126_254.JPG: Uncle Sam Wants You: James Montgomery Flagg's iconic image of Uncle Sam first appeared in July 1916 on the cover of Leslie's Illustrated Weekly Newspaper. In February 1917, two months before the United States entered World War I, Leslie's reprinted the cover illustrated with the caption "I Want You."
165. NEWNHG_140126_281.JPG: 1925 The Scopes Trial: Newspapers across the country, including this Los Angeles newspaper, focused in the summer of 1925 on Dayton, Tenn., where high school science teacher John Scopes was tried and convicted of violating state law by teaching the theory of evolution instead of Biblical creation.
166. NEWNHG_140126_287.JPG: 1925 Extra! The 'Monkey Trial' The country's first "media circus" occurred in 1925 in Dayton, Tenn., at a trial involving teaching evolution in public schools. Among the press contingent at the so-called Monkey Trial was HL Mencken, covering the event for The (Baltimore) Sun.
167. NEWNHG_140126_288.JPG: News Biz As Show Biz: The image of the typical reporter in the 1920s was that of a cynical, hard-drinking, scoop-addicted sneak. Chicago Journal reporter Ben Hecht co-wrote "The Front Page," a smash-hit 1928 play that immortalized that caricature and set the trend for featuring journalists in scores of books and movies ever since. "His Girl Friday," poster at left, was a 1940 film version of the play. 1928 ... Antibiotic penicillin discovered...
168. NEWNHG_140126_292.JPG: 1930 With Radio You Are There: By the 1930s, radio had become more than an entertainment novelty. Newspapers and magazines no longer had a monopoly on news. By 1938, eight of 10 American homes had a radio. Most of the people working in radio news in the early days were former newspaper reporters and editors. With radio, one could be at the scene of the breaking news. As network news was broadcast directly into living rooms, a vast nation became one.
169. NEWNHG_140126_293.JPG: 1928 Hidden Camera, Public Execution: Cameras were not allowed at the 1928 execution of Ruth Snyder, who murdered her husband. But the New York Daily News's Tom Howard rigged a camera under his pants leg to capture this photo of her death. His camera is displayed in the "Sex! Crime! Scandal!" case behind you.
170. NEWNHG_140126_299.JPG: 1930 With Radio You Are There: By the 1930s, radio had become more than an entertainment novelty. Newspapers and magazines no longer had a monopoly on news. By 1938, eight of 10 American homes had a radio. Most of the people working in radio news in the early days were former newspaper reporters and editors. With radio, one could be at the scene of the breaking news. As network news was broadcast directly into living rooms, a vast nation became one. A First Amendment Challenge: In a landmark 1931 ruling, the US Supreme Court said that a Minnesota gag law allowing limits on the press was unconstitutional. Minneapolis publisher Jay Near's scandal sheet, The Saturday Press, had accused local officials of being involved with gangsters. Officials used the law -- which called publication of any "malicious, scandalous and defamatory" newspapers a "nuisance" -- to bar Near from further publication.
171. NEWNHG_140126_301.JPG: 1932 EXTRA! Celebrity and Crime: The kidnapping and murder of aviator Charles Lindbergh's infant son in 1932 was called the media event of the age. It had what sensational stories need -- celebrity and crime. The story was bannered in newspapers from coast to coast. Many Americans for the first time relied on radio to get the latest bulletins. In 1935, Bruno Richard Hauptmann was convicted for the crime. He was executed the following year. Not Just a Man's World: Lorena Hickok was a leading reporter on the Lindbergh kidnapping. The Associated Press reporter nearly found the baby's body before police did. "I always think of the woman journalist type as a sour individual.... with the 'Listen, girlie' manner," she said. Hickok suggested "women-only" press conferences to first lady Eleanor Roosevelt and her advice was accepted. No More Cameras: The sensationalism of the Hauptmann trial led to a two-year study that recommended new rules for trial coverage. Because reporters sneaked a camera and a microphone into that trial and made unauthorized newsreels of the proceedings, most states adopted a portion of the American Bar Association code of ethics barring photos and radio broadcasting in courtrooms.
172. NEWNHG_140126_308.JPG: 1933 A President Chats with a Nation: Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first president make full use of radio for mass communication. In 1933 he spoke directly to the nation: "I want to talk for a few minutes... about banking," he told Depression-weary listeners. Eventually he held about 30 such talks. Harry Butcher at CBS labeled the radio talks "fireside chats". 1935: Wirephotos Appear: On Jan. 1, 1935, the Associated Press inaugurated a new service that transmitted photos across telephone lines -- wirephotos. The technology had existed for some time, but the AP service was the first large-scale commercial use. The first wirephoto was this aerial shot of a plane crash in the Adirondack Mountains of New York state. 1933 ... FDR's New Deal begins ...
173. NEWNHG_140628_001.JPG: "Her", Not "Him" In Buffalo, NY, police press passes were printing with male reporters in mind. When this 1948 pass was issued to reporter Rita Good, it was altered by hand.
174. NEWNHG_140628_005.JPG: Katie Couric, nameplate
175. NEWNHG_140628_010.JPG: Day to Night: In 2006, Katie Couric left NBC's "Today" show for CBS and became the first woman to regularly anchor a network evening newscast on her own. During 15 years at "Today," she helped it move to the top of the ratings. As anchor at CBS, she earned a reported $15 million a year.
176. NEWNHG_140628_013.JPG: A Network First: ABC News offered NBC's Barbara Walters an unheard-of $1 million salary in 1976, making her American TV's first regular network anchorwoman. Her pairing with Harry Reasoner, above, didn't last, but her celebrity grew with her evocative interviews on "20/20".
177. NEWNHG_140628_016.JPG: Barbra Walters
178. NEWNHG_140628_019.JPG: Anchoring the Way: In 1949, Cleveland station WEWS-TV made Dorthy Fuldheim television's earliest-known female news anchor. Fuldheim -- shown at left interviewing a guest on a news program -- pioneered TV news commentary, once asking the two sides in a labor dispute to argue it out on the air. WEWS, she said, "took me when the thought of a woman in television news was absurd."
179. NEWNHG_140628_028.JPG: Making Room for Women: At the 1977 World Series, Sports Illustrated reporter Melissa Ludtke was barred from the New York Yankees locker room. She sued, and a court ruled that female reporters had the same right of access of male reporters.
180. NEWNHG_140628_038.JPG: Dear Ann, Abby: In the Chicago Sun-Times, Esther Pauline Lederer served up advice as syndicated columnist "Ann Landers." She received about 2,000 pieces of mail a day and reached more than 90 million readers. Nothing, she said, "is too bizarre, too idiotic or too risky to be real." Her twin, Pauline Esther Phillips, wrote as "Abigail Van Buren" in a rival column, "Dear Abby."
181. NEWNHG_140628_041.JPG: Ann Landers's letter opener
182. NEWNHG_140628_044.JPG: Call Her Ms. Gloria Steinem went undercover to write "A Bunny's Tale," a 1963 expose of Playboy Clubs that appeared in Show magazine. In 1972, Steinem and Patricia Carbine, in photo at left, co-founded Ms. magazine, edited by and for women. Steinem's sharp intellect made her a leader of the feminist movement. "Writing is the only thing... [that] when I'm doing it, I don't feel that I should be doing something else instead," she said.
183. NEWNHG_140628_048.JPG: Call Her Ms. Gloria Steinem went undercover to write "A Bunny's Tale," a 1963 expose of Playboy Clubs that appeared in Show magazine. In 1972, Steinem and Patricia Carbine, in photo at left, co-founded Ms. magazine, edited by and for women. Steinem's sharp intellect made her a leader of the feminist movement. "Writing is the only thing... [that] when I'm doing it, I don't feel that I should be doing something else instead," she said.
184. NEWNHG_140628_050.JPG: Nellie Bly board game -- "Around the World"
185. NEWNHG_140628_054.JPG: Nellie Bly's satchel
186. NEWNHG_140628_056.JPG: Nellie Bly Reporting: Elizabeth Cochrane got a job at The World after interviewing New York editors about being a female report in the city. As "Nellie Bly," the most famous of the era's "stunt girls," she dazzled readers with exploits such as circling the globe in 72 days. She also was a pioneer of undercover reporting. In one case she posed as a patient to expose deplorable conditions at an insane asylum. Bly used this satchel during her around-the-world trek in 1889-90. The trip inspired this board game.
187. NEWNHG_140628_062.JPG: Women and the News: The Women's Page to the Front Page: Throughout history, journalism was largely a man's world. For the most part, women in the news media were relegated to lower-rung jobs, working for less pay than most men. The movement of women into the workplace that began during World War II took full bloom in the 1970s. No longer would a female journalist be content to work on the "society pages" or be a "weather girl." Women moved front and center -- to Page One and the anchor slot.
188. NEWNHG_140628_064.JPG: A Colonial First: Elizabeth Timothy was the first woman to edit and publish a newspaper in Colonial America for an extended period. When her husband died in 1738, she continued to publish The South-Carolina Gazette in Charleston. Their 13-year-old son Peter was listed as publisher, but his mother ran the business. When Peter turned 21 he took control of the newspaper.
189. NEWNHG_140628_070.JPG: A sweater than Helen Thomas wore to a presidential press conference in 2006, and one of her many red dresses.
190. NEWNHG_140628_080.JPG: The 'Dean': Longtime UPI reporter Helen Thomas was called the "dean of the White House press corps." When President Ronald Reagan said reporters wearing red had a better chance of being called on at press conferences, Thomas and others complied. "To this day, when I make a speaking appearnace," Thomas said, "someone will ask me, 'Where is that red dress?'"
191. NEWNHG_140628_083.JPG: Shutterbug: Frances Johnston, dubbed "photographer of the American court" for her photos of political leaders, received her first Kodak camera in 1889. For a short time, the camera enthusiast was a Washington agent for Kodak. In this self-portrait, she mocked Victorian norms by drinking a beer, smoking and showing off her stockinged leg.
192. NEWNHG_140628_086.JPG: Ethnic Voices Heard in the Newsroom: Newspapers began to cater to special interests -- reformers, women, sports fans, laborers and others -- in the 19th century. Especially popular among those publications were newspapers for and about ethnic groups, because English was not the primary language of many immigrants and minorities. Today, ethnic newspapers and broadcast outlets reach millions of readers and viewers daily. Additionally, some mainstream publications have begun publishing sections or editions in languages other than English.
193. NEWNHG_140628_089.JPG: Born "Buck Deer," Elias Boudinot in 1828 became editor of the Georgia-based Cherokee Phoenix, the first newspaper for an American Indian tribe. Boudinot favored US plans to move his tribe west, but tribal leaders wouldn't allow the issue to be debated in print. Boudinot quit.
194. NEWNHG_140628_091.JPG: Born "Buck Deer," Elias Boudinot in 1828 became editor of the Georgia-based Cherokee Phoenix, the first newspaper for an American Indian tribe. Boudinot favored US plans to move his tribe west, but tribal leaders wouldn't allow the issue to be debated in print. Boudinot quit.
195. NEWNHG_140628_093.JPG: Whose News Is It? "Too long have others spoken for us" -- First Issue of Freedom's Journal, first black newspaper in the United States, 1827 Most early newspapers and magazines in the United States were aimed at English-speaking white males, although a number of newspapers were published in other languages. But in time, alternative publications began to appear, aimed at women and minorities -- those who had not been adequately represented in the news columns. In today's highly mobile, multicultural world, the news media have more ways than ever to meet the challenge of delivering news to diverse populations.
196. NEWNHG_140628_098.JPG: 1963: 'I Have a Dream' The Pittsburgh Courier called Martin Luther King Jr.'s 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech a "clarion call to arms which America can never forget." The African-American newspaper's other front page story: the funeral in Ghana of US civil rights pioneer WEB DuBois.
197. NEWNHG_140628_103.JPG: 1963 March on Washington: On Aug. 28, 1963, more than 200,000 people gathered peacefully in Washington to urge Congress to pass civil rights legislation. The New York World-Telegram and Sun called the march "a moving and dramatic demonstration against the shackles of oppression."
198. NEWNHG_140628_110.JPG: 1963 Medgar Evers Assassinated
199. NEWNHG_140628_123.JPG: 1963 A Murderous Moment: Dallas Times Herald photographer Bob Jackson captured the exact instant on Nov. 24, 1963, when Jack Ruby fatally shot Lee Harvey Oswald, the accused assassin of President John F. Kennedy. The dramatic photograph won a Pulitzer Prize for Jackson in 1964.
200. NEWNHG_140628_130.JPG: Once I Was a War Reporter: Novelist Ernest Hemingway, who covered Spain's civil war and World War II, is reputed to have called war "the nastiest thing human beings can do to each other -- but the most exciting." Over the years war has exerted a pull on the then- or future-famous. Among them: * Stephen Crane, author of "The Red Badge of Courage," reported on wars in Greece and Cuba. * Winston Churchill used his fame as a correspondent (and hero) in the Boer War to launch his political career. * Jack London covered the US fighting in Mexico in 1914.
201. NEWNHG_140628_132.JPG: Hemingway press credentials image
202. NEWNHG_140628_137.JPG: Churchill tobacco card
203. NEWNHG_140628_140.JPG: The Biggest Name in Broadcasting: CBS Radio's Edward R. Murrow brought the war in Europe into American homes. His sonorous voice, vivid imagery and use of everyday sounds made him an instant celebrity. At right, some of Murrow's ration books from World War II.
204. NEWNHG_140628_144.JPG: The Biggest Name in Broadcasting: CBS Radio's Edward R. Murrow brought the war in Europe into American homes. His sonorous voice, vivid imagery and use of everyday sounds made him an instant celebrity. At right, some of Murrow's ration books from World War II.
205. NEWNHG_140628_155.JPG: Richard Harding Davis pocket watch, cigar case and lighter
206. NEWNHG_140628_159.JPG: Creator of an Image: Richard Harding Davis is regarded as one of the greatest war correspondents of his time. His name was synonymous with romantic adventure. Dapper, well-to-do and among the social elite, even while at work. During the Boer War (1899-1902) his gear included a tent, image above, with windowpanes and a portable bathtub. At right, Davis's cigar case, pocket watch and lighter.
207. NEWNHG_140628_162.JPG: Floyd Gibbons hat and coat
208. NEWNHG_140628_168.JPG: Action Figure: Floyd Gibbons, covering World War I in France, yearned to be where "the real action is." In the battle for Belleau Wood he was wounded and lost an eye while attempting to help a wounded Marine. When he moved to radio, his rapid-fire delivery rivaled his patch as a trademark. At right, Gibbons's topcoat, hat, and walking stick. In photo at right, Gibbons is seen in this coat aboard ship in 1925.
209. NEWNHG_140628_169.JPG: Floyd Gibbons in coat
210. NEWNHG_140628_175.JPG: Below, the barracks bag Ernie Pyle used to store clothing and personal items while reporting from the front. At left, a manuscript for one of his columns, titled "The Ways of D-E Sailors." Below left, a GI entrenching tool Pyle used when he was in the field. Entrenching tool.
211. NEWNHG_140628_180.JPG: World-weary and unassuming, Scripps-Howard reporter Ernie Pyle wrote columns about the everyday trials and triumphs of ordinary GIs. His "worm's-eye view" of warfare endeared him to soldiers and civilians alike. His death on a Pacific island in 1945 was front-page news in the United States. Above, Pyle signs an autograph aboard a ship in the Pacific shortly before his death.
212. NEWNHG_140628_183.JPG: Ernie Pyle manuscript
213. NEWNHG_140628_186.JPG: Ernie Pyle signs an autograph aboard a ship in the Pacific shortly before his death.
214. NEWNHG_140628_189.JPG: War Can Turn Correspondents Into Celebrities: A well-done job of war reporting can make a career. Many 20th-century conflicts produced journalists who became household names. Recent wars, however, have produced fewer such celebrities: With so many reporters in the field and so many available news outlets, competition for notice is fierce. In the Iraq war, some troops became reporters, communicating with friends and relatives via e-mail. Some even filed dispatches on blogs.
215. NEWNHG_140628_192.JPG: Military-Media Tensions Comes to a Head: Long-standing tensions between the military and media bubbled to the surface during the Vietnam War. There was very little U.S. censorship in Vietnam, and few restrictions. By the mid-1960s, media reports contradicted the Pentagon's view of how the war was progressing. The 1968 Tet offensive was the turning point. Though later revealed to be a military disaster for communist forces, at the time it was reported as their victory -- and a stinging indictment of the United States.
216. NEWNHG_140628_195.JPG: Cronkite's Call: CBS News anchor Walter Cronkite visited South Vietnam in February 1968 and, in a rare broadcast editorial after he returned, said that the United States could not win the war. Public support for the war eroded after Tet, and the United States eventually withdrew. For years afterward, many in the military blamed the news media for the U.S. failure. Controls were reimposed in subsequent conflicts, from reporter pools in Somalia to "embedding" reporters with military units in the Iraq war. But an arrangement that is 100 percent mutually satisfactory remains elusive.
217. NEWNHG_140628_199.JPG: One-Man Propaganda Machine: Newsman George Creel controlled U.S. censorship and propaganda in World War I. As head of the Committee on Public Information, he created a network of 75,000 patriotic speakers and promoted anti-German propaganda through books, pamphlets and Hollywood films. Additionally, CPI-backed legislation was used to ban dozens of U.S. publications from the mail. Many had to suspend publication and some were forced to close. At left, a CPI report and an anti-German propaganda booklet the agency produced.
218. NEWNHG_140628_204.JPG: Embed or In Bed? Military and News Media Have an Uneasy Relationship: Governments and the military traditional have imposed varying levels of censorship on the press in wartime. Censored or not, the work of reporters is subject to intense scrutiny. At one extreme, reporters have been called propagandists, while at the other they've been labeled unpatriotic, even treasonous. Modern technology -- cell phones and computers -- further complicates this issue of security vs. the public's need to know.
219. NEWNHG_140628_208.JPG: Truth Must Be Told: In 1854, The Times of London sent William Howard Russell to the Crimean War, making him one of the first independent war correspondents. Shocked at finding an army lacking in supplies, equipment and leadership, he asked his editor: "Am I to tell these things?" His editor encouraged him, and his dispatches eventually helped bring down the British government.
220. NEWNHG_140628_215.JPG: Pictures That Didn't Tell the Story: World War I produced some of the earliest motion pictures of the military, most of them in the form of newsreels filmed with cameras similar to this Akeley "Pancake" model. Newsreels were a powerful propaganda tool. But almost all of the dramatic footage was either staged -- like the U.S. Army photo below -- or filmed during training exercises. Photographers (and reporters) had almost no access to the front lines. In the postwar years, newsreels became a key source of news and information and remained a staple in American theaters for nearly half a century.
221. NEWNHG_140628_223.JPG: Pictures That Didn't Tell the Story: World War I produced some of the earliest motion pictures of the military, most of them in the form of newsreels filmed with cameras similar to this Akeley "Pancake" model. Newsreels were a powerful propaganda tool. But almost all of the dramatic footage was either staged -- like the U.S. Army photo below -- or filmed during training exercises. Photographers (and reporters) had almost no access to the front lines. In the postwar years, newsreels became a key source of news and information and remained a staple in American theaters for nearly half a century.
222. NEWNHG_140628_229.JPG: The Modern War Correspondent: By the 20th Century's End, Real-Time Reports From the Front: War reporting came of age during World War II as hundreds of newspaper reporters were sent to cover the global conflict. This time they were accompanied by a new breed -- broadcast journalists. Radio reports brought the actual sounds of war directly into American living rooms. The press corps took on another new look as well. For the first time, significant numbers of women were covering a conflict.
223. NEWNHG_140628_232.JPG: Fiery Protest: Photographs brought war issues in South Vietnam into the public eye. Acting on a tip, Malcolm Browne of the Associated Press was able to photograph a protesting Buddhist monk who set himself on fire in Saigon. The photo helped turn President John F. Kennedy against South Vietnamese leader Ngo Dihn Diem.
224. NEWNHG_140628_239.JPG: Fiery Protest: Photographs brought war issues in South Vietnam into the public eye. Acting on a tip, Malcolm Browne of the Associated Press was able to photograph a protesting Buddhist monk who set himself on fire in Saigon. The photo helped turn President John F. Kennedy against South Vietnamese leader Ngo Dihn Diem.
225. NEWNHG_140628_244.JPG: The Face of Modern War Coverage: Her coverage of the Persian Gulf War for CNN in 1991 made Christiane Amanpour one of television's most recognizable faces. Her outspoken, sometimes confrontational style was typified in an international broadcast in 1994: Her reference to a "flip-flop" in U.S. policy drew an angry on-air rebuttal from President Bill Clinton.
226. NEWNHG_140628_253.JPG: Christiane Amanpour's much-traveled laptop computer
227. NEWNHG_140628_258.JPG: Mob Brutality: When a U.S. helicopter was shown down over war-torn Mogadishu, Somalia, in 1993, the Toronto Star's Paul Watson used the camera at left to photograph Somalis dragging a soldier's body. Americans were outraged. Within a few months, U.S. forces were pulled out of Somalia.
228. NEWNHG_140628_263.JPG: Mob Brutality: When a U.S. helicopter was shown down over war-torn Mogadishu, Somalia, in 1993, the Toronto Star's Paul Watson used the camera at left to photograph Somalis dragging a soldier's body. Americans were outraged. Within a few months, U.S. forces were pulled out of Somalia.
229. NEWNHG_140628_266.JPG: A Woman's Point of View: Margaret Bourke-White, who insisted on "utter truth" in her work, was the first female photographer allowed to fly on combat missions during World War II. She used the Keystone aerial camera at left (seen in this famous photo) on some of those missions. Bourke-White photographed world leaders, concentration camp survivors and even her own torpedoed ship. Before the war, in 1936, she took the photograph used on the cover of the first issue of Life magazine.
230. NEWNHG_140628_269.JPG: A Woman's Point of View: Margaret Bourke-White, who insisted on "utter truth" in her work, was the first female photographer allowed to fly on combat missions during World War II. She used the Keystone aerial camera at left (seen in this famous photo) on some of those missions. Bourke-White photographed world leaders, concentration camp survivors and even her own torpedoed ship. Before the war, in 1936, she took the photograph used on the cover of the first issue of Life magazine.
231. NEWNHG_140628_273.JPG: Old Standbys -- Pencil and Paper: In 1945, United Press reporter Boyd Lewis was among 17 correspondents selected to witness Germany's surrender at Reims, France. In his notes is this diagram of the seating arrangement.
232. NEWNHG_140628_281.JPG: War Reporting Inspires Best-Seller: In 1942, reporter Richard Tregaskis chronicled the brutal battle for the Pacific island of Guadalcanal. He turned his experiences there into one of the first American books about the war, the best-selling "Guadalcanal Diary," at left. The International News Service war correspondent used these binoculars, left, in Guadalcanal and while covering conflicts in Korea and Vietnam.
233. NEWNHG_140628_283.JPG: War Reporting Inspires Best-Seller: In 1942, reporter Richard Tregaskis chronicled the brutal battle for the Pacific island of Guadalcanal. He turned his experiences there into one of the first American books about the war, the best-selling "Guadalcanal Diary," at left. The International News Service war correspondent used these binoculars, left, in Guadalcanal and while covering conflicts in Korea and Vietnam.
234. NEWNHG_140628_288.JPG: War Reporting Inspires Best-Seller: In 1942, reporter Richard Tregaskis chronicled the brutal battle for the Pacific island of Guadalcanal. He turned his experiences there into one of the first American books about the war, the best-selling "Guadalcanal Diary," at left. The International News Service war correspondent used these binoculars, left, in Guadalcanal and while covering conflicts in Korea and Vietnam.
235. NEWNHG_140628_292.JPG: "War reporting is a job, a craft -- not a holy crusade. The thing is to work and not get hurt. When that's no longer possible, it's time to get out." -- Kurt Schork, Reuters, killed in Sierra Leone in 2000
236. NEWNHG_140628_295.JPG: Radio News Makes Its Mark: Radio news, still young at the outset of World War II, quickly mounted a strong challenge to newspapers. CBS assembled a talented team of correspondents, among them Richard Hottelet, who called his job intoxicating. "It was your voice, your report," he said. On D-Day, Hottelet broadcast one of the earliest eyewitness accounts of the invasion. At left, an RCA microphone of the type widely used during World War II.
237. NEWNHG_140628_298.JPG: Radio News Makes Its Mark: Radio news, still young at the outset of World War II, quickly mounted a strong challenge to newspapers. CBS assembled a talented team of correspondents, among them Richard Hottelet, who called his job intoxicating. "It was your voice, your report," he said. On D-Day, Hottelet broadcast one of the earliest eyewitness accounts of the invasion. At left, an RCA microphone of the type widely used during World War II.
238. NEWNHG_140628_305.JPG: At The Front: Eyewitness Reporting Changes War Coverage: The earliest battle reports were the self-promoting propaganda of kings and generals. Later, newspapers used military officers as correspondents, and the officers usually wrote glowing dispatches. Truly independent reporting did not emerge until the wars of the mid-19th century. The U.S. Civil War marked the first time that large numbers of reporters, artists and photographers followed troops into battle.
239. NEWNHG_140628_308.JPG: One of the cameras used by Mathew Brady
240. NEWNHG_140628_317.JPG: Be Careful What You Say: This letter from Conference Secretary of War L.P. Walker in 1861 warns Gen. Pierre Beauregard against revealing too much information to newspaper reporters. Sir, The news papers are filled with letters from your Head Quarters by correspondents. Many of these letter contain statements which it is highly improper to have made public, because they necessarily reach the enemy in course of time. Nothing should be published disclosing the number of your troops or your contemplated movements or the reason influencing the same. It is impossible to specify in a letter, all that should be excluded from news paper communications but the general rule should be to exclude everything showing either our weakness or strength, so long as a disclosure could possibly damage us either by causing the enemy to retreat when we would prefer his advancing, or to invite attack before we were ready for it. I feel satisfied that correspondents of news papers will appreciate the propriety of this rule, and will cheerfully conform to it.
241. NEWNHG_140628_332.JPG: Images of War: Images of war are commonplace today, but in 1855 Roger Fenton's images from Crimea -- one of the earliest extensive photographic records of warfare -- were nothing short of wondrous. He made more than 300 photographs, but few show the gruesome realities of war. Typical of Fenton's photos from Crimea were these scenes of a mortar crew at rest, top, and a British encampment, above.
242. NEWNHG_140628_335.JPG: Images of War: Images of war are commonplace today, but in 1855 Roger Fenton's images from Crimea -- one of the earliest extensive photographic records of warfare -- were nothing short of wondrous. He made more than 300 photographs, but few show the gruesome realities of war. Typical of Fenton's photos from Crimea were these scenes of a mortar crew at rest, top, and a British encampment, above.
243. NEWNHG_140628_338.JPG: Images of War: Images of war are commonplace today, but in 1855 Roger Fenton's images from Crimea -- one of the earliest extensive photographic records of warfare -- were nothing short of wondrous. He made more than 300 photographs, but few show the gruesome realities of war. Typical of Fenton's photos from Crimea were these scenes of a mortar crew at rest, top, and a British encampment, above.
244. NEWNHG_140628_341.JPG: Up-Close Glimpses of the Dead: Mathew Brady displayed death on the Civil War battlefield in his New York gallery. Brady was the most famous of the Civil War photographers, but a large number of the photos in his collection were made by his assistants; it is unclear how often he ventured into the field.
245. NEWNHG_140628_344.JPG: A Lone Black Reporter: Philadelphia Press reporter Thomas Morris Chester, the only African American covering the Civil War for a major daily, entered Richmond, Va., with black Union troops seizing the Confederate capital. The sight of blacks greeting the Union soldiers, Chester wrote, was "not only grand, but sublime."
246. NEWNHG_140628_349.JPG: In The Company of Soldiers: Bismarck Tribute reporter Mark Kellogg was killed in 1876 at the Little Bighorn River, along with Lt. Col. George Custer and all his troops. His final dispatch: "By the time this reaches you we will have met and fought the red devils, with what result remains to be seen. I go with Custer and will be at the death."
247. NEWNHG_140628_354.JPG: These socks, this comb and this tobacco patch were among the items reporter Mark Kellogg packed to cover the military campaign that ended in "Custer's Last Stand."
248. NEWNHG_140628_357.JPG: War: "The first casualty when war comes is truth." -- Hiram Johnson, US Senator, 1917 War reporting sometimes is depicted as a romantic adventure. Occasionally it may be. More often it is dirty, depressing and dangerous -- the toughest of assignments. In some recent wars, journalists have been deliberately marked for death. So why are journalists drawn to war? Because few stories are more significant. Human lives and the fates of cultures and nations can hang in the balance. For journalists, every war brings a different set of issues. But a constant undercurrent is the struggle over the control of information.
249. NEWNHG_140628_362.JPG: Dressed to Kill: The Ku Klux Klan often used hoods and robes to hide their identities during lynchings and other acts of terrorism against blacks and other ethnic groups. This hood was used around 1920.
250. NEWNHG_140628_368.JPG: Freedom Ride: In 1961, Moses J. Newson was covering the historic Freedom Rides of civil rights activists in the South. On one such ride, a mob of angry whites firebombed a bus in Anniston, Ala. Newson and his fellow riders escaped, but his camera, left, was burned in the fire. Newson continued to report. "Black newspapers were born to fight for freedom and to inspire people," he said.
251. NEWNHG_140628_378.JPG: "Double V" During World War II, the Pittsburgh Courier launched the "Double V" campaign -- one V supporting victory over the Axis powers and a second V calling for victory over racial discrimination in the United States. The symbol appeared on flags, clothing and pins such as these. This booklet explains the campaign. Left, Daisy Lampkin of the NAACP's St. Louis branch promotes Double V on a poster.
252. NEWNHG_140628_384.JPG: Uncovering AIDS: In 1982, San Francisco Chronicle reporter Randy Shilts wrote about "baffling diseases hitting primarily gay men." His reports led to a best-seller about bungled government attempts to deal with the disease -- "And the Band Played On." Shilts, one of the first openly gay journalists at a major daily, was infected with HIV but told only friends. "I didn't want to end up being an activist," he said. "I wanted to keep on being a reporter."
253. NEWNHG_140628_388.JPG: A One-Woman Crusade: After three friends were lynched in Memphis in 1892, Ida B. Wells used her newspaper to campaign against lynching and for race and gender equality. She also wrote a book, title page at left, about the lynching laws in the South. Despite her years of personal appears to presidents, Congress never passed legislation outlawing the practicing. This anti-lynching bill, far left, introduced in the House of Representatives in 1937, failed to pass in the Senate. Not until 2005, 74 years after Ida B. Wells's death, did the U.S. Senate apologize for its failure to pass such a law.
254. NEWNHG_140628_391.JPG: Civil Rights: Using the Media for Social Change: Historically, anyone who has a story to tell usually has found a way to do it. Women and minorities for years used their publications to press their causes -- from voting rights to battling discrimination. Although the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s was an American issue, not just a "black" issue, blacks learned to use the mainstream press to get out the story that they'd been telling in their own publications for years. The civil rights movement was a precursor to the modern feminist movement and the push for Chicano rights.
255. NEWNHG_140628_400.JPG: Instruments of Oppression: Slaveholders in the American South sometimes used leg shackles, iron balls and chains like this to deter slaves from attempts to flee to freedom. Horace Greeley, William Lloyd Garrison and others used their newspapers to crusade for the abolition of slavery.
256. NEWNHG_140628_406.JPG: The Black Press: Helping Unite a Culture: From the very start -- in 1827 -- black newspapers in the United States have been powerful voices against long-endured social injustices. Ignored and mostly ridiculed in white newspapers, African Americans sought ownership of publications that allowed them to tell their stories. The deeply personal and influential black press, among the oldest minority news media, holds a unique place in America's history. It helped unite a people fragmented by slavery; it gave African Americans a voice, defined their community and elevated their role in a changing world.
257. NEWNHG_140628_409.JPG: "Justice must be done, the truth must be told. ... I will not be silent." -- Frederick Douglass, editor and orator, 1847
258. NEWNHG_140628_412.JPG: Building a Legend: When Adolph Ochs bought The New York Times in 1896, he established the credo "All the News That's Fit to Print," which still appears on the newspaper's nameplate. Under the leadership of Ochs and his successors, the Times has been considered by many to be the standard for excellence in journalism. More than a century after Ochs bought the newspaper, it was still family-controlled.
259. NEWNHG_140628_415.JPG: Golden Gate Giant: Harrison Gray Otis took over the Los Angeles Times in 1886. He and his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, used the newspaper to promote growth and conservative politics in Los Angeles. For decades, the Times was regarded as one of the nation's worst newspapers. That changed in 1960 when Chandler's grandson, Otis Chandler, became publisher and turned it into one of the country's most respected publications. The family sold the company in 2000.
260. NEWNHG_140628_419.JPG: Kentucky Family Feud: The Bingham family acquired the Louisville Courier-Journal and the Louisville Times in 1918 and built them into award-winning publications. Barry Bingham turned the company over to son Harry Bingham Jr. in 1971. Later, a bitter and often public dispute erupted between him and his two sisters. The family feud was a big factor in Barry Sr.'s decision to sell the newspaper in 1986.
261. NEWNHG_140628_423.JPG: Publishers Wielding Great Influence: In the late 19th century, press barons battled for circulation with titillating stories of death, crime and sex that appealed to the masses. Publishers and editors of the era could fight corruption and influence government policy, a power that exists to some degree today. Many of them used (or misused) that power to promote their own agendas.
262. NEWNHG_140628_425.JPG: Press Barons
263. NEWNHG_140628_429.JPG: Information is Big Business: As early as the 1880s, publishers began expanding by acquiring additional newspapers, resulting in newspaper "chains." In the 20th century, some of those chains expanded by acquiring TV or radio stations and other news media outlets. Buyouts and mergers often led to huge conglomerates. Critics of large media organizations say that two few owners have influence over too many readers, viewers and listeners. Supporters say that corporate ownership brings more professionalism to local news gathering.
264. NEWNHG_140628_431.JPG: Rupert Murdoch used this telephone from 2002 to 2006 to run News Corporation, which includes The Times of London and The New York Post. On this phone he made deals involving nearly $20 billion, including the acquisitions of DirecTV and MySpace.com.
265. NEWNHG_140628_437.JPG: A Global Reach: Australian-born media mogul Rupert Murdoch has amassed the most far-flung array of media properties in the world. His News Corporation empire stretches across five continents. His acquisition of a number of television stations led to the formation in 1986 of Fox Broadcasting Co., which a decade later launched the cable- and satellite-delivered Fox News Channel. In 2007, Murdoch purchase Dow Jones & Co., publisher of The Wall Street Journal.
266. NEWNHG_140628_439.JPG: Capital Power: Katharine Graham became president of the Washington Post Co. in 1963 upon the death of her husband. The first woman to run a major media company, she built the newspaper into a powerhouse and the company into a conglomerate. Today its operations include newspaper and magazine publishing, television broadcasting, cable television systems and electronic information services.
267. NEWNHG_140628_442.JPG: Hispanic World: Known as "El Tigre" (the tiger), Mexican media baron Emilio Azcarraga Milmo saw the Spanish-speaking world as his marketplace. Grupo Televisa, the largest media company in Mexico -- founded by his father -- was available to 95 percent of Mexican viewers on any given night. In 1992, he was a key partner in a group that bought Univision Television Network.
268. NEWNHG_140628_444.JPG: Merging of News Media: In 1974, the Knight and Ridder newspaper groups merged to become one of the largest newspaper chains in the nation. John S. Knight founded a newspaper group that began with the Akron (Ohio) Beacon Journal. The sons of publisher Herman Ridder built their chain through investing in a group of dailies. Knight Ridder was sold to the McClatchy Co. in 2006.
269. NEWNHG_140628_471.JPG: First-edition magazines from the first half-century of Time Inc. In 1967, Time reported the death of co-founder Henry R. Luce on its cover, third row, third from left.
270. NEWNHG_140628_474.JPG: TimeWarner The March of Time: Journalists Henry R. Luce and Briton Hadden founded the first modern newsmagazine, Time, in 1923. Coincidentally, Warner Bros. Studios -- producers of the first "talkie" movie -- incorporated the same year. In 1990, the publishing and entertainment giants merged, forming Time Warner Inc.
271. NEWNHG_140628_478.JPG: Sketching a Disaster: New York artists Veronica Lawlor liked to draw on location. During the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, Lawlor was the only artist known to have sketched events on the spot. Her drawings were featured in various publications and at a New York museum.
272. NEWNHG_140628_482.JPG: Sketching a Disaster: New York artists Veronica Lawlor liked to draw on location. During the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, Lawlor was the only artist known to have sketched events on the spot. Her drawings were featured in various publications and at a New York museum.
273. NEWNHG_140628_486.JPG: Flight Fright: In 2005, while terrified passengers on board a New York-bound JetBlue flight watched live telecasts of their crippled plane, comedian and self-professed "news junkie" Dave Reinitz, above, used this video camera to film what he thought could be his last goodbye. Reinitz captured events from inside the cabin as the plane circled Los Angeles for three hours before the pilot made a successful emergency landing.
274. NEWNHG_140628_493.JPG: The New Gatekeepers: Choices Shift to Consumers: Citizen journalists have been around for centuries -- only the term in new. It refers to private citizens who chronicle news events, adding to the seemingly unlimited menu of information available. News consumers today have greater access and control over more diverse news sources than ever. We are our own "gatekeepers," customizing news to fit personal schedules, needs and interests. Today, the answer to the question of who is a journalist could be that we all are.
275. NEWNHG_140628_496.JPG: Award-Winning Amateur: Oklahoma City bank employee Charles Porter made a point of always carrying a camera in his car. When a bomb demolished a federal office building in 1995, Porter grabbed his camera and began recording the aftermath. His photos, one shown above, won the Pulitzer Prize, making him one of the few nonjournalists ever so honored.
276. NEWNHG_140628_499.JPG: Award-Winning Amateur: Oklahoma City bank employee Charles Porter made a point of always carrying a camera in his car. When a bomb demolished a federal office building in 1995, Porter grabbed his camera and began recording the aftermath. His photos, one shown above, won the Pulitzer Prize, making him one of the few nonjournalists ever so honored.
277. NEWNHG_140628_501.JPG: Ana Marie Cox often wore these slippers when she wrote "Wonkette." She carried these press passes as an MTV correspondent at the 2004 Democratic National Convention.
278. NEWNHG_140628_505.JPG: Blogging the Mainstream: Ana Marie Cox became one of the most famous of the country's bloggers, serving as editor of the political blog "Wonkette" in 2004. "Wonkette" was a sometimes racy mix of Washington, D.C., gossip and policy issues that Cox, clad in pajamas and slippers, wrote from an office in her home. She relinquished her editorship in 2006.
279. NEWNHG_140628_511.JPG: When bombs ripped through parts of London's subway system in July 2005, it was "citizen journalists" who provided the world with the first images of the underground chaos. Londoners who survived the bombings used cameras in their cell phones to take photos, which they then posted on Web sites or sent to news organizations.
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2014 photos: Equipment this year: I mostly used my Fuji XS-1 camera but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000. Trips this year: three Civil War Trust conferences (Winchester, VA, Nashville, TN, and Atlanta, GA), Michigan to visit mom in the hospice before she died and then a return trip after she died, and my 9th consecutive San Diego Comic-Con trip (including Las Vegas, Reno, Carson City, Sacramento, Oakland, and Los Angeles). Ego strokes: Paul Dickson used one of my photos as the author photo in his book "Aphorisms: Words Wrought by Writers". Number of photos taken this year: just over 470,000.
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