BGuthrie Photos: CA -- Sacramento -- California Museum -- 1st Floor

CA -- Sacramento -- California Museum -- 1st Floor:

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. CALMU1_140718_010.JPG: American Conquest: Beginning in the 1830s, the Mexican government encouraged immigration to California. Many foreigners moved to the province, and from the group came members of the 1846 Bear Flag Rebellion that overthrew the Mexican regime in northern California. They joined invading American military forces to seize the province for the United States. The conflict ended with an American victory on January 13, 1847.
2. CALMU1_140718_013.JPG: Sutter's Fort: In 1839, at the site of present-day Sacramento, Swiss immigrant John Sutter founded an agricultural empire he called New Helvetia, the first settlement in the Central Valley. Sutter's hospitality was legend, and his fort became a magnet for new immigrants coming overland from the East. After the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, the fort became a hub of trade, and prospectors overran Sutter's properties. Sutter sold the fort in 1849 and spent much of the rest of his life petitioning the US government for restitution for his losses. The fort, in ruins with only the main building still standing, was restored in the 1890s, and is now a state historic park.
3. CALMU1_140718_015.JPG: California Indians: The native people of California always had known what the newcomers were learning: this was a land of plenty. The region's environmental wealth had allowed a wide array of complex cultures to flourish in California for millenia. All this changed with the arrival of Europeans and Americans, who subjugated, enslaved, and massacred many Indians and whose diseases killed 90 percent of the native population.
4. CALMU1_140718_018.JPG: We were now on the main road to San Diego, all the "by-ways" being in our rear, and it was therefore deemed necessary to attack the enemy, and force a passage. About 2 o'clock a.m., the call to horse was sounded. December 6 -- We marched nine miles before day-break over a hilly country... When within a mile of the enemy, whose force was not known to us, his fires shone brightly. The general and his party were in advance, preceded only by the advanced guard of twelve men under Captain Johnston. He ordered a trot, then a charge, and soon we found ourselves engaged in a hand to hand conflict with a larger superior force.... As day dawned, the smoke cleared away, and we commenced collecting our dead and wounded. We found 18 of our officers and men were killed on the field on the field, and 13 wounded.
5. CALMU1_140718_021.JPG: The Gold Rush: After the American conquest, California remained largely rural, with cattle ranches dominating the countryside. The discovery of gold at Coloma on January 24, 1848, changed everything as the news spread around the world. Tens of thousands of Americans, Europeans, Latin Americans, Australians, Asians and Pacific Islanders flocked to the "diggin's," eager to scoop up or pry out the gold.
6. CALMU1_140718_030.JPG: Nancy Gooch: Nancy Gooch and her husband, Peter, arrived in Coloma as slaves in 1849. After they became free, Nancy started a business doing laundry and cooking for the miners, while Peter worked in construction and farming. By 1858 they were able to buy 80 acres of land. After Peter died, Nancy continued to work, and in 1870 had saved enough money to pay for her son and his family to join her in California.
7. CALMU1_140718_034.JPG: Drafting a Constitution: The constitutional convention began on September 1, 1849, at Monterey's Colton Hall. The delegates, mostly young men, were recently-arrived gold seekers, longtime Anglo settlers, and native-born Californios. During the convention, they addressed various issues, including: * Slavery -- California would be a free state. * Suffrage -- Only white males could vote, but the legislature could grant the right to Indians. * The Boundary -- California's eastern border would not extend into Utah. * Women's Property Rights -- Women could own property acquired prior to marriage separate from their husbands. This was a holdover from Mexican law.
8. CALMU1_140718_036.JPG: San Francisco: In just over a year, the Gold Rush transformed San Francisco from a sleepy town of 800 to a bustling commercial center with a population of 25,000. By late 1849, a thousand immigrants were arriving each week, and supply ships filled the harbor.
9. CALMU1_140718_039.JPG: Chinese Californians: Chinese immigrants seeking "Gold Mountain" faced discriminatory laws and even violence. Nevertheless, they established thriving communities, and later made possible projects like the Transcontinental Railroad and the network of levees that turned Delta marshes into farms.
10. CALMU1_140718_048.JPG: The 1849 Constitution: The delegates signed the constitution on October 13, 1849. A month later voters ratified it and chose a governor, state officers and legislature. The constitution fashioned in 1849 would remain in effect for thirty years before another convention drafted a replacement document.
11. CALMU1_140718_050.JPG: The Delegates: California in 1849 was a land of newcomers. Six of the forty-eight delegates were native-born, and several others were longtime residents, but thirty-three of the men had been here less than three years. Aside from the delegate who gave his occupation as "elegant leisure," all were businessmen, mainly lawyers, merchants, and ranchers. Well-known individuals included John Sutter, Thomas Larkin, and Mariano G. Vallejo.
12. CALMU1_140718_053.JPG: The Thirty-first State: California's first legislature met in San Jose in December 1849. After the inaugurations of the governor and other officials, Gen. Riley proclaimed the State of California to be in existence. The legislature organized the government, although the constitution and petition for statehood had not yet reached Washington, DC. Ten months would pass before Congress admitted California to the Union. The legislature bought supplies, elected two U.S. senators, created a public archives, set up a system of courts and wrote the tax, judicial and government codes needed to run the state.
13. CALMU1_140718_055.JPG: California Constitutions: When California became a part of the United States in 1848, Californians immediately began to agitate for self-government. In the following year delegates were chosen to compose a constitution, and this compact formed the basis of state government when California became the nation's thirty-first state in 1850. Changing conditions prompted the approval of a new constitution in 1879. Since then the document has been altered considerably through the amendment process as Californians have responded to new ideas and challenges to the status quo.
14. CALMU1_140718_060.JPG: Minerva: The 1849 constitutional convention requested an official state seal. The resulting design featured the Roman goddess of wisdom and war, Minerva. In the original seal and later modifications, Minerva usually is seated in profile, holding her spear. A few depictions, however, have her facing the viewer, and in one instance shown here, she appears as a goddess of liberty, her spear topped with the "liberty cap" of the American and French Revolutions.
15. CALMU1_140718_071.JPG: Preserving History: Mary Tsukamoto believed that the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II held valuable lessons for the present. She was a leader in the fight for redress, helped develop an exhibit at the Smithsonian on the internment, co-wrote a book about the camps, and started an oral history program to record the experiences of Japanese Americans. She also spearheaded the creation of the Japanese American Archival Collection at Sacramento State University. For her Elk Grove students, she developed the "Time of Remembrance," a program about the internment that is now held annually at this museum. Her daughter, Marielle Tsukamoto, continues to lead the program each year to carry on Mary's legacy.
16. CALMU1_140718_076.JPG: Barracks at Poston by Harry Yoshizumi
17. CALMU1_140718_081.JPG: Barracks: The Japanese Americans' new homes were not welcoming. Each family was assigned a 20' x 25' room equipped only with a stove for heat, a bare light bulb, and a cot for each family member. They hung blankets for privacy, and later made furniture from scrap wood and ordered from Sears Roebuck and Montgomery Ward catalogs. This barrack is a replica of the housing at Poston, Arizona. The double roof was used in the desert camps to provide insulation from the hot sun. Ted Kobata originally built this replica for a one-day event twenty years ago. Since then, it has been re-constructed dozens of times. It was installed this year by Sid Arase, John Guilday, Glenn Kobata, Jim Kobata, Stanley Kobata, Ted Kobata, Glen Shimazu, and Stan Umeda.
18. CALMU1_140718_120.JPG: In November 2011, the surviving WWII veterans of the 100th Infantry Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team, and Military Intelligence Service finally were recognized with the nation;s highest civilian honor, the Congressional Gold Medal. The 100th Infantry Battalion earned over 1,000 Purple Hearts, eight Congressional Medals of Honor, and over 2,000 Bronze Stars during the war.
19. CALMU1_140718_126.JPG: Under Guard: Most of the relocation centers had sentry towers, staffed by armed guards. This replica is a 1/5 scale model of the towers that lined the perimeter of the Tule Lake Relocation Center. The model is nine feet tall; the actual towers stood forty-two feet high. There were originally six towers at Tule Lake. After the camp was converted to a segregation center in 1943, additional towers of a slightly different design were added, bringing the total to nineteen. The tower model was built by Stan Umeda, following original plans.
20. CALMU1_140718_129.JPG: Locked Up! When they boarded the buses, the Japanese American evacuees didn't know where they were going or how long they would be gone. They first were taken to converted fairgrounds and racetracks, where they lived in horse stalls or crude barracks. They had to adjust to a lack of privacy, unfamiliar food, and to life behind barbed wire. Soon the government set up ten internment camps in some of America's most inhospitable and remote areas. Some internees endured the heat of the Arizona desert, while others braved the cold in Idaho or Wyoming. For many Japanese Americans, the knowledge that their fellow Americans distrusted them was harder to bear than any of the hardships they faced in the camps.
21. CALMU1_140718_142.JPG: Serving Their Country: As war raged in Europe, many patriotic Nisei enlisted in the US military. (Nisei are American citizens, born in the US to parents who had immigrated from Japan.) But by the time America joined the war, their service no longer was wanted. After Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, the military reclassified the Nisei as ineligible to fight. Most were discharged; others were reassigned to menial duties. Japanese Americans did eventually get the change to serve their country. The US began allowing them in combat in 1943, and by 1944 all Nisei, even those who were in the internment camps, had to register for the draft. Some joined the Military Intelligence Service, questioning prisoners and translating messages. Others joined the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team, which fought alongside the Japanese-Hawaiian 100th Battalion in some of Europe's fiercest battles. The 100/442 became the most-decorated unit of its size in US history.
22. CALMU1_140718_145.JPG: Ben Hatanaka at Manzanar: Private Hatanaka visited his family, interned at Manzanar, just before he was sent to Italy, where he earned a Purple Heart.
23. CALMU1_140718_148.JPG: Sent Away! After Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, panic swept California. Many people failed to distinguish between the Japanese of Japan and Californians of Japanese ancestry, many of whom were American citizens. They thought the Japanese Americans would help Japan attack the US. Despite FBI reports that the Japanese Americans were not a threat, President Franklin D. Roosevelt was swayed by pressure from the military and from prominent Californians such as Governor Earl Warren. On February 19, 1942, he issued Executive Order 9066, which led to the removal of all Japanese Americans on the West Coast. Allowed to bring only what they could carry, they hastily sold cars, houses, farms, and businesses for much less than their real valye.
24. CALMU1_140718_151.JPG: Santa Fe Detention Center, 1943: Immediately after Pearl Harbor, the FBI began arresting leaders of the Japanese, Italian, and German communities, for no reason other than their leadership status. Soon, over 4,000 "enemy aliens" were in custody. They were interned apart from their families throughout the war.
25. CALMU1_140718_164.JPG: New Californians: Many Japanese immigrants came to California in the 1880s. Most of these newcomers were men who intended to get rich and then return to Japan. When that plan failed, they stayed on, brought wives from home, and started families. Some Japanese Americans started successful farms, while other established businesses in the thriving "Japantowns" of cities such as Sacramento and San Francisco. They kept some Japanese traditions while also enjoying features of American life. Before long, these new Californians encountered challenges as the state and federal governments passed laws aimed against them. They faced immigration restrictions, segregated schools, and laws barring them from owning land. Perhaps most important, Japanese immigrants were not allowed to become US citizens.
26. CALMU1_140718_168.JPG: Walter Tsukamoto working on his family's farm in Penryn, CA
27. CALMU1_140718_171.JPG: Karuo Inouye and Louis Seto in cowboy outfits
28. CALMU1_140718_173.JPG: Uprooted! Japanese Americans during World War II: This exhibit covers a century of Japanese American history in California. Japanese immigrants and their American-born children built thriving communities, started farms and businesses, and contributed to California's prosperity. Over the years, they often faced hostility and discrimination. The worse offense against them was their internment during World War II. After the war they overcame lingering prejudices as they worked to reestablish their lives. Later, these loyal Americans undertook a successful quest for compensation for their wartime losses. The photographs and artifacts on display are drawn primarily from the Japanese American Archival Collection at California State University, Sacramento.
29. CALMU1_140718_179.JPG: Alhambra Theatre
30. CALMU1_140718_185.JPG: Hollywood and the California Dream: Hollywood projects the golden images of California to millions of moviegoers all over the world. In countless films -- from Ramona (1910), which depicted mythic 19th-century California, to the Keystone Kops comedies (beginning in 1913) set in downtown Los Angeles, to Greed (1924) filmed in the Central Valley, to The Grapes of Wrath (1940), to Bullitt (1968) with chase scenes shot on the hilly streets of San Francisco, and to Volcano (1997) dramatizing the destruction of Los Angeles's Miracle Mile -- California has provided memorable settings for motion pictures depicting the state's landscapes, resources, and opportunities. Movies have played a critical role in shaping modern American cultural values in the 20th century, linking the images of the Golden States with changing aspirations, fashions, fads, and lifestyles. These images continue to be projected through television programs, which reach an even larger audience today. This exhibit recalls the Alhambra Theatre in Sacramento, one of the many opulent "dream palaces" of the 1920s and early 1930s. Designed to offer everyone an escape from the harsh realities of the world outside, such theaters exhibited films that conjured romance, fantasy, comedy, and sometimes reality. Movies could be both entertaining and thoughtful. Although the Alhambra Theatre was demolished in 1973, many other dream palaces have survived throughout the state, reminders of the lavish movie houses of Hollywood's Golden Age.
31. CALMU1_140718_192.JPG: Historic Preservation in California: The Alhambra Theatre in Sacramento, the inspiration for this exhibit, was demolished in 1973. A debate over its preservation demonstrated two conflicting aspects of California's promise -- the desire to preserve the state's rich history and the continuing drive to develop private property. Preservation of the state's cultural resources became an issue in the late 19th century with efforts to save and restore the California missions and other historic buildings. In the 1900s the state became involved in preservation by passing protective legislation and offering financial incentives. The Department of Parks and Recreation and its Office of Historic Preservation assists Californians in preserving their heritage. These initiatives have been countered by some owners of historic property and others who have objected to the state's limitations on the use of private property. California Film Industry: Motion pictures represent one of the state's most important industries. Moviemakers first came to California in 1907, attracted by the region's mild climate and varied topography, which allowed them to film outdoors all year in almost any imaginable geographical setting. As more east coast film companies moved west, the community of Hollywood became the center of motion picture production and the businesses supporting it. Movie stars, who became legends seemingly overnight, helped fuel the production of more and more films. In turn, films generated larger facilities, a growing workforce of artists and craftspersons, a greater need for expensive financing, and numerous spin-off industries. By the early 1920s Hollywood was the film capital of the world, and the motion picture industry had become one of the most important segments of the state's economy.
32. CALMU1_140718_198.JPG: State Animal: The Grizzly Bear became the official state animal in 1953, decades after dying out in California. In 1850, the state was home to over 10,000 of these powerful omnivores, which can grow to weigh 1,200 pounds and stand eight feet tall on their hind legs. Less than 75 years later, in 1922, the last one in California was killed.
33. CALMU1_140718_208.JPG: Persuasive Politics: In California, as elsewhere in the nation, the process of creating public policy consists of a mixture of free expression, conflict, negotiation, and compromise in which anyone may participate. Citizen-activists, lobbyists, legislators, state agency representatives, and others play a role in building consensus and making effective laws. Bills become laws through a complex process -- and much of the activity takes place outside the voting floor of the state legislature. Among the many places n Sacramento where legislative negotiations have thrived in a congenial setting are some of the city's restaurants of local legend -- Frank Fat's, Posey's, the El Mirador, the Senator Hotel, the Capital Tamale, and others. The informal aspects of the governmental process has been actively pursued in these establishments, where issues and strategies are examined and debated.
34. CALMU1_140718_216.JPG: Campaign Finance Reform: As political campaigning has become much more expensive, politicians have had to spend more time raising funds for each successive election. Many of the groups to which they appeal for funds have stated positions on pending legislation, and the possibility that a legislator's vote could be expected to return for a generous contribution always exists. In the last several decades campaign finance reform has been enacted to reduce such possibilities. In 1974 voters approved Proposition 9, the Political Reform Initiative, which requires lobbyists to register with the Secretary of State and to disclose campaign contributions. Candidates are required to disclose their investments and income sources to determine any financial relationship between lobbyists and politicians. Proposition 113 (1990) prohibited elected officials from receiving contributions from lobbyists and made it illegal for them to lobby within a year after leaving office. And Proposition 208, passed in November 1996, imposed limits on contributions for both state and local candidates. Other reform measures, such as public financing of campaigns to eliminate lobbyist financian participation, have been unsuccessful.
35. CALMU1_140718_219.JPG: The Continuing Gold Rush: Many who have come to California have dreamed of striking it rich, and more still do. Whether searching for gold or some other means of attaining great wealth, these dreamers have all accepted the image of California as a land of opportunity where anyone can achieve the state's promise. The Gold Rush -- which evokes the image of a forty-niner discovering the Mother Lode of countless riches -- symbolizes the state's promise, and prospectors still search for this special mineral. Others have found their fortune in such myriad precious natural resources as oil, land, and water. Some have exploited the state's climate and growing population to market transportation facilities, tourist destinations, new inventions, entertainment, and similarly lucrative products in their attempts to "strike it rich." Not all of those who have trekked to California seeking riches from gold, oil, motion pictures, and other potential bonanzas have been successful. But the lasting image of these golden opportunities has made the Gold Rush a metaphor for the quest to achieve California's promise.
36. CALMU1_140718_223.JPG: The Gold Rush: In January 1848, James W. Marshall noticed gold particles in the riverbed of the south fork of the American River, about 45 miles from Sutter's Fort in present-day Sacramento. Word of this discovery spread quickly through California, and many people in the territory rushed off to the region. President Polk announced the discovery later that year, and in 1849 the mass migration of miners from the United States, Mexico, Australia, and other countries began, swelling California's population from about 14,000 in 1848 to 224,000 in 1852. While some of these prospectors struck it rich, most worked very hard for little or no reward. Merchants in Sacramento and San Francisco found a larger fortune in supplying food and supplies to the forty-niners, and prices for goods skyrocketed. The Gold Rush conjures images of forty-niners panning for gold in riverbeds, but in fact the rivers quickly panned out. Miners adopted more sophisticated methods requiring expensive heavy machinery and larger claims of land. Corporations eventually replaced individual miners, and panning was succeeded by underground and hydraulic mining. Although the amount of gold mined annually peaked in 1852, mining dominated California's economy until 1870.
37. CALMU1_140718_232.JPG: The "Black Gold" Rush: The La Brea Tar Pits west of downtown Los Angeles long served Indians and Hispanic settlers as a source of sealant. In the 1860s, oil found in the Ojai Valley near Ventura spurred a boom that increased as new uses for petroleum products developed. By the turn of the century Union Oil, Associated Oil, and Edward L. Doheny's Pan American Petroleum Company had turned California into a major oil producer. With important discoveries made in the 1920s, at Signal Hill, Huntington Beach, Santa Fe Springs, Kern County, and other locations, California became the nation's leading oil-producing state; refineries were established in the San Francisco Bay area and along the southern California coast. As oil was discovered elsewhere over the years, California's share dropped. Nonetheless, by the late 1980s California was still the country's third largest state in petroleum production. Oil booms also produced some of the state's more notorious scandals. In 1923 the US Secretary of the Interior was convicted of accepting a bribe from California oil magnate E.L. Doheny to open a federal oil reserve to private companies (Doheny was eventually acquitted). Four years later a company founded by the flamboyant C.C. Julian, and taken over by Los Angeles promoters, crashed after bilking some 40,000 investors out of almost $150 million. Like the Gold Rush, there was much to be gained and much to be lost in the quest for oil wealth.
38. CALMU1_140718_248.JPG: Californians have benefited from many "booms." The state's rich immigrant heritage created its greatest resource: hard-working people with vision, ambition and drive. Amadeo Peter (A.P.) Giannini was one of them. Born in San Jose, California in 1870, Giannini was the son of poor Italian immigrants. At age 15 he began working as a buyer and seller of fresh fruits and vegetables. He put all of his energy into the business, but always dreamed of bigger and better things. At age 30 he retired from the produce business and in 1904 opened the Bank of Italy to serve the working people and immigrants of the predominantly Italian community of San Francisco's North Beach. Giannini believed in these people whom traditional banks had ignored. By 1945 the bank, under its new name, Bank of America, was the largest bank in the world in terms of deposits and assets. Giannini showed what can happen when energy and vision are mixed with a belief in California's people and a strong sense of community.
39. CALMU1_140718_255.JPG: Giannini was one of the first people to recognize potential in the blossoming motion picture industry in Hollywood. At a time when most banks were skeptical of the new industry, Giannini believed that helping the movie industry was a wise investment in California's future. The Bank of Italy financed Charlie Chaplin's The Kid in 1919, and during the depression helped to finance the first feature-length animated film, Walt Disney's Snow White. In 1939 the bank helped finance David O. Selznick's Gone With the Wind.
40. CALMU1_140718_260.JPG: The Bank of Italy offered services to immigrants from Greece, Russia, Asia and Latin America, as well as Italy. Giannini staffed the bank with bilingual tellers who could teach depositors how to maintain their accounts. In the early 1920s, the Bank of Italy opened a unique department to cater to the financial needs of women. The Women's Banking Department was the first in California to be staffed and run by women. "The thing I am most proud of," he once said, "is that I helped democratize banking for all."
41. CALMU1_140718_265.JPG: Electronic Gold: Another California bonanza in the 20th century has been the boom in the electronics industry. From the 1920s a number of inventor-entrepreneurs -- many of them graduates of Stanford University -- revolutionized electronics with innovations that developed present-day computers and related devices. Working in conjunction with California universities and defense-related companies, the "whiz kids" and their associates refined applications of transistors, semiconductors, and made other breakthroughs that have had a tremendous impact on information technology throughout the world. Companies such as Hewlett-Packard (founded in 1937) and Apple Computers (founded in 1976), each formed by two partners and each working out of garages at first, led the way to transformation of the once agricultural Santa Clara Valley into "Silicon Valley" in the 1970s. This industry, still centered in northern California, has continued to be an important sector in the state's economy and a leader in the continuing global Information Revolution.
42. CALMU1_140718_282.JPG: Ceiling Mural by George Yepes Looking overhead, you'll see a mural commissioned exclusively for the Golden State Museum. Designed and painted by Los Angeles muralist, George Yepes, it took over seven months to complete. Mayor Richard Riordan designated Yepes a "Treasure of Los Angeles" in 1997, recognizing the artist for creating over 30 public murals and for founding a student mural-painting academy. Yepes has incorporated numerous symbols in this mural, each related to California and its history. The center seal, and the bear and figure emanating from it, were inspired by the Great Seal of California (reproduced here). It was designed in 1849 by US Army Major Robert Selden Garnett and approved by the Constitutional Convention the same year. As California's official seal it has and continues to grace all state documents. Symbols represented in the Yepes mural include -- * Minerva -- Legendary Roman goddess of wisdom, mediation, and inventiveness, the queen of all accomplishments and arts. Minerva was selected because just as she sprang fully grown from the brain of Jupiter, California became a state without a "probationary" period as a territory. * Grizzly bear -- Symbol of strength and determination. * Stars -- Thirty-one stars acknowledge California as the 31st state in the US * Grapevine -- Representative of the unique characteristics of California's countryside.
43. CALMU1_140718_288.JPG: Agriculture in California: For many decades the Golden State has been the single largest agricultural producer in the United States. A greater variety of crops grow here than in any place in the world. The abundance of food produced has come as a result of the responses of farmers, ranchers, harvesters, scientists, government officials, and others to a variety of challenges and opportunities. Working together, they have improved agriculture through scientific research, harnessed the state's water resources for irrigation, and maximized marketing by organizing effective grower cooperatives. In combination, these three initiatives have produced a remarkable industry.
44. CALMU1_140718_297.JPG: Agriculture in California
45. CALMU1_140718_299.JPG: Agricultural Diversity: California's varied climate and soils, aided by scientific research, has made the state the most agriculturally diversified in the nation. Almost 300 different commodities have been produced here on a vast number of specialized farms. The state's growers furnish a significant percentage of the nation's commercial supply of fruits, vegetables, nuts, dairy goods, cattle, turkeys, and cotton. In many cases California is still the leading producer of some of these commodities; for a few products it is the only state to bring them to market. The variety is also evident in the many industries dependent on agriculture, such as canning, food processing, and the mass marketing of related products.
46. CALMU1_140718_301.JPG: Early Agriculture: Before the arrival of the Spanish, Indians practiced agriculture in eastern California only to a limited extent. In the Spanish period mission priests planted wheat, beans, grapes, and other crops tended by Indians, while inhabitants of pueblos farmed similar foodstuffs for local consumption. When the population boomed following the Gold Rush, cattle and sheep raising expanded, as did the planting of fruits and vegetables. In the 1870s and 1880s, California became one of the world's chief wheat producers, exporting its output to England and other nations and spurring technological innovation in the development of harvesting equipment. With the introduction of refrigerated railroad cars in the 1880s, the Golden State's fruit and vegetable products could be marketed throughout the nation. The citrus industry in particular boomed, although prices for oranges, lemons, and grapefruit were determined by East Coast agents. To control the market, California citrus growers established cooperative marketing organizations. Members pooled their harvests, and the organization coordinated processing, transportation, and sales. The California Fruit Growers Exchange, established in 1905, became the most notable, with its "Sunkist" brand becoming recognized as a California product and an industry leader. Growers of other crops adopted the cooperative system, which became a model of business self-regulation. By 1920, co-ops marketed more than half of California's agricultural produce.
47. CALMU1_140718_303.JPG: The Trend Toward Agribusiness: In the first few decades of statehood, agricultural land ownership followed the pattern of the sprawling Mexican ranchos. The huge land grants to the Southern Pacific Railroad and gradual accumulation of acreage by William S. Chapman, the Miller and Lux Company, James Irvine, and other land barons allowed large-scale farming throughout the state. In the 1880s smaller family farms were becoming the norm, but by 1920 farms consolidated and agriculture became more industrialized. With the high costs of irrigation systems, government subsidies for large-scale crop production, labor supply problems, and increased specialization in growing single crops, large family-farming companies and corporations became more dominant in the industry. By the 1970s, 10 percent of the state's farms had increased their share of all farm income to more than 75 percent. These larger units were more apt to control their own processing, packing, shipping, and marketing facilities. While family farms still form the backbone of California agriculture and outnumber those of corporations, and farmer's markets can be found in many communities, the trend toward agribusiness has continued as farms become even larger and more specialized.
48. CALMU1_140718_308.JPG: Agriculture and the State: The California State Agricultural Society was incorporated by the legislature as early as 1854. The state's Horticultural Commission, created in 1883, the State Dairy Bureau in 1895, and other agencies included in today's Department of Food and Agriculture to assist the industry in inspecting products and establishing and enforcing product standards. California's government has also been deeply involved in promoting the industry by supporting state fair exhibitions and by overseeing quality and production. Scientific research and technology innovation helped increase agricultural production in the 20th century, and much of that aid came from state-sponsored institutions. The University of California agriculture colleges at Davis and Riverside became allies of the farmer in conducting research on soils and fertilizers and in developing of sophisticated harvesting equipment. UC Davis was a pioneer in this area; its researchers developed mechanical tomato pickers and a heartier tomato, an electronic lettuce picker, and other innovations.
49. CALMU1_140718_311.JPG: Cattle Country: While many other states in the West are known for cattle raising, California has been one of the nations' leading suppliers for beef. During the heyday of the Mexican ranchos, cattle were prized for beef, hides, and tallow, which rancheros sold to New England merchants. The hides became known as "California banknotes," a major form of currency in the province and a primary source for American shoes and other goods. In the Gold Rush era, Southern California cattle fed the miners, who obtained meat at a very high cost. The cattle trade declined during the droughts of the 1860s and later because of the loss of open rangeland. Cattle raising increased, however, as the stat's population rose. Today cattle raising on open ranges, fences pastures, and in feedlots is still very significant, and beef is one of California's top five agricultural commodities. California Wine: Vineyards were first planted in California by mission priests who grew grapes for sacramental and personal use. In the 1830s Louis Vignes and William Wolfskill began growing commercial wine grapes on a small scale in the San Francisco Bay area, where Agoston Haraszthy developed his large vineyard and the Buena Vista Winery. Vineyards in the Sonoma, Napa, and later the San Joaquin valleys improved notably, and by 1900 California had had become the nation's leading grape producer and wine-making state. During Prohibition (1919-1933), a considerable amount of grapes were dried for raisins, but wine making continued to increase after 1933. By the 1970s California produced more than 90 percent of the wine made in the United States. Napa and Sonoma valleys are known throughout the world for quality wines.
50. CALMU1_140718_318.JPG: Smudge Pot: Smudge pots were used to prevent citrus crops from freezing during cold periods.
51. CALMU1_140718_324.JPG: A High-tech powerhouse: California's status today as a high-tech powerhouse has its roots in the arrival of Intel Corporation's first microprocessor in 1971. It sparked whole new industries and revolutionized older ones across the state and around the world. Few products have changed the war people live more than the microprocessor. Built in ultra-clean, highly automated factories, these tiny marvels have enabled engineers to design pocket-size computers that are far more powerful than early computers that once filled rooms. Microprocessors give intelligence to cars, cell phones, home appliances, video games, and thousands of other products we use every day. The first electronic computers were built in the 1940s but used vacuum tubes instead of transistors. The vacuum tube provides an on/off switch that is much more efficient than mechanical switches had been. The Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator -- the ENIAC -- used 18,000 of these switches.
52. CALMU1_140718_335.JPG: The State of Education: California's constitution asserts that a general diffusion of knowledge is "essential to the preservation of the rights and liberties of the people." The commitment to education is a part of the state's promise and makes possible social and economic mobility for an educated society. Although the state at first was slow to support such a goal, California educators and their backers were persistent and innovative in establishing programs for expanding and improving educational opportunities at all levels. In some cases, particularly in higher education, the state led the nation in educational reform. The University of California, one of the premier public systems in the world, along with the state universities, have an effect far beyond the state's borders as their researchers make important discoveries in the sciences and other fields. Despite financial constraints, population explosions, and additional challenges, the state's public education complex is still California's major means for promoting social progress.
53. CALMU1_140718_341.JPG: Defending California: California's strategic position has played a vital role in the Golden State's promise since Spain established missions, pueblos, and presidios in the 18th and 19th centuries. As a frontier outpost, the province needed protection from foreign and other threats. Since statehood, the California militia and national guard and other military units have provided similar functions in protecting the state's natural resources and strategic location. Californians also have served around the world in major conflicts involving the United States, from the Civil War through the Persian Gulf War. The state's resources have been important in supplying the nation with the materiel it needs for national defense. During World War II, California received a massive infusion of federal funds to manufacture airplanes, ships, and other military needs. To meet a perceived postwar Communist threat, the federal government continued to expand its California military presence and defense-related industrial products and research. With the end of the Cold War, the closing of many of these bases, and the cutback in defense manufacturing. California's defense industry faces new challenges in conversion to civilian pursuits.
54. CALMU1_140718_347.JPG: State Flower: Also known as the flame flower, the Golden Poppy grows wild throughout California. It became the state flower in 1903. April 6 is California's Poppy Day.
55. CALMU1_140718_350.JPG: The World War II Homefront: Wartime economic expansion brought social changes in California. Women entered defense-related manufacturing industries, which created a dire need for childcare facilities and a law enforcement concern for older children left unsupervised. Housing was at a premium as newcomers flooded existing structures and temporary housing projects. Gasoline rationing limited automobile travel, and restrictions on meat and other foods for soldier's rations changed cooking and dietary habits at home. Some 200,000 African Americans responded to the call for opportunities in defense factories in Southern California and the Bay Area but faced discrimination on the job and in their communities. Mexican Americans experienced similar prejudice, most notably in the 1943 "Zoot Suit Riots" when for several days US servicemen conducted sporadic assaults on young Mexican Americans in Los Angeles. Japanese Americans suffered a different kind of humiliation. Thousands were forced into relocation camps far from home for most of the war's duration. Nonetheless, they remained patriotic and many of them served on European and Pacific battlefields. Ironically, the 442nd Regimental Combat Team -- made up of Japanese Americans, many of whom had relatives in the relocation camps -- became the most decorated regiment in the history of the US Army.
56. CALMU1_140718_354.JPG: Internment of Japanese Americans: Early in 1942, after President Franklin D. Roosevelt was persuaded to sign Executive Order 9066 authorizing military authorities to remove persons from "sensitive areas," the ordeal began for some 93,000 Japanese and Japanese American Californians -- most of them US citizens. Transported first to assembly centers such as Santa Anita Racetrack, they were sent to camps at Manzanar and Tule Lake in the California interior, and to other states as well. Surrounded by barbed wire and guarded by armed soldiers, the internees tried to reconstruct their lives within the camps. In December 1944, the exclusion order was finally revoked and the internees were allowed the leave. Many returned home to find their property lost and their neighbors still resentful. Many others did not return to California, choosing instead to live elsewhere. The Peace Dividend in California: California found it easy to live with the sword. Federal funds for defense-related production, research, training facilities, and staging areas for military operations became a staple of the state's economy during and after World War II. With the sword partially removed after the Cold War ended, the state faces a formidable challenge in reconstructuring this economy. Besides the loss of federal contracts for private manufacturers, the state has lost US military bases were closed, eliminating some 123,000 jobs. Further reductions in Pentagon support are always a possibility. Peace has come at a high price for California and has challenged the state's representatives and entrepreneurs to find alternative applications for defense technology and facilities. For some, this could be another gold rush.
57. CALMU1_140718_368.JPG: Fortress California During World War II: Federal spending in California for war-related products in the 1940s had a tremendous impact on the state's economy. Between 1940 and 1946 the federal government pumped some $35 billion into the state. This federal spending jump-started the shipbuilding and airframe industries. Henry J. Kaiser and other industrialists built ships nonstop at shipyards in Richmond, Oakland, Sausalito, Vallejo, and San Pedro. "Liberty ships" were produced in 25 days, and finding an adequate work force became problematic. California's airframe industry had been on the decline in the 1930s, but it exploded as the war ensued. Six of the nation's top airframe companies were located in Los Angeles and San Diego, where the mild climate was conducive to production, testing, and storage. These plants manufactured entire planes (except the engines, which were built in converted Detroit auto plants) and then assembled them. By 1944 more than 100,000 bombers, fighters, and transport planes were being turned out every year. Lockheed, Douglas, North American, Convair, and other aircraft producers continued to manufacture military and civilian planes after the war. The industry remains integral to Southern California's economy.
58. CALMU1_140718_374.JPG: Defense Effort
59. CALMU1_140718_376.JPG: California and the Military: During the colonial period, soldiers stationed at the missions and in presidios (forts) protected Spanish colonist but kept out foreign intruders. The military force was very small and remained so after California's transition from a colony of Spain to an outpost of the Mexican Republic. During the Mexican War, 1846-1848, rebel Californios sought to defend the province from invading Americans. From the 1850s to 1870s, the state militia conducted several campaigns to subdue California Indians defending their homeland against the new settlers. During the Civil War (1861-1865), US Union Army detachments protected strategic points such as Drum Barracks near San Pedro and Fort Point in San Francisco from possible Confederate infiltration, while Californians volunteers to fight in both the blue and gray armies. California troopers patrolled the border during the 1910 Mexican Revolution, and during World War I the state contributed more than 150,000 soldiers to the allied war effort; its military bases became important training facilities. In World War II, the state's ports were centers for Pacific naval operations; its factories were leading suppliers of airplanes, ships, and other defense needs; its population was an important contributor to the nation's fighting force. In 1950 the California National Guard was called to serve in the Korean Conflict, and Californians served in US military forces in Vietnam and the Persian Gulf.
60. CALMU1_140718_379.JPG: Don't Get Caught with Your Pants Down Greetings Camp Beale Calif
61. CALMU1_140718_386.JPG: Mission Santa Barbara
62. CALMU1_140718_405.JPG: King Philip V of Spain (1683-1746) In 1741, after a Russian expedition revealed the Tsar's ambition to gain territory on North America's west coast, Philip gave the order to establish missions in the Californias to help secure the region for Spain.
63. CALMU1_140718_406.JPG: Building a Mission: The Franciscan missionaries in Alta California were sent to "civilize" the Native peoples to help colonize the territory. The California Indians provided most of the labor for tasks that ranged from tending livestock to constructing the mission buildings. The Franciscans believed they could save the Indians' souls by baptizing them and teaching them the Catholic faith, but they disrupted traditional Native religions in the process.
64. CALMU1_140718_412.JPG: Securing an Empire: Explorer Juan Cabrillo (or Joao Cabrilho) landed on the California coast and claimed it for Spain in 1542, but the area was largely ignored by the outside world for the next two centuries. Not until Russia launched an expedition to North America in 1741 did Spain decide it needed to take action to secure the remote region. Throughout the New World, Spain used Catholic missions to colonize its territories. Very few Spanish people wanted to move to the distant lands, so instead the idea was to convert the Native peoples to Christianity and turn them into taxpaying citizens of the Spanish empire. The missions also relied on the indigenous peoples to raise the crops and tend the livestock necessary to make these frontier outposts self-sufficient. The twenty-one missions in Alta California (what is now the state of California) were the last and northern-most of the Spanish missions in the Americas.
65. CALMU1_140718_415.JPG: The Catholic missions of California had roots in the Spanish Inquisition, which was designed to banish theological error from the Church and to save souls. The Spanish Crown had absolute authority over religious matters in New Spain, which included California. This is perhaps one reason harsh methods were used to keep the Indians of the missions under control. Indigenous religion, which the Spanish saw as paganism corrupted by evil, had to be rooted out. The Inquisition remained an institution of the state and church until 1812 in the New World, and 1834 in Spain itself, when it was abolished in the name of Queen Isabella II.
66. CALMU1_140718_421.JPG: Gaspar de Portola (1717-1784): IN 1768, King Charles III of Spain appointed Gaspar de Portola, a Catalonian nobleman and soldier, as Governor of "Las Californias." One of his first assignments was to colonize Alta California. He volunteered to lead an expedition of 219 soldiers, settlers and Franciscan missionaries traveling in four groups from Baja California: two parties by sea and two by land. The first ship set sail in January 1769; in May, he, along with Father Junipero Serra and others, headed out on foot. By the time the groups had reached their destination in July, half of them had perished, but Portola was bale to found the Presidio of San Diego (a military fort), while Serra founded Mission San Diego. Portola and Serra then headed farther north, where Serra laid the groundwork for the Mission San Carlo Borromeo, and Portola founded the Presidio of Monterey, which became the capital of Alta California. His work accomplished, Portola left California for good less than a year after he have arrived.
67. CALMU1_140718_423.JPG: Mission San Luis Rey de Francia
68. CALMU1_140718_426.JPG: Native peoples provided most of the labor required to raise the crops and livestock for the missions.
69. CALMU1_140718_441.JPG: Father Junipero Serra (1713-1784): Originally from the Spanish island of Majorca, Franciscan priest Junipero Serra served sixteen years as Father-President of the missions in Alta California. He founded the first Alta California mission, at San Diego in 1769. He then went on to found eight additional missions, including his headquarters, Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo. Some people today judge Serra for his harsh treatment of the Indians in the missions -- he believed that they were like children who needed stern discipline from their spiritual fathers. Others argue he should be made a saint in the Catholic Church for spreading Christianity. But without a question, he had a profound influence on the course of California history.
70. CALMU1_140718_447.JPG: Native Peoples and the Missions: Many Indians came to the missions out of curiosity, converted to Christianity, and stayed to work and be educated. Contact with this completely new culture was generally hard on them, and the unintentional introduction of foreign diseases, to which they had little resistance, was devastating. Disruption of traditional ways of life, breakup of families, and hunger forced many more Indians to join the missions. There, they lived in crowded conditions and worked long hours. Many Indians ran away, but then were homeless because traditional village life had been disrupted by the missions. Relationships between tribes shifted with the introduction of new plants and animals like cattle and horses, and new trade goods such as glass, metal, and guns. Not all California Indians were directly impacted by the missions, however, and not all went into mission service peacefully. There were several major revolts. In 1775, Kumeyaay Indians rebelled at San Diego, killing the padre. Toypurina (1760-1799), a female Tongva tribal leader, led an unsuccessful revolt against Mission San Gabriel. ...
71. CALMU1_140718_450.JPG: Population Timeline: California Indians as a percentage of California's total population Pre-Contact: Native population over 300,000 (100% of total) 1850: Native population approx. 100,000 (50% of total) 1950: Native population approx. 39,000 (37% of total) 2009: Native population approx. 627,000 (1.7% of total) 1769: First Spanish mission founded at San Diego 1805-1830: Spanish, then Mexican, authorities capture California Indians for the missions 1806: Measles epidemic strikes California Indians 1833: Malaria epidemic strikes California Indians 1848: Gold discovery leads to the arrival of thousand of immigrants 1853: First Indian reservations in California established 1854: California issues Indian War bonds 1872-73: Modoc War 1924: US citizenship granted to Native Peoples
72. CALMU1_140718_455.JPG: End of the Missions: Under Agustin de Iturbide (shown above right), Mexico declared its independence from the declining Spanish Empire in 1821. In the 1830s Mexico decreed the secularization of the California missions, meaning that the mission land and other properties would be taken from the Church and distributed to the people. in theory, the Indians of the missions were to receive much of the land. But in practice, the Mexican government awarded most of it through hundreds of land grants -- many of which were enormous -- to retiring presidio officers and influential people of Spanish heritage. The grants were documented with disenos, hand-drawn topographical maps. The two shown at right record San Justo el Viejo (in today's San Benito County), granted to Jose Gonzalez, and Bolsa de San Joaquin (in today's Orange County), granted to Jose Sepulveda. After secularization, the Indians were free to leave the missions, but they had no homes to return to. As a result, many had to work on ranchos being established by retired Mexican and Spanish military officers. Cattle and horse ranching became California's major business. The legacy of the hybrid Californio culture that evolved from the Mission and Rancho periods is still seen in California's unique cultural representations.
73. CALMU1_140718_460.JPG: Mexican-American War: As the United States expanded westward in the 19th century, it came into conflict with the Spanish-Mexican region, which included California and much of the Southwest. The conflict began in 1845 when the US annexed Texas. In 1846 John C Fremont (shown above) and a group of American settlers at Sonoma, California, unaware that war had started, declared Alta California independent of Mexico. Their California Republic, represented by the Bear Flag, lasted 25 days before US forces arrived and took over. Under American generals such as Zachary Taylor, James Polk, Ulysses S Grant, and Robert E Lee, the US quickly defeated Mexico. The states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico and most of of Colorado eventually were created out of land Mexico gave up to the US under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.
74. CALMU1_140718_466.JPG: In 1863, President Abraham Lincoln (shown at left) returned all the mission lands to the Catholic Church, but by then most of the buildings were in ruins. In the 1880s, artists like Henry Chapman Ford and Edwin Deakin began shaping a romantic vision of the region's past by painting the crumbling missions. Meanwhile, countless businesses used mission imagery to sell their products (as in the trademark above right). In the early twentieth century, philanthropists such as Charles Fletcher Lummis, William Randolph Hearst and Max Fleischmann led efforts to restore the missions, which today are a top tourist draw.
75. CALMU1_140718_469.JPG: El Camino Real Bells: In 1892, Anna Pitcher proposed commemorating El Camino Real, the route that connected the missions. On August 15, 1906, the first cast-iron bell, designed by Mrs. ASC Forbes, was installed at the Iglesia de Nuestra Senora Reina de Los Angeles. Today travelers can see the bells in front of each mission and along the route between them.
76. CALMU1_140718_483.JPG: The Promise of Public Safety: Inherent within the promise of California is the assurance that its citizens can live in peace and security. While the state grants considerable freedom to its inhabitants, that freedom is limited by laws attempting to balance individual liberty and collective safety. For those who violate the limit of this balance, society imposes punishment. And with so much to offer, California has attracted many who seek a part of the promise without playing by its rules. The responsibility for maintain public safety in the Golden State is divided among many local, state, and federal agencies. Law enforcement is primarily a function of cities and counties under the supervision of the state, although the state employs a large number of peace officers and operates a prison system for serious offenders.
77. CALMU1_140718_486.JPG: California Prisons: A small ship anchored in San Francisco Bay became the state's first prison. In 1852 construction began on a permanent prison at San Quentin, which opened two years later. Constant overcrowding led to construction of new state prisons, established in Folsom (1880), Tehachapi (1933), Chino (1941), and Soledad (1947), among others. This system has grown to include 19 major panel institutions and a number of other correctional facilities. In the mid-19th century, poorly clothed and fed inmates crowded small cells, and until the 1890s older felons were houses with teenagers. Escape attempts were common. In one 1937 incident, seven prisoners killed the Folsom Prison warden and a guard and wounded two other employees from Folsom Prison. The five surviving prisoners were convicted of the murders and became the first to die in the new gas chamber at San Quentin. As correctional philosophy changed from punishment to rehabilitation in the 1900s, prison conditions improved. Vocational training and other programs were added. Prisoners also began making products and providing services for other correctional facilities and state agencies. Since 1947 Folsom inmates have manufactured the state's motor vehicle license plates, stamping out about 36,000 per day by the mid-1990s.
78. CALMU1_140718_494.JPG: Frontier Justice: Before statehood, public safety in the Mexican province of California was a function of the alcalde, a local civil magistrate who acted as mayor, justice of the peace, police officer, and judge. With so many functions carried out by the same person amid such a small population, justice was swift and crime rates were low. With the influx of Americans and foreigners during the Gold Rush, lawlessness exploded. A number of agencies attempted to maintain order, including federal marshals assigned to various districts, US Army detachments, and local law enforcement. The municipal police, county sheriffs and constables, and their deputies handled most law enforcement problems. Private detectives working for Wells Fargo, the Southern Pacific Railroad, and other major companies also contributed by protecting their client's customers and employees. In the late 1800s law enforcement officers focused on a broad range of lawbreakers, from murderers to the stagecoach robber-poet known as Black Bart. Some of these characters included a group of Californios who believed they had been forced into a life of crime after mistreatment by American newcomers. The most famous was Joaquin Murrieta, a composite mythical figure based on several lawbreakers in the gold region in the 1850s. Murrieta became a scourge to Anglo settlers and a folk hero for many Californios who suffered at the hands of the immigrant wave.
79. CALMU1_140718_501.JPG: State Law Enforcement Agencies: Law enforcement in California today is primarily the responsibility of local police and sheriff departments. A number of state agencies are involved in promoting public safety, however, including the California Attorney General and Department of Justice, the California National Guard, prison guards in the Department of Corrections, and certain individuals in the departments of Youth Authority and Forestry, as well as the State Fire Marshall. The most visible state agency is the California Highway Patrol. Created in 1929 to bring order to the state's chaotic traffic enforcement situation, the CHP enforces state motor vehicle laws and ensures the safe movement of traffic on state highways. CHP officers are also empowered with enforcing state laws in some local jurisdictions. With the marked increase of automobiles, motorists, highways, and freeways, the CHP grew rapidly, becoming a separate state department in 1947. In 1995 the California State Police, whose members protected state property, merged with the CHP and broadened its responsibilities.
80. CALMU1_140718_503.JPG: Dispensing Justice: Justice for those accused of crimes or those involved in civil disputes is resolved in the state court system. From murder to parking citations, local courts are responsible for the conduct of trials and sentencing and determining legal standing in controversies regarding contracts, real estate, and other civil matters. Municipal and justice courts have jurisdiction over such minor infractions as traffic violations, while country superior courts handle major criminal offenses and expansive civil cases. The six-district state Court of Appeals and the State Supreme Court review lower court decisions. Each of the judges interpret laws and legal precedent in deciding how the public safety of the state's populace is to be maintained.
81. CALMU1_140718_507.JPG: Vigilantes in the 1850s: Early in California's statehood, peace officers had to content with vigilantes as well as outlaws. In the absence of law enforcement officials, the members of some early mining communities administered their own "popular justice" by lynching, tarring and feathering, banishment, and other punishment. In San Francisco in both 1851 and 1856, vigilance committees were formed to executive criminals who, it was feared, might escape punishment; in the latter year vigilantes went so far as to force the governor to proclaim the city in a state of insurrection. In 1850s Los Angeles, spontaneous hangings were common. In 1854, the city's mayor resigned to lead a lynch mob bent on hanging a convicted felon. After the deed was done, the mayor resumed his office.
82. CALMU1_140718_530.JPG: The Maria Shriver Gallery
83. CALMU1_140718_536.JPG: The Benicia Capitol: The town of Benicia was California's capital for one year, starting in February 1853. In 1854 the capital moved for the seventh time in five years, to its current location, Sacramento. Benicia is the only pre-Sacramento state capitol building still standing, and is now a state historic park.
84. CALMU1_140718_539.JPG: State Bird: The California Quail, also known as the valley quail, became the state bird in 1931. The topknot on its head, which looks like a single feather but is actually six overlapping plumes, makes it easy to recognize.
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Wikipedia Description: The California Museum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The California Museum, formerly The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts – home of the California Hall of Fame – is housed in the State Archives Building in Sacramento, one block from the State Capitol. The building has more than 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2) of exhibit space, and facilities for lectures, performances, receptions and events.

History

Originally called the Golden State Museum, The California Museum opened in June 1998 as a unique public/private partnership. It was developed under the Secretary of State’s office with ste bond funding for the facility and the opening exhibits. However, the Museum’s long-term management and financial support are the responsibility of a nonprofit Public Benefit Corporation, no direct funding from the state supports the Museum. Private contributions, augmented by proceeds from admissions and the Museum Store, fund the Museum’s programs and operations.

In May 2004, former First Lady Maria Shriver, working with the Secretary of State and California State Parks, presented an exhibit titled “California’s Remarkable Women.” This trailblazing exhibit honors the legacy and celebrates the accomplishments of California’s remarkable women of yesterday and today. The exhibit’s success set in motion the idea for The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts—a Museum that tells the story of California and for the first time the stories of California’s women.

Shriver led a bipartisan effort to create this revitalized museum which operates as a nonprofit, non-partisan historical and cultural institution dedicated to telling the complete history of California, including the stories of California’s women and under-represented groups in history. A revitalized Board of Trustees oversees the operations and has launched a multi-million dollar capital campaign to design and develop the new Museum.

As of March 2011, Governor Jerry Brown and First ...More...
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- 2014_CA_California_Museum2: CA -- Sacramento -- California Museum -- 2nd Floor (89 photos from 2014)
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2014 photos: Equipment this year: I mostly used my Fuji XS-1 camera but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000. Trips this year: three Civil War Trust conferences (Winchester, VA, Nashville, TN, and Atlanta, GA), Michigan to visit mom in the hospice before she died and then a return trip after she died, and my 9th consecutive San Diego Comic-Con trip (including Las Vegas, Reno, Carson City, Sacramento, Oakland, and Los Angeles). Ego strokes: Paul Dickson used one of my photos as the author photo in his book "Aphorisms: Words Wrought by Writers". Number of photos taken this year: just over 470,000.
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