Abraham Lincoln 2013 Symposium @ National Archives II -- Speakers:
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Description of Pictures: Lincoln Symposium:
-- Welcome: Michael Burlingame, President, Abraham Lincoln Institute
-- National Archives Welcome: Trevor Plante, Chief of Reference, Archives I, Washington DC, National Archives and Records Administration
-- Speaker 1: "The Emancipation Proclamation: Myths and Realities": James Oakes, introduced by Lucas Morel
-- Speaker 2: "Solving the Mysteries of the Gettysburg Address": Martin P. Johnson, introduced by Michelle Krowl
-- Speaker 3: "The Elections of 1863": Mark E. Neely, Jr., introduced by Allen Guelzo
-- Speaker Panel: Featuring the presenters responding to questions from the audience and from one another
- James Oakes
- Martin P. Johnson
- Mark E. Neely, Jr.
- William C. Harris
- Mark Reinhart
- Michelle Krowl (moderator)
-- Speaker 4: "Lincoln and the Union Governors Revisited": William C. Harris, introduced by Don Kennon
-- Speaker 5: "Spielberg and the Century Before: The History of Lincoln Screen Works": Mark Reinhart, introduced by Clark Evans
-- Presentation of the Sixteenth Annual Abraham Lincoln Institute Book Award to Louis P. Masur ("Lincoln's Hundred Days"), introduced by Ron Soodalter
-- Closing Remarks: Michael Burlingame, President, Abraham Lincoln Institute
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2013_MD_Lincoln_Other_130323: Abraham Lincoln 2013 Symposium @ National Archives II -- Other (83 photos from 2013)
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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
LINC1_130323_008.JPG: Michael Burlingame
LINC1_130323_118.JPG: Trevor Plante
LINC1_130323_184.JPG: Lucas Morel
LINC1_130323_246.JPG: James Oakes
LINC2A_130323_014.JPG: Michelle Krowl
LINC2A_130323_067.JPG: Martin P. Johnson
LINC2B_130323_002.JPG: Solving the Mysteries of the Gettysburg Address
Martin Johnson
LINC2B_130323_028.JPG: By combining texts and contexts, we can reconstruct the three key stages of writing the Gettysburg Address:
(1) The delivery text (the Nicolay)
(2) The spoken words, or rather, the best report of his spoken words (the reconstructed or original Associated Press report)
(3) Lincoln's revision that he wrote after the speech, when preparing his words for publication (the Hay-Everett)
"Touch any aspect of the address and you touch a mystery."
David C. Mearns (1899-1981)
David C. Mears worked for the LOC from 1918 to 1967, retiring as Chief of the Manuscript Division. Archibald MacLeish described him as "the rarest treasure in the Library of Congress."
LINC2B_130323_042.JPG: Attorney General James Speed (1879)
"The day before he left Washington he found time to write about half of a speech..."
LINC2B_130323_056.JPG: Attorney General James Speed (1879)
"The day before he left Washington he found time to write about half of a speech.
He took what he had written with him to Gettysburg, then he was put in an upper room in a house, and he asked to be left alone for a time.
He then prepared a speech, but concluded it so shortly before it was to be delivered he had not time to memorize it."
LINC2B_130323_073.JPG: The "Battlefield Draft"
The "Nicolay Copy"
The "Delivery Text"
"When delivered, they were read from an official letter-sheet."
-- Edward McPherson (Nation, 1875)
Lincoln read from letter sheet, "the printed or engraved heading, in German text, "Executive Mansion," and blank space for date, being distinctly observed."
-- Professor Daniel Slade, aka "Medicus" (MY Times, 1882)
LINC2B_130323_079.JPG: What did Lincoln say at Gettysburg?
(1) The delivery text (the Nicolay)
(2) The spoken words, or rather, the best report of his spoken words (the reconstructed or original Associated Press report)
(3) Lincoln's revision that he wrote after the speech, when preparing his words for publication (the Hay-Everett)
LINC2B_130323_088.JPG: The most frequent used report of Lincoln's spoken words:
Associated Press version as printed in the NYTrib, Nov. 20, 1863
LINC2B_130323_102.JPG: Each mile along the telegraph line introduced new errors:
PittsburgGazette21: are created equal ["Good, good," and applause. Now we
ChicagoTribune21: are created equal by a "good God, and [applause] now we
LINC2B_130323_122.JPG: Because telegraphic variations behave like mutations in DNA, we can trace mutations and texts backward in time and space to a point of common origin.
The newspapers telegraphically closest to Gettysburg to the north, east, and south (there was no westward line) that published Lincoln's speech:
-- the Harrisburg Daily Telegraph
-- the Philadelphia North American
-- the Baltimore American
They differ only 6 times among their 800 words.
Collating their variations allows us to reconstruct the best version of the Associated Press text as it was sent out from Gettysburg, not as chance or error happened to have created it after traveling down any particular line.
The original, reconstructed AP report, or UrAP
[One example: "our poor power"
-- "poor" found only in texts south and west of NYC
-- "poor" is in Nicolay delivery text
LINC2B_130323_133.JPG: Comparison of the UrAP and the formerly standard(!) New York Tribune
LINC2B_130323_151.JPG: Comparison of UrAP and Hale64
LINC2B_130323_161.JPG: Questions raised since 1880s as to how the AP version was created
William Barton's version (1930s):
Barton misquoted the reminiscences of a reporter named Joseph Gilbert.
In 1917, Gilbert, who was then in his eighties,dictated to his daughter to his daughter a statement saying he was the report designated to take down Lincoln's words at Gettysburg.
Gilbert states that he was so struck by Lincoln's "intense earnestness and depth of feeling" that he stopped making notes of his speech.
Barton then started that, to fill out his fragmentary transcription of the speech, Gilbert received the manuscript from Lincoln, meaning that the AP report made by Gilbert was supposedly a copy, or partial copy, of Lincoln's delivery text.
(This explains much of the interest in a hypothetical lost delivery text.)
LINC2B_130323_176.JPG: Gilbert's account reveals a different story:
After stating that he stopped taking notes, Gilbert did not mention that Lincoln manuscript.
Instead, Gilbert changed topics and went on to describe the larger story of the speech based on his research, not his personal recollection.
Gilbert (or his daughter) often copied word-for-word and without attribution from the memoirs of John Russell Young, whom Gilbert had known during the Civil War when both worked for the Philadelphia Press.
Gilbert ended his treatment of Lincoln's speech with still more unacknowledged repetition of Young's memoir.
LINC2B_130323_185.JPG: Joseph Gilbert (1917):
Before the dedication ceremonies closed the President's
(1) manuscript was copied, with his permission; and as the press
(2) report was made from the copy no
(3) transcription from the shorthand
(4) notes was
(5) necessary.
John Russell Young (1901):
I did not write the
(2) report which appeared in the Press, as the
(1) manuscript had been given the the Associated Press, and the
(3) transcription of my
(4) notes was not
(5) necessary.
LINC2B_130323_200.JPG: Joseph Gilbert (1917):
Before the dedication ceremonies closed the President's
(1) manuscript was copied, with his permission; and as the press
(2) report was made from the copy no
(3) transcription from the shorthand
(4) notes was
(5) necessary.
John Russell Young (1901):
I did not write the
(2) report which appeared in the Press, as the
(1) manuscript had been given the the Associated Press, and the
(3) transcription of my
(4) notes was not
(5) necessary.
Young previously stated that in Gettysburg he had asked John Hay about the manuscript but Hay could not tell him anything.
This and other evidence suggests:
Young had no direct knowledge of how the AP report was prepared.
LINC2B_130323_237.JPG: Why did Lincoln undertake his post-speech revision?
(1) The delivery text (the Nicolay)
(2) The spoken words, or rather, the best report of his spoken words (the reconstructed or original Associated Press report)
(3) Lincoln's revision that he wrote after the speech, when preparing his words for publication (the Hay-Everett), which became the basis for the last handwritten version, the "Gettysburg Address"
LINC2B_130323_247.JPG: Lincoln did not revise at the request of David Wills
Lincoln did not send a copy for printing
"I did not make a copy of my report of President Lincoln's speech at Gettysburg from a transcript of the original, but from one of the press reports."
-- David Wills letter to William Lambert
(This removes one of the key arguments for a now lost, hypothetical delivery text)
Why, then, did Lincoln revise his speech?
LINC2B_130323_253.JPG: Lincoln did not revise at the request of David Wills
Lincoln did not send a copy for printing
"I did not make a copy of my report of President Lincoln's speech at Gettysburg from a transcript of the original, but from one of the press reports."
-- David Wills letter to William Lambert
(This removes one of the key arguments for a now lost, hypothetical delivery text)
Where, then, did the LittleBrown printed version come from?
From a hand-written copy by...
LINC2B_130323_273.JPG: The "DWills" text, copied by David Wills from the New York Tribune and sent by early January, 1864, to Everett for printing in the "Little Brown" edition.
Currently in the Everett Papers of Everett (microfilm reel 46)
LINC2B_130323_288.JPG: January 30, 1864: Everett wrote Lincoln that he is sending the "authorized edition" of the Gettysburg speeches (that is, the Little Brown printed version) and asked for a handwritten copy to sell for charity.
February 4, 1864: Lincoln wrote Everett thanking him for sending the printed version and added, "I send herewith the manuscript of my remarks at Gettysburg" that is, the "Everett" text.
What was the copy-text for the Everett?
LINC2B_130323_301.JPG: John Nicolay:
At Lincoln's request, "his secretaries made copies of the Associated Press report as it was printed in several prominent newspapers."
Lincoln then compared these newspaper reports to the delivery text and to his fresh recollection of what he had said, and he then prepared "a new autograph copy -- a careful and deliberate revision."
According to Nicolay, the "Hay" text was the "ms. notes of the revision"
The final version of the post-speech revision was the Everett text.
LINC2B_130323_311.JPG: Three unique common traits that confirm Lincoln wrote the UrHay on the basis of the LittleBrown:
* The paragraph breaks
* The capital "L" in Liberty
* "the" cause, rather than "that" cause
The mysteries of the manuscripts must finally give way:
* The printed LittleBrown text is unrelated to Lincoln and can be securely dated as having been first created after the speech.
* Lincoln wrote the "Hay" document using the LittleBrown as the copy text
* Therefore, the "Hay" cannot be the delivery text or a pre-speech draft
LINC2B_130323_362.JPG: Order of the Texts of the Gettysburg Address:
(A) Lincoln writes and delivers his speech:
(0) Hypothetical notes or drafts
(1) Washington Draft
(2) Gettysburg Draft (night of Nov. 18)
(3) Battlefield Draft (morning of Nov. 19, the "Nicolay" document
(4) Lincoln's spoken words
(B) Others transcribe, telegraph, and edit Lincoln's words:
(5) The original Associated Press report (UrAP)
(6) New York Tribune
(7) DWills text
(8) LittleBrown printed version
(C) Lincoln undertakes a post-speech revision:
(9) UrHay/Hay (on the basis of the LittleBrown)
(10) Everett
(11) Bancroft
(12) Bliss
LINC3_130323_031.JPG: Allen Guelzo (*not* Kelsey Grammer <g>)
LINC3_130323_135.JPG: Mark E. Neely, Jr.
LINC3_130323_309.JPG: ???
LINC4_130323_019.JPG: Michelle Krowl
LINC4_130323_024.JPG: William C. Harris
LINC4_130323_041.JPG: James Oakes
LINC4_130323_050.JPG: Mark Reinhart
LINC4_130323_085.JPG: (left to right) Mark Reinhart, William C. Harris, Mark E. Neely, Jr., Martin P. Johnson, and James Oakes
LINC4_130323_120.JPG: (left to right) Mark Reinhart, William C. Harris, Mark E. Neely, Jr., Martin P. Johnson, James Oakes, and Michelle Krowl
LINC5_130323_002.JPG: Don Kennon
LINC5_130323_051.JPG: William C. Harris
LINC6A_130323_014.JPG: Clark Evans
LINC6A_130323_096.JPG: Mark Reinhar
LINC6A_130323_433.JPG: Karen Needles
LINC6A_130323_464.JPG: Bob Willard
LINC6A_130323_524.JPG: Ron Soodalter
LINC6A_130323_675.JPG: Louis P. Masur
LINC6A_130323_713.JPG: Louis P. Masur, Ron Soodalter
LINC6A_130323_820.JPG: Louis P. Masur
LINC6A_130323_822.JPG: Michael Burlingame, Louis P. Masur
LINC6A_130323_828.JPG: Louis P. Masur, Allen Guelzo
LINC6B_130323_006.JPG: Spielberg and the Century Before
Mark Reinhart
LINC6B_130323_075.JPG: "Abraham Lincoln" (1930) by DW Griffith
LINC6B_130323_165.JPG: Young Mr. Lincoln (1939), played by Henry Fonda
LINC6B_130323_266.JPG: "The Day Lincoln Was Shot", a 1956 episode of Ford Star Jubilee, featuring Raymond Massey as Lincoln and Jack Lemmon as John Wilkes Booth
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2013 photos: Equipment this year: I mostly used my Fuji XS-1 camera but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000 and Nikon D600.
Trips this year:
three Civil War Trust conferences (Memphis, TN, Jackson, MS [to which I added a week to to visit sites in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Tennessee], and Richmond, VA), and
my 8th consecutive San Diego Comic-Con trip (including sites in Nevada and California).
Ego Strokes: Aviva Kempner used my photo of her as her author photo in Larry Ruttman's "American Jews & America's Game: Voices of a Growing Legacy in Baseball" book.
Number of photos taken this year: just over 570,000.
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