BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Penn Qtr -- Madame Tussauds Washington DC (1001 F St NW) (Page 1 of 2) -- Presidential Section

DC -- Penn Qtr -- Madame Tussauds Washington DC (1001 F St NW) (Page 1 of 2) -- Presidential Section:

Bruce Guthrie Photos Home Page: [Click here] to go to Bruce Guthrie Photos home page.

Description of Pictures: The Presidential section.

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. TUSSA1_130428_027.JPG: [#01] George Washington. "The time is now near at hand which most probably will determine whether Americans are to be freeman or slaves." Washington married a wealthy widow and eventually came to own 80,000 acres, including a village and more than 300 slaves. He is the only president to be elected unanimously by the Electoral College. When Washington was inaugurated, he only [had] one tooth left. He wore dentures made of elk, human, and hippopotamus teeth. He chose the site of the future capital along the banks of the Potomac, near his own home, Mount Vernon. After Washington's presidency, Mount Vernon became one of the nation's biggest whiskey distillers. in 1790, it produced more than 11,000 gallons of whiskey. 1st President, in office from 1789-1797. Born George Washington on February 28, 1732 in Westmoreland County, VA. Died on December 14, 1799 at Mount Vernon, VA.
2. TUSSA1_130428_031.JPG: The Delaware River Crossing: George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River took place on December 25, 1776 as a surprise attack during the American Revolutionary War. The assault was carried out against Hessian troops (German fighters hired by the British Empire) in Trenton, New Jersey. The Continental Army troops, led by George Washington, crossed the river at night in a snowstorm, despite the dangerous floating ice, and defeated the soldiers of Johann Rall in Trenton.
3. TUSSA1_130428_041.JPG: The President's Gallery: Experience the glory of our nation's highest office first-hand. Learn about The Presidents' lives and achievements by exploring immersive sets and using hands-on exhibits that will take you on a remarkable, interactive and three dimensional journey through American history.
4. TUSSA1_130428_055.JPG: [#02] John Adams "Fear is the foundation of most governments" In the election of 1797, Adams narrowly defeated Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson then became vice president making it the only time in American history that president and vice president were from different political parties. Adams was a powerful member of the Continental Congress and is highly respected, strong voice of the revolution. He played a leading role in winning approval of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, negotiating peace with Great Britain in 1783 to end the Revolutionary War, and securing the end of the Quasi-War crisis with France in 1800. Adams was the first president to live in the White House. He moved in on November 1, 1800, when the house was not even complete. Although Adams is the longest living president, his health broke down a number of times during his life and he suffered recurring depression. He was, however, a warm, generous man. He spoke with a lisp because he had lost some teeth and refused to wear false ones. 2nd President, in office from 1797-1801. Born John Adams Jr. on October 30, 1735 in Braintree (now Quincy), MA Died on July 4, 1826 in Braintree (now Quincy), MA
5. TUSSA1_130428_068.JPG: Benjamin Franklin. "We must all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately." Franklin was the inventor of, among other things, bifocals, the lightning rod, the catheter, the glass harmonica, daylight savings time, swimming fins, and the famous Franklin stove. Played a major role in the creation of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Among the first to argue that colds and flu were spread between people rather than by cold air and insisted on having the windows kept open even in winter. Established the first public library and the first public fire department in America. The figure on display here was modelled from life by Madame Tussaud in 1763 when Franklin was serving as the US envoy in Paris. Born January 17, 1706 in Boston, MA. Died April 17, 1790 in Philadelphia, PA.
6. TUSSA1_130428_086.JPG: [#03] Thomas Jefferson. " I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man." Jefferson designed his own home at Monticello, which included automatic doors and the first swivel chair. As president, he kept grizzly bear cubs given by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in cages on the White House lawn. He was the founder of University of Virginia, the first American college to separate higher education from religious doctrine. Jefferson was the first president to be inaugurated in Washington DC. John Adams and Jefferson were the only presidents to sign the Declaration of Independence. Both men also died on the same day -- its 50th anniversary. Born Thomas Jefferson on April 13, 1743 in Albemarle County, VA. Died on July 4, 1826 at Monticello, VA.
7. TUSSA1_130428_111.JPG: The Bill of Rights: The Bill of Rights is the name used to describe the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution. Introduced by James Madison in 1789 and supported by Thomas Jefferson, the Bill of Rights represents a commitment to democracy and freedom against unfair laws. It guarantees free speech and a free press; the right to assembly and to bear arms; and the rights to a fair and speedy trial.
8. TUSSA1_130428_116.JPG: [#04] James Madison "The truth is that all men having power ought to be mistrusted." Madison is considered the "Father of the Constitution" as he was the principal author of the document and was the last Founding Father to die. As the first president to have served in the United States Congress, Madison drafted many of America's first laws and helped frame the Bill of Rights. In 1791, Madison and Jefferson organized the Republican Party (later called the Democratic-Republican Party). While in office, Madison led the country through the War of 1812, narrowly escaping the White House when the British occupied Washington in 1814. Described as shy and reserved, during presidential speeches Madison was often not heard on the back benches due to his quiet, weak voice, which often gave a bad first impression. 4th President, in office from 1809-1817. Born James Madison, Jr., on March 16, 1751 in Port Conway, VA. Died on June 28, 1836 in Montpelier, VA.
9. TUSSA1_130428_132.JPG: The Founding Fathers: The Founding Fathers were the powerful and charismatic statesman who established an independent United States and the constitution that governs it. The key founders included John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington. George Washington, the first president of the United States from 1789-1797, is acclaimed as the "Father of his Country." He was the dominant military and political figure in the American victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War, as well as presiding over the writing of the Constitution. The Founding Fathers actually consist of two important groups -- those who were signers of the Declaration of Independence, and those who were involved in writing and adopting the U.S. Constitution. Only Benjamin Franklin was a member of both groups. Warren G. Harding coined the phrase "Founding Fathers" in a 1916 keynote address when he was still an Ohio Senator. He used it several times again, most prominently in his 1921 inaugural address as President of the United States. Thomas Jefferson, principal author of the Declaration of Independence and third President of the United States, had expert skills that spanned different subjects. He achieved distinction as an archaeologist, architect, horticulturist, inventor, musician, palaeontologist, and political leader.
10. TUSSA1_130428_150.JPG: The Declaration of Independence: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." Approved on July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence is one of the most famous documents in history. July 4 now marks the birthday of America. The original copy of the Declaration is now displayed at the U.S. National Archives, surrounded by argon gas to prevent the ink from fading. Mainly written by Thomas Jefferson, the Declaration is a model of clear expression, taking up just one page. Lawyers today could learn a thing or two. The Declaration had an immediate effect on the public. When crowds in New York heard it, they pulled down a statue of King George on a horse, and took lead from the statue to make musket balls to use against the British. The 56 signatures on the Declaration included two future presidents: Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. The most notable signature is that of John Hancock, whose large signature in the middle of the document gave us the phrase "Give me your John Hancock."
11. TUSSA1_130428_159.JPG: [#06] John Quincy Adams "Civil liberty can be established on no foundation of human reason which will not at the same time demonstrate the right of religious freedom." John Quincy Adams, the son of the second president, John Adams, was an accomplished politician rising to the position of Secretary of State prior to his own presidency. Adams grew up during the American Revolution but lived and traveled throughout Europe. In America, he graduated from Harvard University second in his class in 1787. Adams served only one term as president but during this time one of his major achievements was the Tariff of 1828, designed to protect domestic manufacturing and denounced as the Tariff of Abominations in the South which relied on agriculture rather that industry. Adams had a long, active political life and is the only president to have served in the House of Representatives after his presidency. In the 1824 election, Adams lost the popular vote to Andrew Jackson but neither man had a majority of electoral votes, so the decision fell to the House of Representatives who elected Adams as president. 6th President, in office from 1825-1829. Born John Quincy Adams on July 11, 1767 in Braintree (now Quincy), MA. Died on February 23, 1848 in Washington, DC.
12. TUSSA1_130428_176.JPG: [#07] Andrew Jackson "Democracy shows not only its power in reforming governments, but in regenerating a race of men and this is the greatest blessing of free governments." Founder of the Democratic Party, Jackson became a democratic symbol and was considered the greatest military hero since George Washington. At the age of 13, Jackson joined the army to fight in the Revolutionary War and was captured by the British. During the War of 1812 he led his troops to victory and earned the nickname "Old Hickory" serving as a Major General in the Federal Army. As president, Jackson greatly expanded the powers of the presidency as he believed in a strong central government. In 1835, Jackson survived an assassination attempt on his life, the first ever attempt to do bodily harm to a president. The assailant's gun misfired and Jackson defended himself with his walking stick. His policy regarding the removal of American Indians was controversial, however, he was considered a champion of the common man and won enduring popularity as the first westerner to reach the White House. 7th President, in office from 1829-1837. Born Andrew Jackson on March 15, 1767 in Waxhaw, SC. Died on June 8, 1845 near Nashville, TN.
13. TUSSA1_130428_186.JPG: How people used to vote in America: At its birth, the United States was not a very democratic nation! Relatively few people were allowed to vote: among the excluded were African Americans, Native Americans, women, and white males who did not own land. In 1870, the 15th Amendment gave former slaves the right to vote. Within a few years, however, "Jim Crow" laws were introduced in the South. These were state laws that restricted the freedom of African Americans and made it almost impossible for them to actually vote. The laws imposed literacy tests, special taxes, and other requirements. In 1920, millions of American women exercised their right to vote for the first time. This followed nearly 100 years of difficult campaigning which finally culminated in the 19th Amendment. At the end of the 19th century, the mechanical gear and lever voting machine was introduced. First, you pulled a handle to close the curtains of the booth behind you. Then you turned the voting levers over the names of your chosen candidates to exposed the Xs. Finally, you pulled the handle back to register your vote and reopen the curtains. These voting machines were eventually replaced by computer-read ballot systems starting in the 1960s. For a long time, only US citizens over the age of 21 were permitted to vote. But in the 1950s, when millions of younger Americans were drafted to fight in the Vietnam War, a youth movement protested that if they were old enough to fight, they were old enough to vote. The 26th Amendment in 1971 lowered the voting age to 18.
14. TUSSA1_130428_219.JPG: [#08] Martin Van Buren "As to the presidency, the two happiest days of my life were those of my entrance upon the office and my surrender of it." Of Dutch ancestry, Van Buren was the first president who was not of British descent. He grew up speaking Dutch, making him the only president who learned English as a second language. During Van Buren's political career, he served as Secretary of State, vice president, and president. The only other president to do this was Thomas Jefferson. Van Buren was president during the Panic of 1837 which was a financial crisis that caused a five-year depression. He was largely blamed for the panic because he refused to involve the government in alleviating the effects of the economic showdown. During his presidency, the non-violent Aroostook War took place which was a dispute between British and the United States over the border between what is now Canada and the State of Maine. It was resolved by agreeing upon a border between Quebec and New Brunswick. Van Buren's nicknames include "Little Magician," "Sly Fox," and "Old Kinderhook." The OK Club of New York was named after Van Buren, which popularized the phrase "O.K." 8th President, in office from 1837-1841. Born Martin Van Buren on December 5, 1782 in Kinderhook, NY. Died on July 24, 1862 in Kinderhook, NY.
15. TUSSA1_130428_229.JPG: [#09] William Henry Harrison "I contend that the strongest of all governments is that which is most free." Born into a politically active family, Harrison naturally became interested in politics after serving in the Army. His military reputation was established at Tippecanoe, and victory in the War of 1812 helped secure his place as a popular hero. In 1798, aged just 25, he assumed the position of Secretary of the Northwest Territory and was elected the territory's first delegate to Congress, where he helped shape legislation that led to Ohio becoming a state in 1803. After unsuccessfully running for president in 1836, Harrison was re-nominated in 1840 to run against Martin Van Buren. In his campaign he promised to be obedient to the people's needs. After one month in office, Harrison died after suffering pneumonia, becoming the first U.S. President to ever die in office. Harrison's inauguration speech in the longest recorded in American presidents history at 8445 words. His term as president, however, remains the shorted, lasting just 31 days, 12 hours, and 32 minutes. 9th President, in office 1841. Born William Henry Harrison on February 9, 1773 in Charles City, VA. Died on Apirl 4, 1841 in Washington, DC.
16. TUSSA1_130428_241.JPG: [#10] John Tyler "Patronage is the sword and cannon by which war may be made on the liberty of the human race." Tyler was the first vice president to assume office, succeeding to the presidency as a result of William Henry Harrison's death. It was for this reason that he wasn't taken seriously. His opponents referred to him as "Acting President" and "His Accidency." Tyler's biggest achievement was the annexation of the Republic of Texas in 1845, which led to Texas becoming a state that same year. Tyler opposed the policies of the Whig party and was expelled from the party a few months after taking office. This caused most of the cabinet he inherited from Harrison to resign. Tyler fathered 15 children; that's more than any other American president. He had eight children with his first wife, who died while he was president, and seven with his second wife, whom he married before leaving office. When Tyler died, the Government made no announcement of the news. It was 50 years later that the Government erected a monument in Tyler at his burial place in Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond. 10th President, in office from 1841-1845. Born John Tyler, Jr. on March 29, 1790 in Charles City County, VA. Died on January 18, 1862 in Richmond, VA.
17. TUSSA1_130428_272.JPG: Martin Van Buren
18. TUSSA1_130428_280.JPG: [#11] James Knox Polk "No president who performs his duties faithfully and conscientiously cna have any leisure." During his political career, Polk served as both Speaker of the House and Governor of Tennessee before becoming president. Polk led America to victory during the Mexican-American War. In 1848, he expanded the United States by signing a treaty with Mexico to end the two-year war and hand over control of most of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming to the United States. In a bid to further extend the United States, Polk offered Spain $100 million for the annexation of Cuba, but Spain rejected his offer. Shortly after leaving office, Polk created the Department of the Interior to help organize and administer the new territories. Before the age of antiseptics, Polk survived a urinary stone operation when he was 17. It is believed that he was only sedated with brandy throughout the operation. 11th President, in office from 1845-1849. Born James Knox Polk on November 2, 1795 in Mecklenburg County, NC. Died on June 15, 1849 in Nashville, TN.
19. TUSSA1_130428_293.JPG: [#12] Zachary Taylor "I have always done my duty. I am ready to die. My only regret is for the friends I leave behind me." Taught by tutors that were occasionally hired by his father, Taylor received only a very basic education while growing up. He was uninterested in politics until he ran for the presidency. Well known as a military hero, Taylor fought and won in several famous campaigns including the War of 1812 and the Black Hawk War. It was this popularity that won him the presidency in 1849. Nicknamed "Old Rough and Ready," Taylor rode his horse sidesaddle when he fought during the Mexican War. Even though Taylor was the last president to own slaves while in office, he was a supporter of the Wilmot Proviso which barred slavery in all of the territories that the United States obtained during the Mexican-American War. When Taylor died of gastroenteritis, an illness not uncommon in Washington, DC, due to poor sanitation, he had only been president for 16 months. 12th President, if office from 1849-1850. Born Zachary Taylor on November 24, 1784 in Orange County, VA. Died on July 9, 1850 in Washington, DC.
20. TUSSA1_130428_307.JPG: [#13] Millard Fillmore "An honorable defeat is better than a dishonorable victory." Fillmore was the last member of the Whig Party to be elected to the presidency. The Whig Party wanted Congress to have more power as well as policies to protect the economy. Despite his lack of schooling as a child, Fillmore was an avid book collector. As president, he established the first permanent library in the White House. Fillmore assumed the presidency following the death of his predecessor, President Zachary Taylor. This was controversial because the first president to take office in this way (John Taylor) was never respected. When Fillmore became president, the entire cabinet resigned because of opposition to his voting for the Compromise of 1850, a bill which dealt with slavery laws. Oxford University offered Fillmore an honorary degree which was written in Latin. Because he couldn't read Latin, he refused it saying that a person shouldn't accept a degree he could not read. 13th President, in office from 1850-1853. Born Millard Fillmore on January 7, 1800 in Summerhill, NY. Died on March 8, 1874 in Buffalo, NY.
21. TUSSA1_130428_321.JPG: How political parties used to campaign: Early rallies were raucous, with songs, torchlight processions, colorful uniforms, floats, flag, fireworks, and bombastic speeches. People welcome these events as a break from their routines. In the 18th and early 19th century, presidential candidates rarely went on campaign tours. Selling yourself and begging for votes was considered beneath the dignity of a future president, so most campaigning was done by others on the candidates' behalf. For many years, only white, land-owning men could vote. However, women were politically active in the 19th century, organizing partisan picnics and letter-writing efforts. The parties tried to attract female support with gifts such as hairbrushes, bracelet charms, and pincushions. Mudslinging is nothing new. In the 1828 election, John Adams' campaign charged rival Andrew Jackson with murder, drunkenness, theft, and cock-fighting, among other crimes. Meanwhile, Jackson's men painted Adams as a pro-British aristocrat who had procured women for the Russian czar and spent public money on expensive furniture. Until the 20th century, nearly all newspapers were politically partisan. Faced with pages full of one-sided rants, it was hard for voters to get independent campaign reporting. The 1850 census counted 1630 party newspapers and only 83 independent papers. How political parties campaign today: Over 200 million people in the United States today are eligible to vote. That's a lot of hands to shake! Modern presidential campaigns are run almost like military operations, with thousands of people, a strict chain of command, and punishing daily schedules. The reported cost of campaigning for president has risen sharply in recent years. The combined cost of the Democratic and Republican 2008 presidential campaigns was estimated at about $2 million. Among the most important events in the modern campaign calendar are the TV debates. Millions of voters tune in to make up their minds about the candidates -- and watch for gaffes. Social networking has also grown in importance for presidential campaigns, allowing grass roots movements to grow and candidates to connect with their supporters. On Election Day 2008, Barack Obama had 3 million fans on Facebook compared with John McCain's 600,000 fans.
22. TUSSA1_130428_339.JPG: Harriet Tubman: "Every great dream begins with a dreamer. Always remember, you have within you the strength, the patience and the passion to reach for the stars to change the world." Harriet Tubman was an African-American abolitionist and humanitarian. She was the fifth of nine children born into a family of slaves in Dorchester County, Maryland. Tubman was beaten by her slave masters, and ended up with a severe head injury that gave her seizures and headaches, which she endured the rest of her life. Tubman escaped from slavery in 1849 using a network of free and enslaved black people, while abolitionists and others, including the local Quaker community. This is famously referred to as The Underground Railroad. Guided by the North Star, she used The Underground Railroad to lead over 70 slaves to freedom in thirteen separate missions. Huge rewards were offered for returning the fugitive slaves, but Tubman was never found out. Tubman went on to work for the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861) as a cook and nurse, and then as an armed scout and spy. She also freed more than 700 slaves as part of the Combahee River Raid. Towards the end of her accomplished and highly respected life. Tubman continued to dedicate herself to her beliefs by campaigning for women's suffrage and supporting her church. Born: Araminta Harriet Ross in c. 1820 in Dorchester County, Maryland. Died: March 10th 1913 aged 93 in Auburn, New York.
23. TUSSA1_130428_353.JPG: Slavery in America: In 1619, the first Africans arrived in British North America aboard a Dutch ship. They were promptly exchanged for food with colonists in Virginia. So began a terrible trade in Africans transported from their motherlands to suffer lifelong slavery. The importation of slaves into the United States ended in 1808, as required by the Constitution, but slaveholders continued the slave trade on their own. Throughout the early 19th century, as the cotton industry grew, more and more slaves were shipped off to work on plantations. By 1860, the black salve population in America had grown to nearly 4 million. Slaves were treated appallingly. They were given no rights or freedoms and forced to work under threats of extreme violence. In 1863, President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation made freedom for slaves a key goal of the Union army in the American Civil War. This became a reality for millions of slaves in 1865 when the war was won, and a constitutional guarantee with passage of the 13th Amendment later that same year. Slavery was common long before it reached the United States and continues in many parts of the world even now. Though slavery is against international law, millions of adults and children are still trapped and forced into unwilling labor.
24. TUSSA1_130428_374.JPG: [#14] Franklin Pierce: On March 4, 1853, Pierce gave his 3,000 word inaugural address from memory without the use of notes. He is the only president who did not "solemnly swear" the oath of office, he only "solemnly affirmed" it. Born in a log cabin in New Hampshire, Pierce is the first president to be born in the 19th century. He is a distant cousin of former First Lady Barbara Bush. In 1854, Pierce signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act which created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska but also allowed settlers in those territories to determine their own slavery rules. While in office, Pierce was arrested for running over an elderly lady with his horse, insufficient evidence meant that the case was later dropped. Although a sociable man, Pierce also suffered bouts of depression. As a regular drinker, he fought a lifelong battle against alcoholism. 14th President, in office from 1853-1857. Born Franklin Pierce on November 23, 1804 in Hillsborough, NH Died on October 8, 1869 in Concord, NH
25. TUSSA1_130428_384.JPG: [#15] James Buchanan: "What is right and what is practical are two different things." James Buchanan was elected a total of five times to the House of Representatives and then moved on to serve for a decade i the Senate before he assumed office as president. As a Northerner, Buchanan was surprisingly sympathetic to the South's acceptance of slavery and its legality. This in turn angered many Americans countrywide. His presidency was plagued with inactivity, even during events like the Dred Scott Case and the Utah War of 1857. Born in Pennsylvania, he is the first and only president to hail from the state. Buchanan's vice president, John C. Breckinridge, was the youngest vice president ever to serve at 36 years old. Buchanan remains the only U.S. president to assume office unmarried. His niece, Harriet Lane, served as First Lady for the length of his term. 15th President, in office from 1857-1861. Born James Buchanan Jr. on April 23, 1791 near Mercersburg, PA Died on June 1, 1868 in Lancaster, PA
26. TUSSA1_130428_399.JPG: [#17] Andrew Johnson "Honest conviction is my courage; the Constitution is my guide." Growing up in poverty, President Johnson rose to the nation's most prestigious office without having a formal education. Following Lincoln's assassination, Johnson was called on to assume the role as the 17th President of the United States. In 1868, Johnson was impeached while in office. He was eventually acquitted by one vote. His presidency saw the addition of the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery and the 14th Amendment providing equal protection for all citizens. In 1867, President Johnson approved the purchased of Alaska for $7.2 million. Purchased from Russia, the buy was viewed initially as a failure. 17th President, in office from 1865-1869. Born Andrew Johnson on December 29, 1808 in Raleigh, NC. Died on July 31, 1875, near Carter Station, TN.
27. TUSSA1_130428_414.JPG: The Civil War: Opposed to President Abraham Lincoln's views against the expansion of slavery, seven states declared secession from the Union before he took office on March 4, 1861. The war that followed was the deadliest in American history Over 10,000 military engagements took place, killing 620,000 soldiers and an unknown number of civilians. The Civil War divided the country from 1861 to 1865. The northern states, called the Union, fought a group of eleven southern states known as the Confederacy. The Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 is often seen as the turning point in the war. It stopped Confederate General Robert E. Lee's invasion of the North. Lee's army was defeated by the Union Army of the Potomac, with approximately 50,000 soldiers killed in 3 days of fighting. The Civil War was one of the first industrial wars, involving trains, steamships,explosives, mass-produced weapons, and trench warfare -- many of the same methods later seen in World War I.
28. TUSSA1_130428_425.JPG: [#16] Abraham Lincoln. "In giving freedom to the slave, we assure freedom to the free -- honorable alike in what we give and what we preserve." At 6'4", Abraham Lincoln was the tallest president and wore a stovepipe hat to seem even taller. Lincoln was the first president born outside the 13 original colonies, in a one room log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm. Lincoln suffered poor health throughout his presidency. Depression his whole life led to two mental breakdowns at ages 26 and 32. He was defeated twice for US Senate before being elected president. On Good Friday, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated in Ford's Theater, Washington DC. 16th President, if office from 1861-1865. Born Abraham Lincoln on February 12, 1809 in Hardin County, KY. Died on April 15, 1865 in Washington DC.
29. TUSSA1_130428_433.JPG: Lincoln's Assassination: Abraham Lincoln was shot on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington DC. Lincoln was watching a performance of Our American Cousin with his wife when Booth shot him in the back of the head. Lincoln died the following morning. He was the first President of the United States to be assassinated, though a prior failed attempt was carried out on Andrew Jackson. The Lincoln assassination was part of a conspiracy to inspire the Confederate States of America to continue to fight.
30. TUSSA1_130428_438.JPG: The Gettysburg Address: Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg address on November 19, 1863, at the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It is one of the most powerful and iconic speeches in American history, lasting just over two minutes. The address was presented four and a half months after the important Battle of Gettysburg was won by the Union armies. Lincoln's speech referred to the Civil War as "a new birth of freedom" that would lead to equality for all Americans and establish a unified nation.
31. TUSSA1_130428_456.JPG: Robert E. Lee "Duty is the sublimest word in our language. Do your duty in all things. You cannot do more. You should not wish to do less." Grew up financially embarrassed after his father lost the family fortune and went to jail, and was later exiled for debts. Lee's pre-Civil War home, the Lee-Custis Mansion in Arlington, was part of Washington, DC until 1847, when the Congress returned the area to Virginia. The grounds later became Arlington National Cemetery. Opposed secession, but refused to fight against his home state. Declined Lincoln's offer of command to lead Virginia's army. Last words were "Strike the tent." Pardoned for his role int he war in 1868, but his citizenship wasn't restored until the 1970s. Born Robert Edward Lee on January 19, 1807 in Stratford, VA. Died October 12, 1870 in Lexington, VA.
32. TUSSA1_130428_461.JPG: [#18] Ulysses S. Grant "No personal consideration should stand in the way of performing a public duty" On March 1, 1872, Grant signed the legislation establishing Yellowstone National Park. As the first national park in the world, it is well known for its wildlife, waterfalls and geysers. Grant and his troops confronted Robert E. Lee, commanding general of the Confederate Army, in a series of bloody battles known as the Overland Campaign. After nearly a year of fighting, Grant finally forced Lee's surrender in 1865 at Appomattox Courthouse, VA. A portrait of Grant appears on the United States $60 bill, which is sometimes nicknamed a "Grant." Grant owned one slave named William Jones, whom he acquired from his father-in-law. After a short time, Grant signed a document to make Jones a free man. While president, Grant was arrested by the police for speeding on his horse and buggy and had to pay a fine of $5. 18th President, in office from 1869-1877. Born Hiram Ulysses Grant on April 27, 1822 in Point Pleasant, OH. Died on July 23, 1885 in Mount McGregor, NY.
33. TUSSA1_130428_475.JPG: [#19] Rutherford B. Hayes "He serves his party best who serves his country best." Before serving in the Civil War and rising to the rank of Major General in 1864, Hayes was a criminal lawyer in Cincinnati who often defended runaway slaves. He went on to serve in the U.S. Congress as a Republican from 1865 to 1867 before becoming the Governor of Ohio. Although Hayes came to office in one of the most controversial presidential elections, winning by just one electoral vote, he was regarded as an honest and honorable president. Hayes pledged to protect the rights of black people in the southern states. However, in order to restore local self-government, he withdrew the troops from the South that were protecting the black population. Hayes enjoyed the life at the White House during his presidency, even though he banned alcohol. His wife Lucy Webb, nicknamed "Lemonade Lucy," banned dancing and card games. In 1879, the first telephone was used in the White House by President Hayes. The National Telephone Company installed the instrument in the telegraph room. 19th President, in office from 1877-1881. Born Rutherford Birchard Hayes on October 4, 1822 in Delaware, OH. Died on January 17, 1893 in Fremont, OH.
34. TUSSA1_130428_482.JPG: The Presidential Seal: The design of today's Presidential Seal was first used by Rutherford B. Hayes to mark his guests' invitations to the White House. During the Presidency of Harry Truman, the seal was redesigned. Since then, the only changes that had been made are the inclusion of the 49th and 50th stars to represent Alaska and Hawaii as states. Based on the Great Seal of the United States, the Presidential Seal is used as a mark of the presidency and on correspondence between the U.S. President and the Congress. The Seal reads in Latin "E Pluribus Unum," which means "Out of Many, One." The olive branch symbolized peace and the 13 arrows symbolize the original 13 colonies of the United States.
35. TUSSA1_130428_491.JPG: A tourist communicating with Lincoln
36. TUSSA2_130428_009.JPG: [#20] James Garfield "All free governments are managed by the combined wisdom and folly of the people" Garfield rose from poverty to become a State Senator, Civil War General, U.S. Congressman, and finally the 20th President of the United States. He attacked political corruption and won back the prestige the presidency had lost during the Reconstruction period. On July 2, 1881, less than four months after taking office, Garfield was shot by an assassin. Although he survived the initial attack, doctors were unable to find the bullet. Even Alexander Graham Bell attempted to locate it using one of his own inventions. Garfield lay wounded for several months. His condition worsened and he eventually died on September 19, 1881. He was the second president to be killed in office. Garfield may have had a premonition of his own death. Two days prior to the shooting he asked Robert Lincoln, the son of President Abraham Lincoln, to recount the story of his father's assassination. 20th President, in office 1881. Born James Abram Garfield on November 19, 1831 in Orange, OH. Died on September 19, 1881 in Long Branch, NJ.
37. TUSSA2_130428_026.JPG: [#22] [#24] Grover Cleveland "A truly American sentiment recognizes the dignity of labor and the fact that honor lies in the honest toil" As the 22nd and 24th President of the United States, Grover Cleveland is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms. After practicing law as a young man, Cleveland became attracted to government. He was elected Mayor of Buffalo in 1881, and soon after Governor of New York. As the first Democrat elected after the Civil War, Cleveland fought against corruption, imperialism, patronage, and taxes. In June 1886, while holding office, Cleveland married 21-year-old Frances Folsom who became his First Lady. Theirs remain the only presidential wedding ceremony held at the White House. Cleveland's portrait can be found on the $1000 bill that was printed between 1928 and 1934; however, these bills are very rare. 22nd President, in office from 1885-1889. 24th President, in office from 1893-1897. Born Stephen Grover Cleveland on March 18, 1837 in Caldwell, NJ. Died on June 24, 1908 in Princeton, NJ.
38. TUSSA2_130428_034.JPG: The Pullman Strike: The Pullman Strike was a conflict that took place between the railroad industry and the labor unions in 1894. The strike started in Pullman, Illinois, no May 11 when around 3,000 employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company refused to work because of a cut in their wages. This pay cut was incurred due to the falling demand for train cars and lower profits. The strike resulted in the formation of the American Railway Union, led by Eugene V. Debs. As the first nationwide union, it fought for the rights of the American workers, involving 250,000 employees across 27 different states.
39. TUSSA2_130428_038.JPG: [#21] Chester A. Arthur "I may be President of the United States, but my private life is nobody's damned business" Arthur became president after Garfield's assassination in 1881 and was the fourth vice president to succeed a president who died in office. At the time, he was widely distrusted as he had a reputation for tolerating corruption; however, Arthur became respected as a champion for civil service reform. Nicknamed the "Gentleman Boss," he is remembered for being an elegant and well-dressed president. He completely redecorated the White House during the length of his term, installing new plumbing, a new bathroom, and the first elevator in the White House. After graduating from college and completing his law studies, Arthur was admitted to the bar, working as a lawyer in New York City. 21st President, in office from 1881-1885. Born Chester Alan Arthur on October 5, 1829 in Fairfield, VT. Died on November 18, 1886 in New York City, NY.
40. TUSSA2_130428_057.JPG: [#23] Benjamin Harrison "The bud of victory is always in the truth" Harrison's political career began as a lawyer following in the footsteps of his great-grandfather, William Henry Harrison, who was the 9th President of the United States; and his father, who was a congressman from Ohio. Harrison spoke with a soft, high voice. He was always in good health, apart from a physical breakdown in 1867 caused by overworking. He gained the nickname "human iceberg" due to his formal and stiff approach. As president, he held the first Pan American Union conference, which expanded the U.S. presence in Latin America and is doing so, reduced the presence of Great Britain there. Following the death of his wife in 1893, Harrison retired from public life having served only one term as president, Harrison was both preceded and succeeded by Democratic President Grover Cleveland. During Harrison's administration, the White House experienced great technical advances. In 1891, electricity was installed by the Edison General Electric Company. Harrison's wife, Caroline, was too nervous to use the light switched for fear of electrocution. 23rd President, in office from 1889-1893. Born Benjamin Harrison on August 20, 1833 in North Bend, OH. Died on March 13, 1901 in Indianapolis, IN.
41. TUSSA2_130428_062.JPG: Ellis Island: Ellis Island is situated in New York Harbor, southwest of Manhattan. It was named after Samuel Ellis, a farmer and merchant who owned the island during the late 1700s. By the end of the 1800s, New York City had become the place where the vast majority of immigrants arrived and Ellis Island became the main immigration station for the country. Immigrants would enter through the Great Hall on the island and undergo a brief physical exam. If they passed, they would be questioned by immigration officials who would then determine whether they were eligible to enter the country.
42. TUSSA2_130428_067.JPG: [#25] William McKinley "War should never be entered upon until every agency of peace has failed" As president, McKinley promoted high tax levels on imported goods to protect industries in America. He made gold the base of the currency by upholding the gold standard. When the Civil War broke out, McKinley enlisted and became a Private in the 23rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry at the age of 18. After McKinley was shot by Leon Frank Czolgosz, the crowd began to beat his assassin. As the wounded president was being carried away he shouted, "Boys! Don't let them hurt him!" McKinley died from the bullet wound 8 days later. After the Spanish-American War, McKinley attempted to take control of the Philippine Islands. This led to the bloody Philippine Insurrection which lasted from 1899 to 1902. The first president to ride in an automobile while in office. When he was shot, he was driven to the hospital in an electric ambulance. 25th President, in office from 1897-1901. Born William McKinley, Jr. on January 29, 1843 in Niles, OH. Died on September 14, 1901 in Buffalo, NY.
43. TUSSA2_130428_079.JPG: [#26] Theodore Roosevelt "Believe you can and you're halfway there" Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt became president after the assassination of President McKinley in 1901. He assumed office as the youngest president in history. He brought new excitement and power to the presidency as he led the United States towards progressive reforms and a strong foreign policy. The "Teddy Bear" got its name from President Roosevelt after he served a bear cub on a hunting trip to Mississippi in 1902. Some of Roosevelt's accomplishments included the building of the Panama Canal, cracking down on business monopolies, and creating many national parks. In 1903, Roosevelt laid the cornerstone of the famous Roosevelt Arch at the north entrance to Yellowstone National Park in Montana. Roosevelt was the first president to win the Nobel Peace Prize. He received the award in 1906 for mediating the Russo-Japanese War. 26th President, in office from 1901-1909. Born Theodore Roosevelt on October 27, 1858 in New York City, NY. Died on January 6, 1919 in Oyster Bay, NY.
44. TUSSA2_130428_089.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt's Foreign Policy: During his presidency, Roosevelt started a foreign policy strategy which involved more activity outside of the United States, particularly in Latin America. He claimed that the right way to interact with other countries was to "speak softly and carry a big stick." In 1903, Roosevelt helped Panama became independent from Columbia, giving the United States a Panama Canal Zone. Three years later, he became the first U.S. president to leave the country while in office by visiting the Canal to honor this symbol of American advancement.
45. TUSSA2_130428_093.JPG: Juliette Gordon Low "Come right over! I've got something for the girls of Savannah, and all of America, and all of the world, and we're going to start it tonight!"
46. TUSSA2_130428_116.JPG: [#28] Woodrow Wilson "America was established not to create wealth but to realize a vision, to realize an ideal -- to discover and maintain liberty among men." President Wilson made huge changes to American laws including revising the banking system, checking the growth of monopolies, prohibiting child labor, and implementing the 8-hour working day. Wilson was greatly involved in framing the Treaty of Versailles, where he was praised for his vision of freedom and justice. In 1919 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize as promoter of the League of Nations, the predecessor of the United Nations. Wilson is the only president to receive a Ph.D. While studying at the Johns Hopkins University, he wrote Congressional Government (1885), a book which is still admired as a study of law. A keen golfer, Wilson would use black golf balls when playing in the snow on the White House lawn. In 1915, Wilson became the first president to watch the World Series and chose to pay for every game he attended. During World War I, Wilson kept a flock of sheep on the White House lawn. The wool was later auctioned to raise money for the Red Cross. 28th President, in office from 1913-1921. Born Thomas Woodrow Wilson on December 29, 1856 in Staunton, VA. Died on February 3, 1924 in Washington DC.
47. TUSSA2_130428_138.JPG: The National Park Service: An agency in the Department of the Interior, the National Park Service was established in 1916 by the National Park Service Act. As a result of conservationists writing numerous articles and letters about the beauty of the country, President Woodrow Wilson signed the legislation to create the first agency of its kind in the world. The National Park Service was designed to conserve the scenery and wildlife of the country to ensure "the enjoyment of future generations".
48. TUSSA2_130428_145.JPG: [#27] William Howard Taft "Substantial progress toward better things can rarely be taken without developing new evils requiring new remedies" The only ex-president to serve on the Supreme Court, Taft was appointed Chief Justice in 1921 by President Warren Harding. Before becoming president, Taft was chosen to govern the Philippines by president William McKinley. He set up public schools and hospitals there, as well as establishing a court system. At 332 pounds, Taft was the largest of the presidents. He once got stuck in the White House bathtub and had to have an oversized version brought in for his use. During Taft's administration, parcel post service with the US began, and Congress approved the 16th Amendment, providing for the levying of income tax. Taft liked milk so much he brought a cow to the White House and it grazed on the lawn. 27th President, in office from 1909-1913. Born William Howard Taft on September 15, 1857 in Cincinnati, OH. Died on March 8, 1930 in Washington, DC.
49. TUSSA2_130428_154.JPG: World War I: The First World War was a military conflict centered in Europe that lasted from 1914-1918. More than 9 million combatants lost their lives in the bloody battlefields and trenches. The United States originally purchased a policy of non-intervention, not wanting to be drawn into any imperial or European war. President Woodrow Wilson issued a declaration of neutrality at the beginning of the war. Nonetheless, American sympathies clearly lay with the Allies. Propaganda posters depicted Germany as a gorilla-like monster and child-killing barbarian among other strong images! Several factors caused the United States to enter the war. Not lease of these was the use of submarine warfare by the Germans. In 1915, a passenger ship called the Lusitania was sunk, killing 128 US citizens and fueling opposition to Germany. In 1917, Germany commenced the torpedoing of non-military ships in the Atlantic. On April 6, 1917, America entered World War I on the side of the Allies, whose key members were the United Kingdom, France, and Russia. For the Allies, who had lost thousands of men at the battles of the Somme and Verdun, U.S. involvement was a real boost for morale. By the end of the war, U.S. casualties numbered approximately 117,000. Public opinion turned against involvement in foreign wars and congress rejected President Woodrow Wilson's calls for U.S. participation in the League of Nations.
50. TUSSA2_130428_173.JPG: [#29] Warren Harding "I cannot hope to be one of the great presidents, but perhaps I may be remembered as one of the best loved" Harding's presidency began immediately after World War I. He won the election by a landslide 60% of the popular vote. It was also the first election in which American women had the right to vote. Harding cut taxes and established the federal judge system. However, members of Harding's administration were accused of profiting from their positions through criminal activity. Harding suffered from poor health. At age 24, he had a nervous breakdown and was sent to a sanitarium run by Dr. John Harvey Kellogg of the break cereal Kelloggs. During Harding's administration, the Teapot Dome oil scandal took place. The oil rich area of Teapot Dome was meant for military emergency use; however, the Secretary of the Interior secretly gave rights to the land to private developers who profited greatly from the oil. A keen gambler, Harding would host weekly poker nights. One game cost him all of the White House china. 29th President, in office 1921-1929. Born Warren Gamaliel Harding on November 2, 1865 in Corsica (now Blooming Grove), OH. Died on August 2, 1923 in San Francisco, CA.
51. TUSSA2_130428_186.JPG: [#30] Calvin Coolidge "Little progress can be made by merely attempting to repress what is evil. Our great hope lies in developing what is good" Described as the most thrifty of the presidents, Coolidge was able to reduce the extravagances of Harding's administration by lowering the national debt. He was thoroughly conservative and although his calm and passive style of governing contrasted with the exuberance and extravagance of the Roaring Twenties, he captivated the nation and he remains a symbol of his era. During the 1924 election, he used the campaign slogan "Keep cool with Coolidge" and received more than 54% of the popular vote. Coolidge became the first president to have his inauguration broadcast and to deliver a political speech on the radio. Coolidge acquired an electric exercise horse in 1925. Installed in his White House bedroom, it allowed him to get some quick exercise. Although Coolidge was brought up on a farm in Vermont, he became allergic to real horses! Coolidge would often suffer from respiratory infections and he had frequent attacks of asthma. A man who tired easily, Coolidge would sleep 11 hours a day. 30th President, in office from 1923-1929. Born John Calvin Coolidge Jr. on July 4, 1872 in Plymouth, VT. Died on January 5, 1933 in Northampton, MA.
52. TUSSA2_130428_205.JPG: [#31] Herbert Hoover "There are only two occasions when Americans respect privacy, especially in presidents. Those are prayer and fishing" Before becoming president, Hoover established himself as a statesman and humanitarian. During World War I, he helped to evacuate Americans from Europe. When the war ended he led efforts to feed and clothe millions of suffering Europeans. TO celebrate Hoover's humanitarian work, two asteroids were named after him -- Hooveris (discovered in 1920) and Herberta (discovered in 1935). He was also nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize five times in 1921, 1933, 1941, 1946, and 1964. Raised as an orphan, Hoover went on to become a successful mining engineer, working primarily in Australia and China. Years later, in the White House, Hoover and his wife would speak Chinese to foil eavesdroppers. During the first year of his administration, the stock market crashed on October 29, known as Black Tuesday. The Great Depression that followed was widely and some sat unfairly blamed on Hoover. To help keep Hoover fit, the game "Hooverball" was invented by the White House doctor, Admiral Joel T. Boone. The sport was a cross between volleyball and tennis, using a heavy weighted ball. 31st President, in office from 1929-1933. Born Herbert Clark Hoover on August 10, 1874, in West Branch, IA. Died on October 20, 1964 in New York City.
53. TUSSA2_130428_214.JPG: The Great Depression: In most countries, the Great Depression lasted from about 1929 to the early 1940s. It started after the New York Stock Market crashed on October 29, 1929, a day known as "Black Tuesday." The effects of the crash spread around the world. The crash was caused by economic weaknesses mostly in the United States. The unemployment effects of the Great Depression hit the whole world: unemployment rates in the United States reached about one quarter of the population, while in some other countries they rose as high as one third. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's "New Deal" helped fix the broken economy in the United States. The New Deal was a plan to jumpstart the economy by putting money into relief and growth programs that gave people jobs and prevented the depression from perpetuating itself. Some famous buildings of the United States were completed during the Great Depression, giving jobs to the unemployed. These include the Empire State Building and the Golden Gate Bridge. Films such as "It's a Wonderful Life" (1946), "Oh Brother Where Art Thou?" (2000), and "Annie" (1982), as well as book such as "The Grapes of Wrath" (1939), are set during the Great Depression.
54. TUSSA2_130428_222.JPG: [#32] Franklin D. Roosevelt. "We have nothing to fear except fear itself." Roosevelt was already a successful politician when he contracted polio in 1921 while swimming in a lake. Roosevelt used a wheelchair in private, but never in public. He learned to walk short distances with iron braces and could stand with help. As President-Elect in 1933, he barely escaped assassination. The bullet meant for him killed the Mayor of Chicago instead. In 1939, he began a secret correspondence with Churchill to aid Britain's war effort. His personal friendship with Churchill was instrumental in bringing the US into the war. He died in office two weeks before Germany's surrender. Roosevelt's memorial in Washington, DC, was opened along the Tidal Basin in 1997. 32nd President, in office from 1933-1945. Born Franklin Delano Roosevelt on January 30, 1882 in Hyde Park, New York. Died on April 12, 1945 in Warm Springs, GA.
55. TUSSA2_130428_241.JPG: Winston Churchill. "No lover ever studied the whims of his mistress as I did those of President Roosevelt." Half-American -- while his father was an English aristocrat, his mother was the daughter of an American millionaire. Became famous after his escape from a POW camp during the Boer War (1899-1902). Close relations with Roosevelt helped save Britain with a supply of American munitions, food, and oil during the darkest days of WWII. Seven different figures of Churchill were on display at Madame Tussauds during his lifetime. The first appeared on his wedding day in 1908./ In 1963, President Kennedy made him the first Honorary American Citizen. Too ill to travel to Washington DC for the ceremony, he watched via live satellite broadcast. Born Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill on November 30, 1874 at Blenheim Palace, UK. Died January 24, 1965 at Chartwell House in Kent, UK.
56. TUSSA2_130428_268.JPG: [#33] Harry S. Truman. "If you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen." Truman's eyesight was so poor he had to memorize the eye chart to be accepted into the Army during WWI. He ran a men's clothing store in Kansas City before entering politics. For two and a half years, while the White House was being renovated, he walked to work from his temporary residence across the street at Blair House. He was vice-president for only 82 days before Roosevelt's death made him president. Not independently wealthy, he still refused to accept corporate or advertising work after being president but instead lived modestly and wrote his memoirs. Born Harry S. Truman on May 8, 1884 in Lamar, MO. Died on December 26, 1972 in Kansas City, MO.
57. TUSSA2_130428_277.JPG: The Battle of the Bulge: A conflict which lasted only a few months, the Battle of the Bulge was a last ditch attempt by Nazi Germany to split the Allied forces during World War II. Fought under extreme weather conditions in the winter of 1944-1945, the battle took place across the extensive Ardennes mountain ranges in Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Germany. The German army took advantage of the foggy weather conditions by making a surprise attack on the Allied forces, thus penetrating the Allied lines and creating a "bulge" effect.
58. TUSSA2_130428_280.JPG: Omaha Beach: Omaha Beach was the code name for one of the five landing zones during the Allied invasion of German-occupied France in World War II. Part of Operation Overlord, Omaha Beach was one site in the battle of Normandy that was launched on June 6, 1944 -- D-Day. This conflict was a turning point in the war as Allied troops penetrated the German Atlantic Wall. The battle has become well known through films such as "Saving Private Ryan" (1998) which highlighted the horrors of the war. More than half of the 4,900 Allied deaths from these attacks happened at Omaha Beach.
59. TUSSA2_130428_285.JPG: World War II: The Second World War was a global military conflict between 1939 and 1945 that involved most nations of the world. Over 100 million military personnel were mobilized and over 60 million people killed. It was the deadliest conflict in human history. By the end of the war well over 400,000 US troops had died. Their bodies lie in cemeteries in the United States, Europe and Asia. Under Adolf Hitler's Nazi party, Germany set out to create a new empire in Europe. War began on September 1, 1939 when Germany invaded Poland, triggering declarations of war from France and most of the countries of the British Empire and Commonwealth. The United States was drawn into the war after Japan, a German ally, launched a surprise attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. The Japanese destroyed ships and aircraft, killing more than 2,400 personnel and shocking America. The following day the US declared war on Japan and entered fully into conflict on the side of the Allies. American troops were often known as "GI's," which originally stood for galvanized iron -- the metal used to make a lot of army issue equipment such as water canteens. American industry played a critical role in supporting the US war effort and providing arms to its Allies. Britain received munitions and equipment through the Lend-Lease program, which also supplied thousands of vehicles and equipment to help mechanize the Soviet Army to fight on the Eastern Front.
60. TUSSA2_130428_293.JPG: [#34] Dwight D. Eisenhower. "A people that values its privileges above its principles soon loses both." As a professional soldier, Eisenhower lived in 27 different houses while serving 38 years in the Army. Within a year of the United States entering World War II, he was given command of the entire European theater. After victory, he refused the Medal of Honor, saying it should only go to soldiers who risked their lives in the field. As President, Eisenhower had a mixed record on civil rights, but he did send in troops to uphold desegregation of Southern schools. He was the first President to fly on Air Force One, and the first to give televised press conferences. 34th President, in office 1953-1961. Born David Dwight Eisenhower on October 14, 1880 in Denison, TX. Died on March 28, 1969 in Gettysburg, PA.
61. TUSSA2_130428_319.JPG: J Edgar Hoover. "There's something addicting about a secret." The details of Hoover's birthplace and early life are mysterious, as his birth certificate was note filed until 1938, at age 43. Director of the FBI from 1924 until his death in 1972. After his death, the term limit for FBI directors was set at 10 years. Kept secret files on the private lives of many public figures such as the Kennedys, Martin Luther King, and Nixon. Truman, Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon all considered firing Hoover, but each decided that the political cost would be too great. To protect Hoover's body from vandals, he was buried in a lead-lined coffin, weighing more than 2,000 pounds. Three servicemen were injured while carrying it during the State funeral. Born John Edgar Hoover on January 1, 1895 in Washington DC. Died May 2, 1972 in Washington DC.
62. TUSSA2_130428_334.JPG: Rosa Parks. "When the driver... ordered us up and out of our seats, I felt a determination cover my body like a quilt on a winter night." She attended the Montgomery Industrial School, a school with white teachers for black girls. The school had been burnt down twice by arsonists. For 14 years, Rosa Parks was the secretary to the President of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. On December 1, 1955, Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man. Her arrest led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which catapulted Martin Luther King to the forefront of the Civil Rights Movement. Both she and her husband lost their jobs as a result of the case, and the harassment became so intolerable that they moved to Detroit. After her death in 2005, Parks was the first woman and the first non-government official to lie in state in the US Capitol Rotunda. Born Rosa Louise McCauley on February 4, 1913 in Tuskegee, AL. Died October 24, 2005 in Detroit, MI.
63. TUSSA2_130428_342.JPG: A tourist in the trenches at the Battle of the Bulge
64. TUSSA2_130428_372.JPG: Malcolm X "Racism isn't just a black and white problem. It's brought bloodbaths to every nation on earth at one time or another"
65. TUSSA2_130428_382.JPG: The Civil Rights Act: The passing of the 1964 Civil Rights Act was a huge moment for equal rights in the United States. The act outlawed the discrimination experienced by black people and women. It also ended segregation between different races in schools, the workplace, and general public spaces. The new legislation cancelled out the local and state laws (called the Jim Crow Laws) which institutionalized inequality and racial tension in the South.
66. TUSSA2_130428_385.JPG: Martin Luther King "I have a dream..." In 1934, a visit to Germany inspired King's father to change both his own name and that of his son to Martin Luther. The FBI under Hoover began wiretapping King in 1961. They used the information to try to blackmail King by threatening to expose details of his private life. King was one of the leaders of The March on Washington in 1963, at that time the largest protest gathering in Washington history. In 1964, he became the youngest ever recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. After his assassination in 1968, there were riots in over 60 cities across the nation. Born Michael King on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, GA. Died April 4, 1968 in Memphis, TN.
67. TUSSA2_130428_403.JPG: A tourist confronting J. Edgar Hoover.
68. TUSSA2_130428_411.JPG: Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech: The powerful speech "I Have a Dream" was given on August 28, 1963 by Martin Luther King, Jr. It called for racial equality and an end to discrimination and hatred against black people. King delivered the speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in front of 200,000 people. An important moment in the Civil Rights Movement, the speech highlights the ability that King had to move an audience and promote change.
69. TUSSA2_130428_435.JPG: Fidel Castro: "Capitalism has neither the capacity, nor the morality, nor the ethics to solve the problems of poverty."
70. TUSSA2_130428_443.JPG: The Bay of Pigs Invasion: On April 17, 1961, about 1,400 CIA-trained Cuban exiles, supported by the United States government, landed in the Bahia de Cochinas (the Bay of Pigs) which is located on the south coast of Cuba. Their goal was to overthrow the government of Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro. The mission was planned under President Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration and was carried out three months into John F. Kennedy's presidency. The Cuban armed forces defeated the invading fighters within three days. This failure resulted in anti-US demonstrations abroad, poor relations between the United States and Cuba, and fierce criticism against Kennedy within America.
71. TUSSA2_130428_446.JPG: The Cuban Missile Crisis: In October 1962, relations between the United States, Cuba, and the Soviet Union became very unstable. The Soviet and Cuban governments were building bases in Cuba that would be capable of firing nuclear missiles into most of the United States. By this time, the United States had already distributed more than 100 nuclear missiles to the United Kingdom, Italy, and Turkey that were capable of firing into Moscow, the capital city of the Soviet Union. When the US learned about the Cuban missile bases, it set off a panic that is often regarded as the moment that the world came closest to nuclear war. During the month of October, President John F. Kennedy and the US military considered attacking Cuba but decided against it, instead imposing a naval blockade to prevent delivery of any missiles. In Cuba this was called the "October Crisis".
72. TUSSA2_130428_456.JPG: Jacqueline Kennedy. "The one thing I do not want to be called is First Lady. It sounds like a saddle horse." Jackie was the first First Lady born in a hospital. While at Vassar College, she was named "Debutante of the Year" for the 1947-48 season. Before her marriage to John Kennedy, Jackie was the inquiring Camera Girl for the Washington Post. She photographed and interviewed prominent Washingtonians, including Vice-President Richard Nixon and Senator John F. Kennedy. She disliked the notoriously competitive Kennedy family sporting events and refused to play any more after her leg was broken in one of their baseball games. During the presidential campaign, Jackie was criticized as unpatriotic for favoring French clothes by Chanel, Givenchy, and Dior. She chose American designer Oleg Cassini to make her "official" wardrobe in order to silence the criticism. Born Jacqueline Lee Bouvier on July 28, 1929 in Southampton, NY. Died May 19, 1994 in New York City.
73. TUSSA2_130428_461.JPG: [#35] John F. Kennedy. "Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country." All eight of John Kennedy's great-grandparents were immigrants from Ireland. He became a war hero when his torpedo boat was sunk by the Japanese. He led the rescue of the survivors, and was later awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal. Kennedy was severely ill during large portions of his life, and he received the Catholic faith's "last rites" four times before he died. Kennedy is the youngest person ever elected President at the age of 43. In 1971, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts was opened as a living memorial to Kennedy's Presidency and his desire to bring culture to Washington, DC. 35th President, in office from 1961-1963. Born John Fitzgerald Kennedy on May 29, 1917 in Brookline, MA. Died on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, TX.
74. TUSSA2_130428_479.JPG: (left) Buzz Aldrin. "Beautiful! Beautiful! Magnificent desolation!" Aldrin became the second man to set foot on the moon as part of the Apollo 11 mission with Neil Armstrong and Michael Collins (July 20, 1969). Flew 66 combat missions in the Korean war. Set a space walking record on Gemini 12 (1966). Has released two books, Return to Earth (1973) and Men From Earth (1989). Chairman of the ShareSpace Foundation which suggests that flights in a space shuttle should be offered as lottery prizes. Born Edwin Eugene Aldrin, Jr., on January 20, 1930 in Montclair, NJ (right) Neil Armstrong. "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." Commander of the Apollo 11 moon landing mission and first human to set foot on the Moon (July 20, 1969). His first step on the moon is regarded as one of the greatest moments in the 20th Century and, as a mark of their achievement, the Apollo trio had three moon craters named after them. Had a pilot's license on his 18th birthday before he had a driver's license. Armstrong was inducted into the Aerospace Walk of Honour in 1991. After walking on the moon, they ate a meal of space-style cold roast turkey in the lunar module. Born on August 5, 1930 in Wapakoneta, OH. Died: August 25, 2012: May his life serve as an example to young people around the world to work hard to make their dreams come true, to be willing to explore and push the limits, and to selflessly serve as cause greater than themselves.
75. TUSSA2_130428_493.JPG: The First Lunar Landing, Apollo 11: "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." -- Neil Armstrong, first man on the Moon Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the Moon. Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin became the first humans to set foot on another planetary body on July 20, 1969. Meanwhile, overhead, Michael Collins orbited around the Moon alone. The Apollo 11 launch date had arrived with just months to spare: Nine years early, President John F. Kennedy had vowed that the United States would put a man on the Moon by the end of the decade. The journey from Earth took three and a half days. During that time, the astronauts "just kind of gazed out the window at the Earth getting smaller and smaller, did housekeeping things, checking the spacecraft," Aldrin recalled. The Space Race was a sub-plot of the Cold War. Things came to a head in April 1961, when the Soviets sent the first human into space. Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin made a 108-minute orbital flight in a Vostok 1 spacecraft and returned safely to Earth. After returning to Earth, the Apollo 11 astronauts were put in quarantine for three weeks for fear they might have brought back unknown pathogens from the Moon.
76. TUSSA2_130428_505.JPG: [#36] Lyndon B. Johnson. "I seldom think of politics for more than 18 hours a day." He won a Senate seat in 1948 with only 87 votes, earning the ironic nickname "Landslide Lyndon." In 1953, Johnson became the youngest Senate Minority Leader ever. He was sworn in as president on Air Force One after JFK's death by Judge Sarah Hughes, making him the first president to be sworn in by a woman. Johnson fought for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which outlawed many forms of racist segregation. As president, Johnson was faced with protests over Vietnam and dissension in his own party and decided not to run for re-election. 36th President, in office from 1963-1969. Born Lyndon Baines Johnson on August 27, 1908 in Stonewall, TX. Died on January 22, 1973 at Stonewall, TX.
77. TUSSA2_130428_515.JPG: The Vietnam War: The Vietnam War was a military conflict in Vietnam, Southeast Asia. It took place from November 1, 1955 to April 30, 1975 between the South Vietnamese government backed by the United States and guerrilla fighters supported by North Vietnam. The war began when the country was divided between the Republic of Vietnam (South) and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North). Communists controlled the government of North Vietnam, and the United States saw the war as a way to contain the spread of communism. By 1968, nearly 550,000 American soldiers had been sent to fight in Vietnam. More than 50,000 Americans and approximately 1.3 million Vietnamese died. Two-thirds of the US soldiers that served in the conflict were volunteers. The Vietnam War faced strong opposition in the United States, particularly after four antiwar protestors were shot dead in 1970 at Kent State University in Ohio. In response to these shootings, hundreds of schools and universities closed due to a strike of around four million students. A cease-fire in the Vietnam War was agreed to in Paris during 1973. Conflicts continued to break out, but a surrender by the South Vietnamese in 1975 ended the longest war that the United States had ever been involved in.
78. TUSSA2_130428_520.JPG: The Great Society: The Great Society was a political slogan that was used by President Lyndon Johnson to describe his reform ideas. He pushed for new legislation in the United States which would involve a "war on poverty." Johnson's Great Society called for social welfare programs that would include government support for education and transportation as well as medical care for the elderly and poor. Passage of the Great Society legislation was due in part to the many new liberals who came to Congress in the 1964 election opposed to spending more money on the Vietnam War.
79. TUSSA2_130428_528.JPG: Presidential Scandals: The Iran-Contra affair came to light in 1986. Not only had Reagan's administration secretly sold weapons to Iran, but they had given some of the money from these sales to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua. Reagan was apparently frightened that unless the Nicaraguan government was overthrown, it could help communists take power across the region and threaten US security. Ulysses S. Grant's presidency was rife with scandal. In the 1875 Whiskey Ring scandal, it emerged that government employees had stolen $3 million in taxes collected for whiskey. Grant stepped in to punish them but controversially protected his personal secretary, who had been implicated in the affair. The air of corruption lingered. During Grover Cleveland's first presidential campaign, it emerged he had fathered an illegitimate child. Cleveland admitted this and for a while the country delighted in the chant, "Ma, ma, where's my Pa?," to which Cleveland's supporters cleverly responded, "Off to the White House, ha ha ha!" The Teapot Dome Scandal tarred Warren Harding's presidency. Harding transferred control of the Teapot Dome oil reserve in Wyoming to the then Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall. Unfortunately, Fall decided to lease the fields to oil companies in exchange for bribe money. By the time the scandal broke in 1924, he had taken over $100,000. Harding himself had already died in office. Woodrow Wilson became unfairly embroiled in a scandal by remarrying after the death of his first wife. When he became engaged again, rumours began to fly, with people even suggesting he had murdered his first wife in order to marry his new love, Edith Galt.
80. TUSSA2_130428_533.JPG: File 1: Watergate: Richard Nixon -- the only President to resign from office. Scandal refers to a large array of illegal and secret activities undertaken by Nixon or his aides during his administration. Several of Nixon's men are caught breaking into Democratic Party headquarters at the Watergate Hotel in Washington DC in June 1972. He never admits criminal wrongdoing, but later concedes to errors of judgment. His letter of resignation, following the Watergate scandal, reads thus... "Dear Mr. Secretary: I hereby resign the Office of President of the United States. Sincerely, Richard Nixon." On September 8, 1974, a blanket pardon from President Ford, who served as Nixon's second Vice President, effectively ending any possibility of indictment.
81. TUSSA2_130428_537.JPG: File 2: The Lewinsky Affair: Alleged sexual relationship between President Bill Clinton and Monica Lewinsky. In 1991, Paula Jones brings a sexual harassment charge against Clinton claiming he had accosted her when he was governor of Arkansas. Clinton is questioned becoming the 1st sitting president to testify as a civil defendant. He is also questioned about other allegations denying an affair with Monica Lewinsky who works as an intern in the White House (these are also denied by Lewinsky). Lewinsky's older colleague and confidante Linda Tripp was secretly recording their telephone conversations regarding the affair with Clinton. Clinton publicly denies having had a relationship with Lewinsky and the charges of covering it up, but he is found guilty of having a sexual relationship between November 15, 1995 and April 7, 1996. Leads to Clinton's impeachment by the US House of Representatives and acquittal by the Senate and gives Lewinsky significant notoriety.
82. TUSSA2_130428_540.JPG: File 3: Iran-Contra Affair: Largest political scandal in the United States of the 1980s. Documents relating to the scandal are destroyed or withheld from investigators by Reagan Administration officials. The affair is still shrouded with secrecy. Several members of Reagan's Administration are involved, helping to sell arms to Iran, an avowed enemy, and using the proceeds to fund the Contras, an anti-communist guerrilla organization based in Nicaragua. After the arms sales are revealed in November 1986, President Ronald Reagan appears on national television and denies that the sales have occurred. "Our government has a firm policy not to capitulate to terrorist demands... We did not, repeat, did not trade weapons or anything else for hostages, nor will we." A week later, on November 13, 1986, Reagan returns to the airwaves to affirm that weapons were indeed transferred to Iran. Reagan survives the scandal, and his approval ratings return to previous levels.
83. TUSSA2_130428_546.JPG: File 4: Monroe & the Kennedys: Marilyn Monroe's now well-known affair with President Kennedy. The affair is said to have included a tryst at the Cal-Neva Lodge. In May 1962, Monroe makes her last significant public appearance singing "Happy Birthday, Mr. President" at a televised birthday party for President John F Kennedy on his 45 birthday at Madison Square Garden -- the performance sends ripples of gossip through the crowd. Rumors abound of an affair with the President's brother Bobby Kennedy. By the summer of 1962, Marilyn in considered to have become a security risk and is warned to cease all contact with the brothers. The relationship comes to an abrupt end and Monroe is shattered. Marilyn's death in 1962 remains unresolved (suicide, murder, drug overdose) with some theories implicating John F Kennedy and his brother in the mysterious death. The Kennedy's are allegedly banned from attending Marilyn's funeral by ex-husband Joe DiMaggio.
84. TUSSA2_130428_550.JPG: File 5: Cocaine Bust: A drug dealer is lured to Lafayette Square Park to sell drugs for use in George HW Bush's speech. During a televised speech in September 1989, unveiling a new anti-drug policy, George HW Bush uses a bag of crack cocaine as a dramatic prop to show how the drug trade has spread to the president's very own neighborhood. The crack cocaine is purchased by undercover Drug Enforcement Administration agents, across the street from the White House. Questions arise about the shocking purchase. Justice Department investigates and reveals that the DEA agents lured the suspect to Lafayette Park in order to purchase the drugs there. This was no mean feat considering that the dealer did not know what or where the White House was. All very dubious since local law enforcement have stated that little crack is actually sold around the White House. "We don't consider this to be a problem area... There's too much activity going on there for drug dealers... There is always a strong uniformed police presence there."
85. TUSSA2_130428_559.JPG: [#37] Richard Nixon. "I am not a crook." During the Second World War, Nixon served in the Navy. He became known as an excellent poker player, and used the winnings to finance his post-war Congressional campaign. In the 1950 California Senate race, he called his opponent "The Pink Lady," alleging she was a Communist sympathizer. He saved his political career in 1952 with the famous "Checkers" speech on TV, in which he denied financial wrongdoing. Nixon resigned the presidency after the Watergate scandal was uncovered. He is the only president to do so. In the aftermath of Watergate, many of Nixon's aides were indicted for criminal activity. Nixon himself was given an unconditional pardon by President Gerald Ford. Born Richard Milhous Nixon on January 9, 1913 in Yorba Linda, CA. Died on April 22, 1994 in New York City, NY.
86. TUSSA2_130428_571.JPG: The Watergate Scandal: It takes a big scandal to bring down the boss. Watergate led to the first and so far only resignation of the US president, when Richard Nixon stepped down in August 1974. It started when a security guard caught five burglars in the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate complex. A long investigation revealed Nixon's re-election campaign had paid for the break-in. Nixon and his staff tried to cover up the crime by paying hush money to the burglars. But their incriminating conversations were taped on the White House recording system and later made public. The scandal stayed in the headlines thanks to information leaked to the Washington Post by a mole nicknamed Deep Throat. Only in 2005 was Deep Throat revealed as FBI man William Mark Felt Sr. When Gerald Ford took over the presidency, one of his first acts was to issue a full pardon of Nixon. In a TV address, he said the Nixon family's situation was "an American tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end of it."
87. TUSSA2_130428_575.JPG: [#38] Gerald R. Ford, Jr. "To me, the presidency and the vice presidency were not prizes to be won, but a duty to be done." Ford assumed office as the 38th president after President Richard Nixon resigned in 1974 following the highly publicized Watergate scandal. Ford remains the only vice president appointed under the 25th Amendment to become president. During his presidency, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords improving relations between the West and the Communist states. Nine months into his presidency, US involvement in Vietnam ended, fulfilling the American people's wishes. Ford's wife, Betty Ford, founded the well-known Betty Ford Center in California, a rehabilitation clinic for sufferers of drug and alcohol dependency. The center was developed after she suffered from addition herself. While an undergraduate at the University of Michigan, Ford was a star player for the university's football team and received contract offers from the Green Bay Packers and the Detroit Lions. His jersey number [#48] was retired in his honor in 1994. Ford became the longest-lived United States President. At 90 years old, Ford surpassed Ronald Reagan's age by 45 days. 38th President, in office from 1974-1977. Born Leslie Lynch King, Jr. on July 14, 1913 in Omaha, NE. Died on December 26, 2006 in Rancho Mirage, CA.
88. TUSSA2_130428_592.JPG: The "Crisis of Confidence" Speech: On July 15, 1979, President Jimmy Carter delivered an iconic speech about the issues facing America, including high inflation and unemployment rates. The speech also addressed the oil shortage that was causing Americans to line up at gas stations to fill their tanks. It outlined Carter's plans to reduce US dependency on oil imported from outside the country and improve energy efficiency. During the address, Carter encouraged the American people to do whatever they could to reduce their energy use.
89. TUSSA2_130428_595.JPG: Bob Woodward. "You won't achieve understanding of a person or an issue in a day. Take your time, dig, go back." After a tour of duty in the Navy, Woodward was accepted into Harvard Law School. He turned down the offer, to work at the Washington Post instead. During Woodward's trial period at the Post, none of his 17 stories were accepted for print. Worked with fellow Post reporter Carl Bernstein to investigate the Watergate burglary. They uncovered the political "dirty tricks" which led to President Nixon's resignation. Has written or co-written 12 bestselling non-fiction books, more than any other contemporary American author. After more than 30 years of mystery, in 2005 the identity of the "Deep Throat" informant was revealed to be former FBI Associate Director W. Mark Felt. Born Robert Woodward on March 23, 1943 in Geneva, IL.
90. TUSSA2_130428_611.JPG: [#39] Jimmy Carter "Human rights is the soul of our foreign policy, because human rights is the very soul of our sense of nationhood" Raised on a peanut farm in Plains, Georgia, Carter attended the US Naval Academy and attained the rank of lieutenant. While in the Navy, he studied nuclear physics at Union College and participated in the development of the nuclear submarine. Carter sought to put a stronger emphasis on human rights, negotiating a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt in 1979. Carter delivered the "Crisis of Confidence" speech in response to the energy crisis which hit during his presidency; it highlighted the oil shortage and set a policy to help reduce energy use. Leading by example, he installed solar panels on the White House roof. In 1982, Carter and his wife, Rosalynn, founded the Carter Center, a nongovernmental organization that works for human rights. He is also a key member of Habitat for Humanity, a nonprofit charity which builds affordable housing. The 2002 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Carter for his dedicated humanitarian work through the Carter Center. He is the only president to have received the prestigious award after leaving office. 39th President, in office from 1977-1981. Born James Earl Carter Jr. on October 1, 1924 in Plains, GA.
91. TUSSA2_130428_619.JPG: The Oil Crisis: In 1973, members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) declared an embargo against oil sales to the United States, in retaliation to US foreign policies. This caused an increase in oil prices: In six months, the price of oil went up from $3 to $12 per barrel. As a result, President Richard Nixon imposed price controls and promoted the development of domestic energy sources. In 1979, the Iranian revolution caused another rise in oil prices, again causing long lines of cars to appear at gas stations as people grew worried that the oil would run out. In response, President Jimmy Carter, who had already called the energy crisis "the moral equivalent of war," delivered his famous "Crisis of Confidence" speech, urging the people to be strong during the hard times.
92. TUSSA2_130428_629.JPG: [#40] Ronald Reagan. "In the present crisis, government is not the solution to the problem. It is the problem." Reagan began his career as a radio sports announcer. He was first hired by WOM AM station in Davenport, IA. He made more than 20 Hollywood films. On the set of his first major role, he met co-star Jane Wyman. They married, then later divorced, making Reagan the first divorced president. He was reportedly rejected for a screen role as president in "The Best Man" (1964) for "not having the presidential look." Elected at age 69, retiring at 78, Reagan was the oldest of all the presidents. Lost more than 30% of his blood during the assassination attempt in Washington DC, in March 1981. 40th President, in office from 1981-1989. Born Ronald Wilson Reagan on February 6, 1911 in Tampico, IL. Died on June 5, 2004 in Bel Air, CA.
93. TUSSA2_130428_637.JPG: Fall of the Berlin Wall: Built by the German Democratic Republic in 1961, under the order of Walter Ulbricht, the Berlin Wall was put in place to stop the people of Soviet controlled East Germany from travelling [sic] to West Germany, which was at the time occupied by Americans, British, and French. Many who attempted to flee East Germany were shot dead by guards at the borders. The wall which separated East from West Berlin was 28 miles long, whereas the whole length of the border through Germany was a huge 103 miles long. In 1989, East Germany's Communist rulers gave permission for the wall to be pulled down. Ecstatic crowds climbed the walls in celebration and hacked off chunks of the barrier. This event led to the reunification of Germany.
94. TUSSA2_130428_640.JPG: [#41] George HW Bush. "Read my lips: no new taxes." Bush joined the US Navy on his 18th birthday. Within the year, he became the youngest naval aviator until that time. He went on to fly 58 combat missions in WWII, in a squadron with a 50% casualty rate, winning in the process the Distinguished Flying Cross and the President Unit Citation. Before becoming Reagan's Vice-President, Bush was a Congressman, Ambassador to the UN, Chief Liaison Officer to China, and Head of the CIA. In 1985, while President Reagan underwent an 8-hour surgery, Bush became the first vice-president to become Acting President. He spent much of the time playing tennis. In 2004, Bush went skydiving to celebrate his 80th birthday. 41st President, in office from 1989-1993. Born George Herbert Walker Bush III on June 12, 1924 in Milton, MA.
95. TUSSA2_130428_656.JPG: The First Ladies
96. TUSSA2_130428_661.JPG: Whitney Houston "I could see, in the stadium, I could see the fear, the hope, the intensity, the prayer's going up, you know and I just felt like this is the moment." Whitney had music in hear blood -- Dionne Warwick was her cousin, Aretha Franklin was her godmother, and her mom Cissy a backing singer for Elvis Presley and Luther Vandross. Houston's 1985 debut album "Whitney Houston" became the best-selling debut album by a female act at the time of its release. The album was named Rolling Stones' best album of 1986, and was ranked at number 254 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. She was awarded the Guinness World Record in 2009 for The Most Awarded Female Artist of All Time. Whitney had over 400 awards recognizing her musical career. Did you know that Whitney's rendition of "I Will Always Love You" (1992) was actually originally written and sung by Dolly Parton (1974)? Due to overwhelming response to her rendition of the Star Spangled Banner in 1991, it was released as a commercial single and video of her performance, and reached the Top 20 on the US Hot 100, making her the only act to turn the national anthem into a pop hit of that magnitude. Born: Whitney Elizabeth Houston in Newark, NJ USA on August 9, 1963. Died: February 11, 2012 in Beverly Hills, CA.
97. TUSSA2_130428_683.JPG: Whitney Houston singing "Star Spangled Banner" at Super Bowl XXV: On January 27, 1991 at the now demolished Tampa Stadium, Whitney Houston performed her iconic rendition of the Star Spangled Banner before the Buffalo Bills played the NY Giants at Super Bowl XXV. It was only ten days after American troops were sent to war in the Persian Gulf as part of "Operation Desert Storm," and emotions ran high through the millions watching. Whitney's powerful performance (widely regarded as one of the top 10 moments on American television) using jazz chords and soulful gospel rhythms not only comforted troops on the frontline; the record later raised thousands of dollars for the American Red Cross Crisis Fund. It was also, at the time, Arista's best selling record in history.
98. TUSSA2_130428_708.JPG: Hillary Rodham Clinton "I suppose I could have stayed at home and baked cookies and had teas, but what I decided to do was to fulfill my profession which I entered before my husband was in public life." Hillary's father was a conservative Republican, and she began her political life at age 18 by supporting Barry Goldwater's presidential candidacy. During the Nixon impeachment investigation, Hillary was part of the Impeachment Inquiry staff which advised the House Judiciary Committee. Her daughter Chelsea is named after the Joni Mitchell song "Chelsea Morning." Hillary was the first First Lady to have an independent professional career prior to the White House (as a lawyer) as well as the first to have a post-graduate degree. In 2000, she was elected to the U.S. Senate, making her the first female senator to represent New York. Born Hillary Diane Rodham on October 26, 1947 in Chicago, IL
99. TUSSA2_130428_712.JPG: [#42] Bill Clinton. "There is nothing wrong with America which cannot be cured by what is right with America." Assumed his stepfather's name, "Clinton," in elementary school, but didn't formally change his name until age 14. As a talented saxophonist, Clinton considered a career as a professional musician until his visit to the Kennedy White House made him decide on a life in public service. He secretly bought a house which Hillary had admired in Arkansas just before proposing marriage. When she accepted, he revealed he already owned the property. President Clinton became the youngest person ever elected Governor of Arkansas in 1976, and after a defeat in 1980 became the youngest ex-governor. He went on to win re-election and serve four more terms. Ended his presidency with a 68% approval rating, the highest for a departing president since polling began. 42nd President, in office from 1993-2001. Born William Jefferson Blythe IV on August 19, 1946 in Hope, AR.
100. TUSSA2_130428_716.JPG: American Global Relations: The United States plays a powerful role on the world stage. Here are just a few examples of America's involvement in global politics, economics and culture: The US Constitution, though some 200 years old, is one of the most influential legal documents in existence. Since its creation, many other countries around the world have used it as a model for their own. During the 20th century, the United States government opposed communist governments around the world. In the late stages of the Cold War, President Reagan provided aid to anticommunist movements and challenged the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to destroy the Berlin Wall, a symbol of communism and East-West tensions. US involvement in international affairs continued after the Cold War, through ongoing membership in various organizations and forums. From 1949 to the present day, America has been a key member of NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) -- an alliance committed to upholding freedom and democratic values through political or military means. The US economy is vital to the global economy. It now holds more the world's wealth than any other country, with over $2 trillion in total foreign investments, and at the same time is the world's biggest investor, with more than $3 trillion invested in foreign countries.
101. TUSSA2_130428_719.JPG: A tourist posing with Whitney
102. TUSSA2_130428_726.JPG: The September 11 Attacks: On September 11, 2001, a series of coordinated suicidal attacks were carried out on the United States by al-Qaeda -- a militant Islamic group. Four passenger airliners were hijacked by 19 al-Qaeda terrorists and intentionally crashed. There were no survivors from any of the flights. Two of the airlines were flown into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing everyone on board and many others working in and around the buildings. Both towers collapsed within two hours. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. The forth aircraft, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed in a field in rural Pennsylvania after some of the passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane. Located just four miles from Madame Tussauds Washington DC, the Pentagon attack killed 184 people: 53 passengers and six crew members on board American Airlines Flight 77, and 125 military and civilian personnel inside the building. Fortunately, many lives were spared due to renovation work that had cleared out the part of the Pentagon that was hit. After the attack, renovation of the Pentagon was finished a month ahead of the ambitious 1-year schedule. Nearly 3,000 people, overwhelmingly civilians, lost their lives from the attacks. The long list of victims includes nationals of over 90 different countries. Hundreds of fire and police personnel also died doing their duty. The United States responded to the attack by launching the War on Terror, invading Afghanistan in October 2001 to depose the Taliban government, which had been harboring al-Qaeda terrorists, including the group's founder, Osama bin Laden.
103. TUSSA2_130428_730.JPG: [#43] George W. Bush. "Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America." Before his presidency, Bush was a managing general partner of the Texas Rangers baseball team for five years. After a career in business, he was elected Governor of Texas, becoming the first to be elected to two consecutive four year terms. Bush was the first president to be elected despite losing the popular vote since Benjamin Harrison in 1888. George W. Bush is the first U.S. president to ever run a marathon. He is the second son of a former president to become president. John Quincy Adams, son of John Adams, was elected in 1824. 43rd President, in office from 2001-2009. Born George Walker Bush on July 6, 1946 in New Haven, CT.
104. TUSSA2_130428_747.JPG: They had issues with you crossing a barrier to get near these figures or the desk since they wanted to sell you a picture of you with the items. This was the only place in the museum they did this.
105. TUSSA2_130428_752.JPG: [#44] Barack Obama: "If you're walking down the right path and you're willing to keep walking, eventually you'll make progress" Born to an American mother and Kenyan father, Barack Obama is the first African-American President to assume office, and is the 44th President of the United States. After graduating from Columbia University and Harvard Law School, Obama worked as a community organizer, university lecturer and civil rights lawyer. Obama was the junior United States Senator for Illinois before beginning his first term as President in 2009. He was re-elected for his second term in the White House in 2012. He married wife Michelle in 1992 and they have two daughters, Malia and Sasha. Obama supports a number of charities, including "Fisher House Foundation" who support wounded veteran's families. Obama wrote "Dreams from My Father" (1995) and "The Audacity of Hope" (2006) which both hit the bestsellers list. He also received two Grammy Awards for the audio recordings of each of his books. Born Barack Hussein Obama, Jr. on August 4, 1961 in Honolulu, HI. Michelle Obama "We have this window of opportunity; we have a chance to make something real happen" Wife of the 44th President of the United States, Michelle Obama is the first African-American First Lady. She studied sociology and African-American studies at Princeton University, and graduated from Harvard Law School. Michelle Obama worked in law and civil service before spending the majority of her time campaigning with husband Barack Obama in 2007. In 2012, Michelle Obama published her first book, "American Grown: The Story of the White House Kitchen Garden and Gardens Across America." As First Lady, she has become a globally renowned fashion icon, a female role model, and an inspiration to worknig mothers (Michelle Obama has two daughters named Malia and Sasha). Amongst her other charitable commitments, Michelle Obama leads the "Let's Move!" initiative, which campaigns against childhood obesity and raises awareness on nutrition in the United States. Born Michelle LaVaughn Robinson on January 17, 1964 in Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Wikipedia Description: Madame Tussauds
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Madame Tussauds is a famous wax museum in London with branches in a number of major cities. It was set up by wax sculptor Marie Tussaud.

History:

Marie Tussaud (1761–1850) was born Marie Grosholtz in Strasbourg, France. Her mother worked as a housekeeper for Dr. Philippe Curtius, who was a physician skilled in wax modelling. Curtius taught Tussaud the art of wax modelling. In 1765, Curtius made a waxwork of Marie-Jeanne du Barry, Louis XV's mistress. A cast of that mould is the oldest work currently on display. The first exhibition of Curtius' waxworks was shown in 1770, and attracted a large audience. The exhibition moved to the Palais Royal in Paris in 1776. He opened a second location on Boulevard du Temple in 1782, the "Caverne des Grands Voleurs", a precursor to the later Chamber of Horrors.

Tussaud created her first wax figure, of Voltaire, in 1777. Other famous people she modelled at that time include Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Benjamin Franklin. During the French Revolution she modelled many prominent victims. In her memoirs she claims that she would search through corpses to find the decapitated heads of executed citizens, from which she would make death masks. When Curtius died in 1794, he left his collection of waxworks to Marie. In 1802, she went to London. As a result of the Franco-English war, she was unable to return to France, so she travelled throughout Great Britain and Ireland exhibiting her collection. For a time, it was displayed at the Lyceum Theatre. She established her first permanent exhibition on Baker Street in London in 1835 (on the "Baker Street Bazaar").

One of the main attractions of her museum was the Chamber of Horrors. This part of the exhibition included victims of the French Revolution and newly created figures of murderers and other criminals. The name is often credited to a contributor to Punch in 1845, but Marie appears to have originated it herself, using it in advertising as early as 1843. Other famous people were added to the exhibition, including Horatio Nelson, and Sir Walter Scott. Some of the sculptures done by Tussaud herself still exist. In 1842, she made a self portrait which is now on display at the entrance of her museum.

The museum moved to its current location on Marylebone Road in 1884. In 1925 a fire destroyed many of the figures, but the moulds survived, allowing the historical waxworks to be remade.

Madame Tussaud's wax museum has now grown to become a major tourist attraction in London, incorporating (until recently) the London Planetarium in its west wing. It has expanded with branches in Amsterdam, Berlin, Las Vegas, New York City, Hong Kong, Shanghai and Washington DC, with an additional location scheduled to open in Hollywood in 2009. Today's wax figures at Tussauds include historical and royal figures, film stars, sports stars and famous murderers. Known as "Madame Tussauds" museums (no apostrophe), they are owned by a leisure company called Merlin Entertainments, following the acquisition of The Tussauds Group in May 2007.

In July 2008, Madame Tussauds' Berlin branch became embroiled in controversy when a 41 year old German man brushed past two guards and decapitated a wax figure depicting Adolf Hitler. This was an act of protest against showing the ruthless dictator alongside sports heroes, movie stars, and other historical figures.
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