BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: Mr. Lincoln's Washington: A Civil War Portfolio

DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: Mr. Lincoln's Washington: A Civil War Portfolio:

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Description of Pictures: Mr. Lincoln's Washington: A Civil War Portfolio
December 13, 2013 – January 25, 2015
Large-format reproductions of original photographs, prints, drawings, and maps document how the Civil War affected patterns of life in the District of Columbia, especially the area around the Patent Office Building, which is now home to the National Portrait Gallery and Smithsonian American Art Museum. Included are images of forts and hospitals; the Navy Yard and the Sixth Street Wharf; and landmarks such as the Capitol, White House, Ford’s Theatre, and the Old Capitol Prison, as well as images of notable Washington personalities -- statesmen, spies, soldiers and nurses -- who gave the city a sense of national purpose, glamour, and intrigue during four years of war.

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. SIPGMR_131214_014.JPG: Hospital tents at Camp Carver, with Columbian College building, Washington DC, 1864 Military hospitals in Washington: Located within several days' reach from the major theaters of war in Virginia and Maryland, Washington became a major hospital center for wounded soldiers. One knowledgeable source thought that "a stranger, wandering about the city, might find his way by using the low, pale masses of the hospitals as landmarks." Facilities varied from tented camps like Camp Carver on Meridian Hill to wooden buildings like the Mess Hall at Harewood Hospital near the Soldiers' Home. In addition, churches, private residences, college buildings, and government officers were used as hospitals as well. Poet and nurse Walt Whitman estimated that he made "over 600 visits or tours, and went... among from some 80,000 to 100,000 of the wounded and sick, as sustainer of spirit and body in some degree, in time of need."
2. SIPGMR_131214_020.JPG: Mess Hall at Harewood Hospital, heated by elaborate stoves, Washington DC
3. SIPGMR_131214_027.JPG: Grand Reception of the Notabilities of the Nation at the White House, 1865 This scene depicts a grand reception at the White House on the evening of Lincoln's second inauguration, March 4, 1865. Some five to six thousand people, including the public, attended and shook hands with the president. General Ulysses S. Grant, recognizable behind the woman shaking hands with Lincoln, was not actually in attendance. Major & Knapp Lithography Company, 1865
4. SIPGMR_131214_033.JPG: Lincoln White House porcelain dinner plate, 1861 The Lincolns continued as White House practice of purchasing china for state dinners, by Mary Todd Lincoln was the first first lady to make the purchase herself. Early in 1861, she selected a pattern made by Haviland & Co. of Paris, France, which became known as "Royal Purple" and was decorated by E.V. Haughwout & Co. in New York City. White House Collection.
5. SIPGMR_131214_039.JPG: The Council of War The idea for this group sculpture of General Ulysses S. Grant (left) and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton standing behind the seated President Lincoln came from information provided by Stanton himself. Stanton, described an actual meeting or council of war in Washington in August 1864 at which Grant laid out his plans for an all-out, unrelenting campaign against the Confederacy in Virginia and throughout the South. John Rogers patented this sculpture called The Council of War in 1868, and sold plaster replicas such as this one for twenty-five dollars. John Rogers, c 1873 cast after 1868 original
6. SIPGMR_131214_049.JPG: William H. Seward, 1801-1872 Having served as governor of New York and later as a United States senator, William H. Seward was better known and a more seasoned candidate than his chief rival, Abraham Lincoln, for the Republican Party's presidential nomination in 1860. But Seward's belief that the struggle between the slave and free states was "an irrepressible conflict between opposing and enduring forces" had alienated moderate Republicans. In the end, Seward supported Lincoln actively and became his secretary of state. So closely was he associated with Lincoln's policies that he was attacked on the night the president was assassinated, in an unsuccessful attempt to cripple the government. Giovanni Maria Benzoni, 1872
7. SIPGMR_131214_057.JPG: Guard at ferry landing on Mason's Island examining a pass A common exigency of wartime Washington was a pass system that severely restricted all travel in and out of the city for civilians and military alike. Armed sentinels guarded all city approaches and inspected travel passes issued by local military authorities. Taking an oath of allegiance to the United States was required of all applicants. The pass shown below was granted to two young boys in the winter of 1865, allowing them to cross the Aqueduct Bridge from Georgetown into Virginia and return, for the purposes of ice skating and "play." The oath of allegiance was printed on the back of the pass.
8. SIPGMR_131214_067.JPG: Pass to cross Aqueduct Bridge The pass shown below was granted to two young boys in the winter of 1865, allowing them to cross the Aqueduct Bridge from Georgetown into Virginia and return, for the purposes of ice skating and "play." The oath of allegiance was printed on the back of the pass.
9. SIPGMR_131214_074.JPG: Washington Navy Yard, 1861 The Washington Navy Yard, lying on the Anacostia River a mile and a half southeast of the Capital, was a bustling center of activity during the war. Some 1,800 skilled craftsmen, mechanics, and machinists manned the foundry, carpenter, and machine shops, repairing and refitting ships with every necessity from new anchors and boilers to newly designed cannons. The naval yard was a favorite getaway for President Lincoln, who used the facility periodically to board vessels bound for the seat of war in Virginia's tidewater, east of Richmond. This scene by Alfred Waud appeared in the New-York Illustrated News on April 13, 1861, the day Fort Sumter surrendered to Confederates in Charleston harbor. Alfred R. Waud, reproduced from the original 1861 drawing
10. SIPGMR_131214_079.JPG: Birds Eye View of Sixth Street Wharf, Washington, DC The wharf on the Potomac River at the end of Sixth Street was one of the busiest places in Washington in normal times, and war only increased its activity. The wharf served as the conduit for moving military supplies -- everything from boxes of crackers to cannons and caissons -- in and out of the city. Its docks also provided makeshift bunks for tens of thousands of wounded soldiers until hospital beds could be found within the city. "All around -- on the wharf, on the ground, out on side places -- the men are lying on blankets, old quits, etc., with bloody rags bound 'round heads, arms, and legs," wrote Walt Whitman in may 1862, as the wounded from the Peninsula Campaign near Richmond began arriving. Charles Magnus, publisher, c 1863
11. SIPGMR_131214_089.JPG: "Washington's prayers for soldiers had been answered with a vengeance. The country town had been turned into a great, confused garrison ... Soldiers were drilling and bugling and drumming all over the place." -- Margaret Leech in Reveille in Washington, 1941
12. SIPGMR_131214_093.JPG: The Grand Review of the Armies of the Republic, marching up Pennsylvania Avenue, May 23-24, 1865 Pennsylvania Avenue has seen many a parade, but never anything on the scale of the grand review of the Union armies after the Civil War ended, under the three principal commanders, generals Ulysses S. Grant, George G. Meade, and William T. Sherman. The Army of the Potomac paraded first, followed on the second day by the armies of the West under Sherman. This was a celebration on the grandest scale -- 150,000 veterans marched -- and included every component of the Union war effort: infantry shouldering rifled musket tipped with glistening bayonets, cavalry, horses pulling artillery cannons and ambulances, regimental bands playing patriotic songs, and flags and colorful banners designating state pride and national unity. The war was over, and Washington was basking in the afterglow of victory.
13. SIPGMR_131214_129.JPG: Officers of Companies A and B, 3rd Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, and crew of 100-pdr. Parrott gun on iron barbette carriage at Fort Totten, District of Columbia William Morris Smith, reproduced from 1865 image Defending Washington: The perceived threat of Confederate incursions upon Washington was evident in the sixty-eight earthen forts that surrounded the city, providing a shield of defense throughout the war. Although attacking Washington was never a serious objective, southern leaders had no qualms about rattling sabers within earshot of the capital, causing military authorities and civilians alike to cast nervous glances at the horizon. The greatest scare occurred July 11-12, 1864, when General Jubal Early's rebel army advanced and fired upon Fort Steves, north of the city. President Lincoln made a conspicuous visit to the fort during the attack and was told by a young officer -- allegedly future Supreme Court justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. -- "Get down, you fool."
14. SIPGMR_131214_130.JPG: Night attack on Fort Stevens, July 11, 1864, while President Lincoln was there Published in Frank Leslie's Newspaper, 1864
15. SIPGMR_131214_133.JPG: Park of Wiard guns at the Arsenal (now Fort McNair), Washington DC Mathew Brady Studio, reproduced from 1862 image
16. SIPGMR_131214_139.JPG: At the start of the Civil War, the nation was torn asunder along the placid Potomac river, leaving Washington DC dangling on the fringes of what Unionists deemed as a rebellion. No one was prepared for actual war, especially not Washingtonians, that motley society of statesmen, politicians, southern socialites and Yankee entrepreneurs, civil servants, free blacks, and slaves. Like every worthy old world capital, the city and its people had high aspirations for future grandeur, but for the time being, cows grazed freely around the stone block stump that was the Washington Monument, while pigs preferred the putrid open canal in the shadow of the Capitol building, whose now-symbolic dome was still under construction. Washington, like the nation itself, was a work in progress when the guns of war shattered the notion of constitutional democracy. One man alone among the many left an indelible mark upon the people, the city, and the country. Abraham Lincoln arrived in 1861 hoping to reunite the nation, and by the time of his tragic death four years later, the sixteenth president had recast the course of America. This exhibition is made possible through the generosity of Albert H. Small.
17. SIPGMR_131214_146.JPG: Abraham Lincoln as president-elect: Commissioned by Cincinnatians to sculpt a bust of president-elect Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Dow Jones arrived in Springfield, Illinois, in the bitter cold of December 1860, promising his perspective sitter that he "was not to be assassinated through the custom of some sculptors in taking a cast of the face." Jones was referring to a recent plaster face mask made of Lincoln that had hardened, making its removal a painful experience. Although initially turned down, Jones prevailed upon Lincoln to sit for him in a hotel room he rented as a studio. Given a peek at the work before its completion, Lincoln said, "I think it looks very much like the critter." Thomas Dow Jones, cast after the 1861 original
18. SIPGMR_131214_152.JPG: Sleeping-Bunks of the First Rhode Island Regiment, at the Patent Office, Washington DC, 1861 The Patent Office The room in which you are standing was once the grand foyer for the US Patent Office, the third-oldest public building in Washington. Just before the Civil War, the building housed clerical offices and exhibition halls filled with patent models displayed in glass cases. In April 1861, the First Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry, one of the first regiments to respond to Lincoln's call for 75,000 militia to protect the capital, found temporary quarters here amid the patent models. For almost two years, the building served as a military hospital. Poet Walt Whitman made frequent visits to attend the needs of wounded soldiers. In 1864, the US Sanitary Commission held a successful fair here to raise money for relief efforts, and in 1865 the building was the site of Lincoln's inaugural ball. In 1968, the Smithsonian opened two museums here, the National Portrait Gallery and the Smithsonian American Art Museum.
19. SIPGMR_131214_158.JPG: Stereo view of the US Sanitary Commission Fair Bell & Brother, 1864
20. SIPGMR_131214_165.JPG: Stereo view of the Patent Office along F Street Bierstadt Brothers, c 1865
21. SIPGMR_131214_170.JPG: Inauguration of Mr. Lincoln An unidentified photographer took this view of Abraham Lincoln at the Capitol, standing in the center under a temporary wooden canopy, while he delivered his inaugural address on March 4, 1861. A construction crane is visible on the right as work on the unfinished Capitol dome would continue until the end of 1863.
22. SIPGMR_131214_180.JPG: Lincoln's under the wooden canopy. I'd love to know where those huge statues are these days.
23. SIPGMR_131214_185.JPG: Another huge statue. Where are these things today?
24. SIPGMR_131214_192.JPG: Smithsonian Institution "Castle" Attributed to Mathew Brady Studio, 1863 Washington Landmarks: Among Washington landmarks, three in particular became noteworthy during the Civil War. The Smithsonian Institution "Castle" was the home of the first secretary, Joseph Henry, and his family. Henry tried to keep the institution neutral during the war and elected not to fly the American flag over the building's tower. The Old Capitol Prison was once the temporary quarters for Congress after the British burned the Capitol building in 1814. Used as a prison during the Civil War, it held many noted southern sympathizers, including Confederate spies Rose Greenhow and Belle Boyd. Lincoln's assassination at Ford's Theatre, seen here with black crepe draped from the windows, would forever designate that brick building as a national historic site.
25. SIPGMR_131214_199.JPG: The Old Capitol Prison, First and A Streets NE, Washington DC
26. SIPGMR_131214_204.JPG: Ford's Theatre with guards posted at entrance and crepe draped from windows, 1865
27. SIPGMR_131214_214.JPG: Fire Next Door to Willard's Hotel, Washington DC -- Ellsworth's New York Fire Zouaves Extinguishing the Flames Alfred R. Waud, published in Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, reproduced from 1861 print The Willard Hotel The Williard Hotel occupied the northwest corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and Fourteenth Street, a block east of the White House. "Willard's had become the great meeting place of Washington," wrote one knowledgeable source. "Much of the business of Government was said to be done in its passages and its bar." It is where the Lincolns stayed prior to the inauguration of 1861, and later that year Julia Ward Howe would write the lyrics to the Battle Hymn of the Republic in her bedroom there. In the spring of 1861, the hotel barely escaped burning when a fire next door was put out by volunteers of the New York Fire Zouaves, commanded by Elmer Ellsworth.
28. SIPGMR_131214_222.JPG: Gentlemen's parlor, reading and sitting room at Willard's Hotel, Washington, during the Inauguration week Thomas Nast, reproduced from 1861 drawing
29. SIPGMR_131214_229.JPG: Topographical Map of the Original District of Columbia and Environs: Showing the Fortifications around the City of Washington E.G. Arnold's map of the city of Washington became a collector's item almost immediately after its printing in 1862. Two days after it went on sale, the War Department began confiscating copies, including the copper plate used to make the prints. Authorities feared that the map's delineation of the sixty-eight defensive forts encircling Washington, marked by red dots, would be used by Confederates to their advantage. This print is a reproduction of an original map. E.G. Arnold, poster, after the original 1862 map Courtesy Alexandria Library, Virginia
30. SIPGMR_131214_245.JPG: The name "Fort Stevens", where Jubal Early had his attack in 1864, doesn't show up on this map. It was initially called Fort Massachusetts. It was renamed "Fort Stevens" after Brig. Gen. Isaac Ingalls Stevens, who was killed at the Battle of Chantilly, Virginia, on September 1, 1862.
31. SIPGMR_131214_257.JPG: Always interesting to see the canal by the (unfinished) Washington Monument. Note the dock and island between the Washington Monument and the White House. There's only one Smithsonian museum (the Castle) here. Much of the river would be filled with dredge to make it more navigable. In 1918, the Navy filled in most of the land from 17th to 21st Streets.
32. SIPGMR_131214_260.JPG: The Soldiers Home is where Lincoln retreated from the White House for 14 months during his administration.
33. SIPGMR_131214_263.JPG: Tenleytown
34. SIPGMR_131214_266.JPG: Fort Marcy is on the Virginia side of the river. Fort Marcy Park From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Fort Marcy Park is a public park located in unincorporated McLean, Virginia, in Fairfax County. It is administered by the National Park Service as part of the George Washington Memorial Parkway. ... History: At the end of the Civil War in 1865, the system of fortification (now known as Fort Circle Parks) which surrounded Washington, D.C. were dismantled. The lumber and other materials were sold at auctions and the land returned to pre-war owners. Fort Marcy is approximately 1/2 mile south of the Potomac River on the south side of the Chain Bridge Road leading from Chain Bridge to Langley and McLean, Virginia. The perimeter of the fort is 338 feet (103 m). When completed, the fort mounted 18 guns, a 10-inch (25 cm) mortar and two 24-pound (10 kg) Coehorn mortars. The batteries were aimed toward the south and west. The hill on which the fort is located was known as Prospect Hill. Originally the fort was called Fort Baldy Smith, after General William Farrar Smith, the troops of whose division began construction of the work. His division crossed Chain Bridge on the night of September 24, 1861, and immediately commenced construction of Fort Marcy and Fort Ethan Allen. The 79th New York Highlanders, the 141st Pennsylvania and the Iron Brigade also helped complete the work in the fall of 1862. A force of about 500 contrabands were also employed and the 152nd New York worked on the entrenchments, which incidentally are still in a very good state of preservation. The site of Fort Marcy is near the location where the famous but bloodless duel between Henry Clay and John Randolph was fought in 1826. The fort was not completed until the fall of 1862. It is a relatively undisturbed fort and was named in honor of a native of Massachusetts, Randolph B. Marcy, a distinguished soldier and father-in-law and chief of staff to General George B. McClellan. Detachments of the 4th New York and 3rd Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery and the 130th Pennsylvania infantry were among the troops that performed garrison duty here during the war. An interesting incident of history is that the body of troops which afterwards became famous as the "Iron Brigade" was originated at this fort in the summer of 1861, and was composed of the 19th Indiana, the 2nd, 6th and 7th Wisconsin Regiments. The 24th Michigan was added to the brigade soon after the Battle of South Mountain. These units remained together until the close of the war. Foster death: The park is perhaps best known in recent history for being the place where the body of former deputy White House Counsel Vince Foster was found following his apparent suicide on July 20, 1993.
35. SIPGMR_131214_269.JPG: Note the Navy Yard. Uniontown across the river became the town of Anacostia. The great spots on the right are Congressional Cemetery and the DC General Hospital.
36. SIPGMR_131214_278.JPG: Reception of the officers of the Army by Secretary Stanton at the War Department, Washington DC The illustration process for newspapers and sundry published materials was still a cumbersome procedure during the Civil War, as is evident in this scene of army officers greeting President Lincoln's new secretary of war, Edwin M. Stanton, on January 20, 1862, the day of his official appointment. Artist Arthur Lumley began the process with a pencil and ink drawing of the event, which he probably witnessed firsthand. From the drawing, a team of carvers carved the scene -- in reverse -- into multiple wood blocks, which were bolted together to form the plate. The plate was inked to produce the finished illustration, published in the New York Illustrated News on February 8, 1862. Arthur Lumley, reproduced from 1862 original drawing
37. SIPGMR_131214_296.JPG: Abraham Lincoln and Family: The Lincolns had three surviving sons when the president took office; their second child, Edward, had died in 1850, at age three. The oldest, Robert (standing, center), was a student at Harvard and was away from the White House much of the time. "Willie" (see in the framed picture) was a favorite of both parents and was remembered by a girl playmate as "the most lovable boy I ever knew, bright, sensible, sweet-tempered and gentle-mannered." He died of a "bilious fever" (probably typhoid) in 1862, causing enormous anguish for the first couple. The youngest son, Tad, was doted on by his parents, and was described by one of the president's secretaries as having "a very bad opinion of books and no opinion of discipline." Mrs. Lincoln is depicted dressed in black, the color she mostly wore after Willie's death. This tragedy precipitated Mrs. Lincoln's rapid psychological decline, which would worse after the president's assassination in April 1865. William Sartain, reproduced by 1866 print
38. SIPGMR_131214_306.JPG: Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 Abraham Lincoln's presidency was singularly historic, and his knack for telling humorous stories was legendary. When asked how he liked being president, Lincoln replied: "You have heard the story, haven't you, about the man who was tarred and feathered and carried out of town on a rail? A man in the crowd asked him how he liked it. His reply was that if it was not for the honor of the thing, he would much rather walk." Shortly after his arrival in Washington in late February 1861, Lincoln paid his first visit to Mathew Brady's Pennsylvania Avenue photography studio. It was there that he posed for this portrait by the studio manager and cameraman, Alexander Gardner. An engraving derived from this likeness was soon published in the April 27, 1861, issue of Harper's Weekly, providing the public with the first bearded image of the new president. Alexander Gardner, reproduced from 1861 print
39. SIPGMR_131214_311.JPG: Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln: "Marriage," proclaimed Abraham Lincoln, "is neither heaven nor hell, it is simply purgatory." Mary Todd probably would have agreed. In her mind, he was perpetually preoccupied with the business of fighting a civil war and reuniting the country. They did, however, find time to spend together on carriage rides and on walks around the neighborhood of the White House, as seen in this sketch by Pierre Morand. Pierre Morand, reproduced from c 1864 drawing
40. SIPGMR_131214_318.JPG: Mary Todd Lincoln, 1818-1882 Mary Todd Lincoln was from a genteel family in Lexington, Kentucky. She was used to having fine things, and as first lady she understood the importance of keeping up appearances. Although she was perhaps the first to realize her husband's potential for high office, she also knew there was a crude, "frontier aura" about him that she tried to temper for her own sake as well as his. "They say Mrs. L. is awfully western, loud and unrefined," quipped one Washington socialites. In part to counter such gossip, she refurbished the dowdy White House decor, hosted lavish balls, and spared no expense on her own wardrobe. This Mathew Brady photograph shows the new first lady in a festive ball gown in 1861, the first year of her husband's administration. Mathew Brady Studio, reproduced from 1861 original Note: Although today she is frequently referred to as Mary Todd Lincoln, once she married she never included her maiden name in her signature, unlike her half sister Emilie Todd Helm. Mary signed her name Mrs. Abraham Lincoln or Mrs. A. Lincoln. (from http://www.historynet.com/mary-todd-lincoln ) I was told that the insertion of the "Todd" name was done by the Todd family later on, just as they inserted it, somewhat less successfully, into Dolley Madison's name.
41. SIPGMR_131214_329.JPG: Flag Raising at the White House: As president and chief executive, Abraham Lincoln assumed many roles, not the least of which was commander-in-chief. In this scene the president is faintly sketched under a striped conical awning, reviewing troops that have probably just arrived at the capital. Noted Civil War illustrator Alfred Waud made this drawing in June 1861, three weeks before the First Battle of Bull Run took place thirty-one miles away, in Virginia. Alfred R. Waud, reproduced from 1861 drawing
42. SIPGMR_131214_351.JPG: Mr. Lincoln's Washington A Civil War Portfolio
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