BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: Civil War

DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: Civil War:

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[1] SIPGCW_130129_01.JPG	[2] SIPGCW_130129_17.JPG	[3] SIPGCW_130129_36.JPG
[4] SIPGCW_130129_42.JPG	[5] SIPGCW_130129_55.JPG	[6] SIPGCW_130129_70.JPG

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. SIPGCW_130129_01.JPG: Wounded to the Rear, One More Shot, patented 1865 John Rogers
2. SIPGCW_130129_17.JPG: The Council of War The idea for this group sculpture of General Ulysses S. Grant (left) and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton standing behind the seated President Lincoln came from information provided by Stanton himself. Stanton, described an actual meeting or council of war in Washington in August 1864 at which Grant laid out his plans for an all-out, unrelenting campaign against the Confederacy in Virginia and throughout the South. John Rogers patented this sculpture called The Council of War in 1868, and sold plaster replicas such as this one for twenty-five dollars. John Rogers, c 1873 cast after 1868 original
3. SIPGCW_130129_36.JPG: Memorial to Major General George Gordon Meade (preliminary model), 1915-25 Charles Grafly
4. SIPGCW_130129_42.JPG: Abraham Lincoln, modeled 1887, cast about 1923 Augustus Saint-Gaudens
5. SIPGCW_130422_02.JPG: Study for Grant and His Generals Ole Peter Hansen Balling, c 1866 Left to right: Thomas Casimer Devin, 10 Dec 1822 - 4 Apr 1878 George Armstrong Custer, 5 Dec 1839 - 25 Jun 1876 Hugh Judson Kilpatrick, 14 Jan 1836 - 2 Dec 1881 William Hemsley Emory, 7 Sep 1811 - 1 Dec 1887 Philip Henry Sheridan, 6 Mar 1831 - 5 Aug 1888 James Birdseye McPherson, 14 Nov 1828 - 22 Jul 1864 George Crook, 8 Sep 1830 - 21 Mar 1890 Wesley Merritt, 16 Jun 1834 - 3 Dec 1910 George Henry Thomas, 31 Jul 1816 - 28 Mar 1870 Gouverneur Kemble Warren, 8 Jan 1830 - 8 Aug 1882 George Gordon Meade, 31 Dec 1815 - 6 Nov 1872 John Grubb Parke, 22 Sep 1827 - 16 Dec 1900 William Tecumseh Sherman, 8 Feb 1820 - 14 Feb 1891 John Alexander Logan, 9 Feb 1826 - 26 Dec 1886 Ulysses Simpson Grant, 27 Apr 1822 - 23 Jul 1885 Ambrose Everett Burnside, 23 May 1824 - 13 Sep 1881 Joseph Hooker, 13 Nov 1814 - 31 Oct 1879 Winfield Scott Hancock, 14 Feb 1824 - 9 Feb 1886 John Aaron Rawlins, 13 Feb 1831 - 6 Sep 1869 Edward Otho Cresap Ord, 18 Oct 1818 - 22 Jul 1883 Francis Preston Blair, Jr., 19 Feb 1821 - 9 Jul 1875 Alfred Howe Terry, 10 Nov 1827 - 16 Dec 1890 Henry Warner Slocum, 24 Sep 1827 - 14 Apr 1894 Jefferson Columbus Davis, 2 Mar 1828 - 30 Nov 1879 Oliver Otis Howard, 8 Nov 1830 - 26 Oct 1909 John McAllister Schofield, 29 Sep 1831 - 4 Mar 1906 Joseph Anthony Mower, 22 Aug 1827 - 6 Jan 1870
6. SIPGCW_130422_08.JPG: Study for Grant and His Generals: As the Civil War moved into its final stages in the fall of 1864, the Norwegian artist Ole Peter Hansen Balling and a prosperous New Yorker conceived the idea for a large equestrian painting depicting the commander of the Union armies, Ulysses S. Grant, franked by an array of generals who served under him. Upon completion, the painting would be used to raise funds for the United States Security Commission, a private organization for aiding sick and wounded soldiers. To obtain likenesses of the twenty-seven figures in the picture, Balling traveled to Union army encampments to make life studies of his subjects. Among the most cooperative was Grant, who gave Balling repeated opportunities to draw studies of him as he rode with staff officers to survey the forward lines near his headquarters at City Point, Virginia. The final rendering of Grant and His Generals approached life size. Balling also painted this smaller version, most likely to serve as the template for a color lithograph of the picture. Today, both paintings are in the National Portrait Gallery's collections, the large version on display in the stairwell near our first-floor Civil War galleries.
7. SIPGCW_130422_19.JPG: Pass signed by President Lincoln: In preparation for his great work, Balling needed official access into Grant's headquarters. This document is a pass dated September 23, 1864, written and signed by President Abraham Lincoln and authorizing "the bearer, Mr. H. Balling to pass to Gen. Grant, to whom he is hereby introduced."
8. SIPGCW_130422_35.JPG: Autographed commentary about Grant and His Generals: Balling's completed masterpiece, Grant and His Generals, was exhibited in New York City in 1866. A book of commentary accompanied the exhibition and was signed by three generals in the painting, U.S. Grant, George G. Meade, and George A. Custer, who wrote "I cannot find terms sufficiently strong to express my admiration for Mr. Balling's was picture. The likenesses are accurate and lifelike, the positions well chosen. Certainly nothing of this kind has been produced which compared with it in excellence."
9. SIPGCW_130803_011.JPG: Montgomery C. Meigs, 1816-1892 At the start of the Civil War, when President Abraham Lincoln was desperately in search of Union generals to take the field and deliver victories, he was fortunate to have had General Montgomery C. Meigs behind the scenes in Washington. "Meigs, one of the ablest graduates of the Military Academy, was kept from the command of troops by the inestimably important services he performed as Quartermaster General" of the army, wrote Congressman James G. Blaine. Meigs was charged with supplying and equipping the Union army during four years of war. He recommended that the property of Mary Custis Lee, wife of Robert E. Lee, be used as a burial ground for federal servicemen, creating Arlington National Cemetery in 1864. After the war, Meigs, an engineer by training, supervised the construction of several Washington landmarks, including the Smithsonian's Arts & Industries building and the Pension Office, now home to the National Building Museum. Mathew Brady Studio, c 1861
10. SIPGCW_130803_033.JPG: Laura Smith Haviland 1808-1898 A Quaker and an abolitionist, Laura Smith Haviland played a critical role in organizing the first antislavery society in the Michigan Territory in 1834. After an epidemic claimed the lives of her husband, parents, sister, and youngest child in 1845, Haviland immersed herself in antislavery initiatives and performed missionary work among African Americans in both slave and free states. As an operation on the Underground Railroad, she made countless trips through Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan to aid fugitives on their perilous journey to freedom in Canada. During the Civil War, Haviland provided nursing care to wounded Union soldiers. She also served as an agent of the Michigan Freedmen's Association (1864-66) and traveled widely throughout the South, giving much-needed assistance to the region's newly emancipated slaves. In an effort to document slavery's brutality, Havliland posed for this photograph holding the iron shackles she found on a Louisiana plantation. Unidentified artist, c 1864
11. SIPGCW_130803_044.JPG: Carte-de-visite album of fifty Confederate leaders: Designed to preserve and display the phenomenally popular card-mounted photographs known as cartes de visite, the first American photograph albums were introduced in 1861, at the beginning of the Civil War. Although many Americans filled their albums with portraits of family members and friends, others compiled albums featuring images of people in the news. Civil War-era albums containing photographic portraits of Union generals and Northern statesmen survive today in substantial numbers. But Confederate themed albums such as this one, containing portraits of generals Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson (left) and Robert E. Lee (right), are far less common.
12. SIPGCW_130803_082.JPG: Jefferson Davis, 1808-1889 "The man and the hour have met," announced the Alabama secessionist William L. Yancey when Jefferson Davis was elected president of the Confederate States of America in February 1861. Davis, a former US senator and secretary of war, was a reluctant secessionist, hoping that the South would remain loyal to the Union. But when the secession movement gained momentum in early 1861, he dedicated himself to its cause. As president of the South's hastily formed government, Davis faced the twin difficulties of repelling invading northern armies and appeasing southern states'-rights advocates who challenged his efforts to build a unified Confederate nation. Unidentified artist, c 1846
13. SIPGCW_130803_091.JPG: Mary Todd Lincoln, 1818-1882 First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln was intelligent and witty -- a devoted wife and an attentive mother. She was also keenly supportive of her husband's political career and was the first to realize his potential for national leadership and the presidency. Todd wished to marry the young and relatively unestablished Lincoln contrary to the wishes of her socially prominent relatives, with whom she was living at the time of her engagement. This photography by Mathew Brady shows the new first lady in a festive ball gown a year before the death of her eleven-year-old son, Willie, who succumbed to typhoid fever in February 1862. Thereafter she dressed mostly in black, Willie's death precipitated his mother's rapid psychological decline, which became severe after the president's assassination in April 1865. Mathew Brady Studio, 1861
14. SIPGCW_130803_101.JPG: Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 Although personally opposed to "the monstrous injustice of slavery," Abraham Lincoln was elected to the presidency in 1860 on a platform pledging opposition to the extension of slavery into the territories but non-interference with slavery in states where it already existed. Seven states, led by South Carolina, seceded from the Union before the president-elect had even embarked on his journey to Washington for his inauguration. Shortly after his arrival in late February 1861, Lincoln visited Mathew Brady's Pennsylvania Avenue photography studio, where he posed for a portrait by the studio manager and cameraman, Alexander Gardner. An engraving derived from this likeness was soon published in the April 27, 1861, issue of Harper's Weekly, providing the public with the first bearded image of the new president. Meade Brothers Studio after Alexander Gardner, c 1861
15. SIPGCW_130803_116.JPG: Jefferson Davis and His Generals: One of the first prints made of the Confederate generals, this 1861 lithograph depicts outdated likenesses of several officers, notably Robert E. Lee. It also includes such officers as Thomas J. Simmons, whose prominence would quickly fade. Because the print was made so early in the war, it does not include future greats like "Stonewall" Jackson and A. P. Hill, who had yet to distinguish themselves in battle. Goupil Lithography Company, c 1861 Sitter: William Joseph Hardee, 12 Oct 1815 - 6 Nov 1873 Sitter: Leonidas Polk, 10 Apr 1806 - 14 Jun 1864 Sitter: John Bankhead Magruder, 1810 - 1871 Sitter: Thomas Jefferson Simmons, 1837 - 1905 Sitter: George Nichols Hollins, 1799 - 1878 Sitter: Benjamin McCulloch, 11 Nov 1811 - 7 Mar 1862 Sitter: Jefferson Davis, 3 Jun 1808 - 6 Dec 1889 Sitter: Robert Edward Lee, 19 Jan 1807 - 12 Oct 1870 Sitter: Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard, 28 May 1818 - 20 Feb 1893 Sitter: Sterling Price, 20 Sep 1809 - 29 Sep 1867 Sitter: Joseph Eggleston Johnston, 3 Feb 1807 - 21 Mar 1891
16. SIPGCW_130803_127.JPG: Sterling Price, 1809-1867 Born Prince Edward County, Virginia A Virginian by birth, Sterling Price is remembered foremost for his service to the Confederacy in the West and his defense of his adopted state of Missouri. Price was a veteran of the Mexican American War and his popularity easily won him the Missouri governorship, serving from 1853 to 1857. In 1861, Price, initially opposed to secession, sided quickly with the Confederacy after Union forces seized the state militia's Camp Jackson at St. Louis. Price served throughout the war, reaching the rank of major general, and saw action in Missouri, Mississippi, and Arkansas, including the battles of Wilson's Creek, Iuka, and Pea Ridge, respectively. But a series of reverses in the western theater minimized his effectiveness and ultimately forced him and his depleted army into Texas. At war's end, rather than surrender his broken army, he led what was left of it into Mexico. Edward & Henry T. Anthony & Company, c 1846
17. SIPGCW_130803_142.JPG: Confederacy March, 1861
18. SIPGCW_130803_149.JPG: Cadets' March, 1860
19. SIPGCW_130803_167.JPG: "Stonewall" Jackson's Prayer, 1864
20. SIPGCW_130803_175.JPG: Genl. Burnside's Victory March, 1862
21. SIPGCW_130803_188.JPG: The Shackle Broken by the Genius of Freedom A distinguished African American congressman from South Carolina, Robert Brown Elliott (1842-1884) fought fervently to protect recently freed slaves. This lithograph celebrates Elliott's stirring defense of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 in the face of opposition from Alexander Stephens, the former vice president of the Confederacy. Although many of the bill's most important provisions, including the integration of public schools, were stripped from it by the time President Grant signed it into law on March 1, 1875, its symbolic significance was enormous. Encapsulating the measure's historical background, the print links images of the Civil War with the likeness of Charles Sumner, who drafted the legislation, and that of President Lincoln, who flourishes the Emancipation Proclamation. Elliott's persuasive words run throughout the print. Although the bill was deemed unconstitutional in 1883, its proponents would ultimately be vindicated with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Edward Sachse & Co. Hand-colored lithograph, 1874
22. SIPGCW_130803_239.JPG: The Great American Buck Hunt of 1856 This cartoon by Nathaniel Currier addresses the 1856 presidential election, which became a political contest among three candidates. The overriding issues were slavery in the states, states' rights, and the expansion of slavery in the new territories. Former President Millard Fillmore (right), candidate for the new Know Nothing, or American, Party, criticized the abolitionist leanings of the new Republican Party, represented by preacher Henry Ward Beecher, editor Horace Greeley, and western explorer and party candidate John C. Fremont (left). In the end, Democratic nominee James Buchanan, shown as the buck, won the election, benefiting from the sectional divisiveness that was resulting in national discord. Buchanan, a Pennsylvanian and no advocate of human bondage, nevertheless defended the doctrine of states' rights, which protected the institution of slavery in the South and allowed its expansion in the newly forming states in the West. Nathaniel Currier, 1856
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Description of Subject Matter: Two of the threads running through the United States before the Civil War were the principle of union and the reality of slavery. In the North, Americans insisted on union above all else; in the South, Americans insisted on slavery above all else; and in the great American West, pioneers and sellers were left to choose between the two.
The Americans represented in this gallery felt strongly about these issues of liberty, union, and slavery. One of them, John Brown, did as much as any single person could do to push the divided nation to the brink of secession and civil war.

Abraham Lincoln's election to the presidency in November of 1860 enraged radical southern leaders, who fiercely defended the institution of slavery. As the Republican Party candidate, Lincoln wholly endorsed his party's platform to ban the extension of slavery into the western territories. Although he clearly stated his intention not to interfere with slavery where it already legally existed, southern extremists did not trust the new president-elect. In response, southerners enacted their doctrine of states' rights: "The Union Is Dissolved!" proclaimed the Charleston Mercury on December 20, 1860, when South Carolina became the first of eleven states to secede. A call to arms on both sides followed on the heels of secession. "Both parties deprecated war," President Lincoln reflected four years later in his second inaugural address, "but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive; and the other would accept war rather than let it perish. And the war came."

Lincoln and His Cabinet:
Upon entering the office of the presidency, Abraham Lincoln had every reason to feel skeptical about the ultimate success of his administration. Faced with a civil war, responsibility rested on his angular shoulders as it had done with no other American president before or since. Moreover, Lincoln had to win control over his cabinet, which at the start was at odds with him and with itself: three of the seen members had been Lincoln's rivals for the party's nomination, and four of the seven had at one time belonged t the Democratic Party. In selecting men who were his political equals, Lincoln was putting his leadership ability to an early and critical test. His successful management of this "team of rivals" for the good of the nation was a supreme test of his self-confidence and mastery of men.

Winslow Homer's Civil War Engravings:
In 1861 and 1862, Winslow Homer made sketches of camp life and skirmishes between Union and Confederate soldiers. His sketches captured the homesickness, numbing routine, and sudden violence of the conflict. The engravings made from his sketches and published in newspapers and magazines often romanticized the realities of the war, but eager readers welcomed these glimpses of the conflict. Homer also made wood engravings of events at home during the war, often focusing on absent soldiers and the war effort in New York.
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