BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Natl Museum of Natural History -- Exhibit: Genome: Unlocking Life's Code:

DC -- Natl Museum of Natural History -- Exhibit: Genome: Unlocking Life's Code::

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Description of Pictures: Genome: Unlocking Life's Code:
June 14, 2013 - September 1, 2014
The year 2013 marks the 60th anniversary of Watson and Crick’s discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA and the 10th anniversary of the completion of the Human Genome Project (and the generation of the first human genome sequence). In the last 10 years, genomic sequencing has become quicker and more efficient, allowing diverse scientific fields to take advantage of the technology. Genomic science is changing how we understand ourselves, our health, and the world around us. Explore the future of genomics through large media interactives, hands-on activities, and personal videos of scientists and patients.
Presented in collaboration with the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health.

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. SINHGE_130615_001.JPG: Genome: Unlocking Life's Code The genomics revolution is here It will change your life in ways that scientists have only begun to imagine. Many advances are coming now, and others are just over the horizon.
2. SINHGE_130615_013.JPG: Dinoflagellates: These tiny organisms are essential to healthy coral reefs.
3. SINHGE_130615_017.JPG: How Genomes Measure Up: Scientists calculate the size of a genome by its number of base pairs -- the chemical building blocks that make up every genome. Each grain of sand in these cylinders stands for one base pair. If you could count them all, you'd find more than three billion grains in the cylinder for the human genome. How do the genomes of the other six organisms compare? Amoeba: Genome size: ~670,000,000,000 base pairs Number of genes: To be determined! Barley: Genome size: ~5,300,000,000 base pairs. Number of genes: ~30,400 Human: Genome size: ~3,200,000,000 base pairs. Number of genes: ~20,000 Pufferfish: Genome size: ~390,000,000 base pairs. Number of genes: ~20,000
4. SINHGE_130615_022.JPG: DNA sequencing is beginning to play a key role in monitoring our planet's health. A New View of Nature: Genomics uncovers new connections in the web of life to give scientists a better understanding of how species interact with each other and their environments. As researchers begin to crack the codes of entire ecosystems, they are discovering species they never knew existed, unraveling more of life's diversity, and showing what large-scale genome sequencing might accomplish.
5. SINHGE_130615_026.JPG: Inside you and every living thing is a full set of instructions for how to grow and live. The Genome Within Us: Meet your Genome: The human genome is a three-billion part instruction manual written in the twisting, ladder-shaped molecule known as DNA. Despite its enormous size, your genome folds up so small that a copy fits inside every cell in your body.
6. SINHGE_130615_042.JPG: The Genome and Race: The Meaning of Race: Genomics reveals that no sharp boundaries divide humans into distinct groups, or races. People have long defined race by looking at skin color, facial features, and hair texture. But there are no distinct clusters of genes responsible for our physical characteristics. Instead, many genes interacting with the environment determine these differences. In fact, most genomic differences -- especially common ones -- occur in every geographic population.
7. SINHGE_130615_056.JPG: Genomics adds a new dimension to the human story pieced together from fossil and archeological evidence. DNA and Fossils: Unraveling the Past: Fossils of early Homo sapiens provide many clues about human origins, but the picture is still far from complete. Analyzing small differences in the genomes of living humans fills in pieces of the past. Genomics shows, for example, that people Asian or European ancestry descend from the African groups who migrated to the Middle East beginning about 60,000 years ago. Comparing ancient DNA to our own reveals our species' interactions with several groups of ancient humans.
8. SINHGE_130615_061.JPG: Ancient Relations: Are You Part Neanderthal? It's possible, depending on where your ancient ancestors lived. When Homo sapiens spread from Africa to the Middle East, Neanderthals already occupied the region. Did the two species meet? Geneticists compared Neanderthal and modern human genome sequences to find out and discovered something completely unexpected. The genomes of modern European and Asians -- but not Africans -- contain a small amount of Neanderthal DNA. The discovery suggests the two species interbred, and their descendants settled Europe, Asia, and the Americas.
9. SINHGE_130615_077.JPG: Landmarks in Genomics: Cracking the Code: Like the invention of the Internet, completing the first human genome sequence in 2003 sparked a revolution. Listen as a group of renowned scientists reflect on the challenges and achievements surrounding the Human Genome Project. The scientists also look to a future when we can harness the power of DNA in hundreds of new ways, opening up opportunities for research and work in everything from healthcare to agriculture to environmental monitoring.
10. SINHGE_130615_081.JPG: The Human Genome Challenge 1869: Friedrich Miescher identifies DNA. 1944: Oswald Avery and colleagues prove the DNA is life's genetic material. 1952: Rosalind Franklin captures x-ray images of DNA that lead to understanding its structure. 1953: James Watson and Francis Crick describe DNA's double helix. 1966: Marshall Nirenberg and colleagues discover how DNA codes for proteins. 1975: Fred Sanger, Walter Gilbert, and colleagues invent rapid DNA sequencing.
11. SINHGE_130615_087.JPG: The Human Genome Challenge: 1990: The International Human Genome Project launches the effort to sequence the first human genome. The National Instiitutes of Health and Department of Energy lead the work in the US. 1996: The Human Genome Project's leaders agree to make all of their data rapidly and widely available to the public. 1998: Celera, a private company led by scientist Craig Venter, begins sequencing the human genome. 2000: The Human Genome Project and Celera announce completion of the first working draft of the human genome sequence. 2003: The Human Genome Project completes a reference sequence of a human genome.
12. SINHGE_130615_094.JPG: The Human Genome Challenge: 2004: The National Human Genome Research Institution launches the $1,000 Genome program to advance DNA sequencing technology and lower the cost of sequencing a human genome to $1,000. 2008: The US Congress prohibits discrimination in health coverage and employment based on genetic information in the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act or GINA. 2008-2012: The National Institutes of Health's Cancer Genome Atlas develops catalogs of the genetic changes involved in major types of cancer. 2012: The National Human Genome Research Institute's Encyclopedia of DNA Elements project publishes a catalog of the functional elements in the human genome. To be continued...
13. SINHGE_130615_099.JPG: Genomics offers a new way of looking at our biology, health, and risk for disease. Your Genome, Your Health: In just two decades, researchers have identified thousands of genes that contribute to both rare and common diseases. As they learn more about how genes, other parts of the genome, and the environment interact, scientists are racing to use this knowledge to improve healthcare. Advances in DNA sequencing technology make much of this research possible. More affordable DNA sequencing also means you may soon have the option of learning what your genomic makeup reveals about your future. Genetic testing can help predict your chances for many diseases. Looking into the Genomic Crystal Ball: If you compared two human genomes, you would find that about one in every 1,000 letters of the code differs. Scientists call these differences genetic variants. Most are harmless, and some even give people resistance to disease. But sometimes DNA sequencing pinpoints variants in a gene linked to a serious disorder such as sickle cell anemic or cystic fibrosis. It is harder to know who will develop common illnesses like diabetes and hypertension because they involve multiple genes and environmental factors.
14. SINHGE_130615_103.JPG: Identical Twins, Different Fates: Small differences in environment mean identical twins may not share the same fate. Identical twins have the same genome sequence. But as they age and their lives vary, one twin sometimes develops a serious disease while the other stays healthy. Such differences in identical twins give researchers a rare opportunity to see how environment, genes, and chance interact and shape our health. [Excess sun] [Normal sun] These twins still look identical but one appears older than the other. From birth, differences in environment and choices such as smoking, diet, and exercise lead to differences in health.
15. SINHGE_130615_107.JPG: You're More Than Your Genome: The way you live can change your health. From the time you were conceived, your genes have been interacting with each other and with your environment. What you eat, where you live, your age, even how much stress you experience influence how your genes regulate your body. Research also shows that some environmental changes leave permanent chemical imprints on genes. These marks can pass from one generation to the next and continue switching genes on and off in particular ways.
16. SINHGE_130615_111.JPG: Decoding a human genome once took years, but now scientists can sequence one in a matter of hours. Reading life's code: It took more than a decade, a billion dollars, and an international consortium of scientists to complete the first human genome sequence in 2003. Since then, the speed and accuracy of DNA sequencing technology has improved by leaps and bounds, and the cost continues to plummet.
17. SINHGE_130615_120.JPG: Genomic medicine: A revolution in understanding disease Next-Gen Medicine: Hardly a week goes by without a medical breakthrough enabled by genomics. And this is just the leading edge of new era in understanding the genome's role in disease. As researchers figure out more about how the genome works, they are discovering better ways to combat genetic disease, personalize drug treatments, and stop the spread of deadly infections.
18. SINHGE_130615_125.JPG: Glance in the mirror, and look for four of your physical traits. Then follow the branches of the tree and find the group that shares your combination of the four traits. Do you have dimples when you smile? Can you curl your tongue? Is your hairline parted in the center? Are your earlobes attached to your cheeks? Do you have freckles across your nose or dimples when you smile? These are just some of the physical characteristics written in your DNA. Even though you look like no one else, you share many physical traits with others. IN fact, scientists have learned that the genomes of any two unrelated people are 99.9% alike. It's the tiny bit of difference that makes each of us one of [a] kind. We asked 292 people which of these four traits they have. There are 16 possible combinations. Notice that only one person landed in one group, and just three in another. The photos were taken by Rick Guidotti of Positive Exposure, a nonprofit devoted to visual art and celebrating the beauty of human diversity. His work shows that we share traits with everyone on Earth, regardless of difference in age, ethnicity, or genetic condition. For more information, see www.positiveexposure.org
19. SINHGE_130615_142.JPG: The tree led me here -- Do you have dimples -- NO Are the lobes of your ears attached -- NO Can you curl your tongue -- YES Is your hairline parted in the middle -- NO Group 14. 15% of the 292 people polled shared four physical traits with you. Are you surprised that everyone looks so different?
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